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Krause A, da Mota de Moreira I, Walser N, Memmert D, Ritzmann R. Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Impacts Physiological Responses During Aerobic Running: A Randomized Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1133-1140. [PMID: 36624960 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the physiological and metabolic responses to running with whole-body electromyostimulation (wbEMS) compared to running without electromyostimulation (control, CG). Methods: Twenty healthy participants (9 male/11 female, age 42 ±7 years) conducted an incremental step test with respiratory gas analysis until exhaustion. Trials were conducted as wbEMS and CG in a random order. As outcome measures, (A) objective total exhaustion, (B) athletic responses (max. time and velocity) and (C) physiological and metabolic responses (V'O2/ kg, V'E, EE, RER, lactate) were compared. (D) The impact on the skeletal muscle was assessed prior, 48 h & 72 h after trial. Results: During both trials, participants (A) ran until total exhaustion. Nonetheless, (B) time and velocity till exhaustion as well as (C) RER prior to the first lactate threshold and V'E were reduced with wbEMS. All other correlates did not differ significantly between wbEMS and CG. Following 48 h and 72 h after the trial with wbEMS, (D) the impact on the skeletal muscle was 7- to 9-fold higher compared to baseline values. Values differed significantly to those after running without wbEMS. Conclusion: With the additional stimulation during voluntary activation, wbEMS induces earlier fatigue and a shift in energy metabolism toward fat utilization. Even during aerobic endurance tasks, a great impact on the skeletal muscle indicated by the rise in CK could be observed which promotes wbEMS as an alternative training stimulus that is easy-to-apply and effective during endurance training.
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Micke F, Held S, Lindenthal J, Donath L. Effects of electromyostimulation on performance parameters in sportive and trained athletes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35913269 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different electromyostimulation (EMS) training interventions on performance parameters in trained athletes. The research was conducted until may 2021 using the online databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane and SPORTDiscus for studies with the following inclusion criteria: (a) controlled trials, (b) EMS trials with at least one exercise and/or control group, (c) strength and/or jump and/or sprint and/or aerobic capacity parameter as outcome (d) sportive/trained subjects. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and random effects models were calculated. Thirty-six studies with 1.092 participants were selected and 4 different networks (strength, jump, sprint, aerobic capacity) were built. A ranking of different exercise methods was achieved. The highest effects for pairwise comparisons against the reference control "active control" were found for a combination of resistance training with superimposed EMS and additional jump training (outcome strength: 4.43 SMD [2.15; 6.70 CI]; outcome jump: 3.14 SMD [1.80;4.49]), jump training with superimposed whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) (outcome sprint: 1.65 SMD [0.67; 2.63 CI] and high intensity bodyweight resistance training with superimposed WB-EMS (outcome aerobic capacity: 0.83 SMD [-0.49; 2.16 CI]. These findings indicate that the choice of EMS-specific factors such as the EMS application mode, the combination with voluntary activation, and the selection of stimulation protocols has an impact on the magnitude of the effects and should therefore be carefully considered, especially in athletes. Superimposed EMS with relatively low volume, high intensity and outcome-specific movement pattern appeared to positively influence adaptations in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Micke
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training
| | - Steffen Held
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training
| | - Jessica Lindenthal
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training
| | - Lars Donath
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training
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3
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Borzuola R, Laudani L, Labanca L, Macaluso A. Superimposing neuromuscular electrical stimulation onto voluntary contractions to improve muscle strength and mass: a systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35856620 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Training and rehabilitation programs involving neuromuscular electrical stimulation superimposed onto voluntary contractions (NMES+) have gained popularity in the last decades. Yet, there is no clear consensus on the effectiveness of such intervention. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to NMES+ on muscle strength and mass compared to conventional volitional training or passive electrical stimulation alone. Two authors conducted an electronic search to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of NMES+ training, involved healthy participants or orthopaedic patients, detailed a well-defined NMES training protocol, and provided outcomes related to skeletal-muscle strength and/or mass. The authors extracted data on participants, intervention characteristics, muscle-related outcomes, and assessed the methodological quality of the studies.A total of twenty-four studies were included in the review. The majority of these reported an increase in muscle strength following training with NMES+ compared to an equivalent voluntary training or passive NMES training. The highest improvements were found when NMES was superimposed on sub-maximal exercises involving both concentric and eccentric contractions. Only two studies reported an increase in muscle mass after NMES+ intervention, while no significant improvements were found in two other studies.This review indicated that chronic exposure to NMES+ determines muscle strength improvements greater or equal compared to volitional training alone. However, differences in the methodological characteristics of the stimulation and the type of exercise associated with NMES+, revealed significant discrepancies in the results. A deeper understanding of the neurophysiological adaptations to NMES+ is crucial to fully explain the muscle-related enhancement resulting from such intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Borzuola
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Laudani
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luciana Labanca
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Stephan H, Hagedorn T, Wehmeier UF, Tomschi F, Hilberg T. Acute Effect of Electromyostimulation Superimposed on Running on Maximal Velocity, Metabolism, and Perceived Exertion. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:593. [PMID: 35453792 PMCID: PMC9028827 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electromyostimulation has been shown to intensify exercise when superimposed on cycling. However, little is known about the application during running, which might help to prevent injuries linked to high running volumes, as intensification of running allows for a reduction in training volume. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of electromyostimulation superimposed on running. Men who were no younger than 18 and no older than 35 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria were previous experience with electromyostimulation training, the presence of a contraindication according to the manufacturer, or a contraindication to physical activity. A sample of 22 healthy males with an ordinary performance capability accomplished three similar cardiopulmonary treadmill tests until exhaustion in a crossover study design that included lactate measurements and interrogations of perceived exertion. The first test was conducted without electromyostimulation and was followed in a randomized order by the second and the third test condition with 30 or 85 Hz stimulation, respectively, of the lower body. Superimposed electromyostimulation significantly reduced the maximal achieved velocity (control 15.6 ± 1.1 vs. 30 Hz 15.1 ± 1.2, p = 0.002; vs. 85 Hz 14.9 ± 1.1 km/h, p < 0.001), increased the perceived exertion at 10, 12 and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.036; +0.9, p = 0.007; +1.3, p < 0.001; 30 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.025; +1.0, p = 0.002; +1.2, p < 0.001), and induced a significantly higher oxygen uptake at 8 km/h (85 Hz + 1.1, p = 0.006; 30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.042), 10 km/h (30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.032), and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 1.0 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.011). Both electromyostimulation conditions significantly limited the maximal lactate level (30 Hz p = 0.046; 85 Hz p < 0.001) and 85 Hz also the recovery lactate level (p < 0.001). Superimposed electromyostimulation is feasible and intensifies running. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the increased training stimulus by reducing running velocity or volume, by combining endurance and strength training, and also by inducing better adaptations while maintaining the same velocity or volume. Therefore, electromyostimulation superimposed on running could be an interesting training tool for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Stephan
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Moritzstraße 14, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany; (T.H.); (U.F.W.); (F.T.); (T.H.)
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5
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Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise with and without Whole-Body Electromyostimulation and Endurance Exercise on the Postprandial Glucose Regulation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124322. [PMID: 34959874 PMCID: PMC8708442 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Long hyperglycemic episodes trigger complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Postprandial glucose excursions can be reduced by acute physical activity. However, it is not yet clear which type of exercise has the best effect on postprandial glucose levels. Methods: Six T2DM patients participated in three 20-min moderate-intensity exercise sessions after breakfast in a randomized order: resistance exercise with whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), resistance exercise without electromyostimulation (RES) and cycling endurance exercise (END). A continuous glucose monitoring system recorded glucose dynamics. Results: Postprandially-increased glucose levels decreased in all cases. Time to baseline (initial value prior to meal intake) was quite similar for WB-EMS, RES and END. Neither glucose area under the curve (AUC), nor time in range from the start of the experiment to its end (8 h later) differed significantly. A Friedman analysis of variance, however, revealed an overall significant difference for AUC in the post-exercise recovery phase (END seems to have superior effects, but post-hoc tests failed statistical significance). Conclusions: There are no notable differences between the effects of the different types of exercise on glucose levels, especially when comparing values over a longer period of time.
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Verch R, Stoll J, Hadzic M, Quarmby A, Völler H. Whole-Body EMS Superimposed Walking and Nordic Walking on a Treadmill-Determination of Exercise Intensity to Conventional Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715417. [PMID: 34671269 PMCID: PMC8523069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is an increasingly popular training method and has become the focus of research in recent years. New EMS devices offer a wide range of mobile applications for whole-body EMS (WB-EMS) training, e.g., the intensification of dynamic low-intensity endurance exercises through WB-EMS. The present study aimed to determine the differences in exercise intensity between WB-EMS-superimposed and conventional walking (EMS-CW), and CON and WB-EMS-superimposed Nordic walking (WB-EMS-NW) during a treadmill test. Eleven participants (52.0 ± years; 85.9 ± 7.4 kg, 182 ± 6 cm, BMI 25.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2) performed a 10 min treadmill test at a given velocity (6.5 km/h) in four different test situations, walking (W) and Nordic walking (NW) in both conventional and WB-EMS superimposed. Oxygen uptake in absolute (VO2) and relative to body weight (rel. VO2), lactate, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after the test. WB-EMS intensity was adjusted individually according to the feedback of the participant. The descriptive statistics were given in mean ± SD. For the statistical analyses, one-factorial ANOVA for repeated measures and two-factorial ANOVA [factors include EMS, W/NW, and factor combination (EMS*W/NW)] were performed (α = 0.05). Significant effects were found for EMS and W/NW factors for the outcome variables VO2 (EMS: p = 0.006, r = 0.736; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.870), relative VO2 (EMS: p < 0.001, r = 0.850; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.937), and lactate (EMS: p = 0.003, r = 0.771; w/NW: p = 0.003, r = 0.764) and both the factors produced higher results. However, the difference in VO2 and relative VO2 is within the range of biological variability of ± 12%. The factor combination EMS*W/NW is statistically non-significant for all three variables. WB-EMS resulted in the higher RPE values (p = 0.035, r = 0.613), RPE differences for W/NW and EMS*W/NW were not significant. The current study results indicate that WB-EMS influences the parameters of exercise intensity. The impact on exercise intensity and the clinical relevance of WB-EMS-superimposed walking (WB-EMS-W) exercise is questionable because of the marginal differences in the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Verch
- Clinical Exercise Science, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Josephine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miralem Hadzic
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrew Quarmby
- Clinical Exercise Science, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heinz Völler
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Klinik am See, Rüdersdorf, Germany
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Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic and Perceived Responses to Electrical Stimulation of Upper-Body Muscles While Performing Arm Cycling. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77:117-123. [PMID: 34168697 PMCID: PMC8008305 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess systemic cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to incremental arm cycling with concurrent electrical myostimulation (EMS). Eleven participants (24 ± 3 yrs; 182 ± 10 cm; 86 ± 16.8 kg) performed two incremental tests involving arm cycling until volitional exhaustion was reached with and without EMS of upper-body muscles. The peak power output was 10.1% lower during arm cycling with (128 ± 30 W) than without EMS (141 ± 25 W, p = 0.01; d = 0.47). In addition, the heart rate (2-9%), oxygen uptake (7-15%), blood lactate concentration (8-46%) and ratings of perceived exertion (4-14%) while performing submaximal arm cycling with EMS were all higher with than without EMS (all p < 0.05). Upon exhaustion, the heart rate, oxygen uptake, lactate concentration, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between the two conditions (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, arm cycling with EMS induced more pronounced cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses, especially during submaximal arm cycling. This form of exercise with stimulation might be beneficial for a variety of athletes competing in sports involving considerable generation of work by the upper body (e.g., kayaking, cross-country skiing, swimming, rowing and various parasports).
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Lopez-Lopez S, Romero-Morales C, Maffulli N, Lippi G, Pareja-Galeano H. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: A New Therapeutic Option for Chronic Diseases Based on Contraction-Induced Myokine Secretion. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 31849710 PMCID: PMC6894042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myokines are peptides known to modulate brain neuroplasticity, adipocyte metabolism, bone mineralization, endothelium repair and cell growth arrest in colon and breast cancer, among other processes. Repeated skeletal muscle contraction induces the production and secretion of myokines, which have a wide range of functions in different tissues and organs. This new role of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ means skeletal muscle contraction could be a key player in the prevention and/or management of chronic disease. However, some individuals are not capable of optimal physical exercise in terms of adequate duration, intensity or muscles involved, and therefore they may be virtually deprived of at least some of the physiological benefits induced by exercise. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is emerging as an effective physical exercise substitute for myokine induction. NMES is safe and efficient and has been shown to improve muscle strength, functional capacity, and quality of life. This alternative exercise modality elicits hypertrophy and neuromuscular adaptations of skeletal muscles. NMES stimulates circulating myokine secretion, promoting a cascade of endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects. We review the current evidence supporting NMES as an effective physical exercise substitute for inducing myokine production and its potential applications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Lopez-Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Yoshikawa M, Morifuji T, Matsumoto T, Maeshige N, Tanaka M, Fujino H. Effects of combined treatment with blood flow restriction and low-current electrical stimulation on muscle hypertrophy in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1288-1296. [PMID: 31556832 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00070.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the effects of a combined treatment comprising blood flow restriction and low-current electrical stimulation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into control (Cont), blood flow restriction (Bfr), electrical stimulation (Es), or Bfr with Es (Bfr + Es) groups. Pressure cuffs (80 mmHg) were placed around the thighs of Bfr and Bfr + Es rats. Low-current Es was applied to calf muscles in the Es and Bfr + Es rats. In experiment 1, a 1-day treatment regimen (5-min stimulation, followed by 5-min rest) was delivered four times to study the acute effects. In experiment 2, the same treatment regimen was delivered three times/wk for 8 wk. Body weight, muscle mass, changes in maximal isometric contraction, fiber cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle, expression of phosphorylated and total-ERK1/2, phosphorylated-rpS6 Ser235/236, phosphorylated and total Akt, and phosphorylated-rpS6 Ser240/244 were measured. Bfr and Es treatment alone failed to induce muscle hypertrophy and increase the expression of phosphorylated rpS6 Ser240/244. Combined Bfr + Es upregulated muscle mass, increased the fiber cross-sectional area, and increased phosphorylated rpS6 Ser240/244 expression and phosphorylated rpS6 Ser235/236 expression compared with controls. Combined treatment with Bfr and low-current Es can induce muscle hypertrophy via activation of two protein synthesis signaling pathways. This treatment should be introduced for older patients with sarcopenia and others with muscle weakness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the acute and chronic effect of low-current electrical stimulation with blood flow restriction on skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the mechanisms controlling the hypertrophic response. Low-current electrical stimulation could not induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, but a combination treatment did. Blood lactate and growth hormone levels were increased in the early response. Moreover, activation of ERK1/2 and mTOR pathways were observed in both the acute and chronic response, which contribute to muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Yoshikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morifuji
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeshige
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan
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Paillard T. Training Based on Electrical Stimulation Superimposed Onto Voluntary Contraction Would be Relevant Only as Part of Submaximal Contractions in Healthy Subjects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1428. [PMID: 30369886 PMCID: PMC6194177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé (UPRES EA 4445), University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
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11
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Behringer M, Heinke L, Leyendecker J, Mester J. Effects of blood flow restriction during moderate-intensity eccentric knee extensions. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:589-599. [PMID: 28889225 PMCID: PMC10717657 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if blood flow restriction (BFR, cuff pressure 20 mmHG below individual occlusion pressure) increases metabolic stress, hormonal response, release of muscle damage markers, and muscle swelling induced by moderate-intensity eccentric contractions. In a randomized, matched-pair design, 20 male subjects (25.3 ± 3.3 years) performed four sets of unilateral eccentric knee extensions (75% 1RM) to volitional failure with (IG) or without (CG) femoral BFR. Despite significant differences of performed repetitions between IG (85.6 ± 15.4 repetitions) and CG (142.3 ± 44.1 repetitions), peak values of lactate (IG 7.0 ± 1.4 mmol l-1, CG 6.9 ± 2.7 mmol l-1), growth-hormone (IG 4.9 ± 4.8 ng ml-1, CG 5.2 ± 3.5 ng ml-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IG 172.1 ± 41.9 ng ml-1, CG 178.7 ± 82.1 ng ml-1), creatine-kinase (IG 625.5 ± 464.8 U l-1, CG 510.7 ± 443.5 U l-1), the absolute neutrophil count (IG 7.9 ± 1.3 103 µl-1, CG 8.7 ± 2.0 103 µl-1), induced muscle swelling of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis and perceived pain did not differ. The present data indicate that BFR is suitable to intensify eccentric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Leyendecker
- German Research Centre of Elite Sport-Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- German Research Centre of Elite Sport-Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Kemmler W, Weissenfels A, Willert S, Shojaa M, von Stengel S, Filipovic A, Kleinöder H, Berger J, Fröhlich M. Efficacy and Safety of Low Frequency Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) to Improve Health-Related Outcomes in Non-athletic Adults. A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:573. [PMID: 29875684 PMCID: PMC5974506 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise positively affects most risk factors, diseases and disabling conditions of middle to advanced age, however the majority of middle-aged to older people fall short of the exercise doses recommended for positively affecting cardio-metabolic, musculoskeletal and neurophysiological fitness or disabling conditions. Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) may be a promising exercise technology for people unable or unmotivated to exercise conventionally. However, until recently there has been a dearth of evidence with respect to WB-EMS-induced effects on health-related outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the effects, limitations and risks of WB-EMS as a preventive or therapeutic tool for non-athletic adults. Electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Eric were run to identify randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses of individual patient data and peer reviewed scientific theses that examined (1) WB-EMS-induced changes of musculoskeletal risk factors and diseases (2) WB-EMS-induced changes of functional capacity and physical fitness (3) WB-EMS-induced changes of cardio-metabolic risk factors and diseases (4) Risk factors of WB-EMS application and adverse effects during WB-EMS interventions. Two researchers independently reviewed articles for eligibility and methodological quality. Twenty-three eligible research articles generated by fourteen research projects were finally included. In summary, thirteen projects were WB-EMS trials and one study was a meta-analysis of individual patient data. WB-EMS significantly improves muscle mass and function while reducing fat mass and low back pain. Although there is some evidence of a positive effect of WB-EMS on cardio-metabolic risk factors, this aspect requires further detailed study. Properly applied and supervised, WB-EMS appears to be a safe training technology. In summary, WB-EMS represents a safe and reasonable option for cohorts unable or unwilling to join conventional exercise programs. However, much like all other types of exercise, WB-EMS does not affect every aspect of physical performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Weissenfels
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Willert
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mahdieh Shojaa
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Filipovic
- Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Training Sciences and Sports Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Kleinöder
- Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Training Sciences and Sports Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua Berger
- Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Round-Table Whole-Body Electromyostimulation, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Woods DR, O'Hara JP, Boos CJ, Hodkinson PD, Tsakirides C, Hill NE, Jose D, Hawkins A, Phillipson K, Hazlerigg A, Arjomandkhah N, Gallagher L, Holdsworth D, Cooke M, Green NDC, Mellor A. Markers of physiological stress during exercise under conditions of normoxia, normobaric hypoxia, hypobaric hypoxia, and genuine high altitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:893-900. [PMID: 28299447 PMCID: PMC5388721 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether there is a differential response at rest and following exercise to conditions of genuine high altitude (GHA), normobaric hypoxia (NH), hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and normobaric normoxia (NN). Method Markers of sympathoadrenal and adrenocortical function [plasma normetanephrine (PNORMET), metanephrine (PMET), cortisol], myocardial injury [highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hscTnT)], and function [N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] were evaluated at rest and with exercise under NN, at 3375 m in the Alps (GHA) and at equivalent simulated altitude under NH and HH. Participants cycled for 2 h [15-min warm-up, 105 min at 55% Wmax (maximal workload)] with venous blood samples taken prior (T0), immediately following (T120) and 2-h post-exercise (T240). Results Exercise in the three hypoxic environments produced a similar pattern of response with the only difference between environments being in relation to PNORMET. Exercise in NN only induced a rise in PNORMET and PMET. Conclusion Biochemical markers that reflect sympathoadrenal, adrenocortical, and myocardial responses to physiological stress demonstrate significant differences in the response to exercise under conditions of normoxia versus hypoxia, while NH and HH appear to induce broadly similar responses to GHA and may, therefore, be reasonable surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Richard Woods
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK. .,Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. .,University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK.
| | - John Paul O'Hara
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher John Boos
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK.,Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Costas Tsakirides
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Neil Edward Hill
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK.,Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darren Jose
- Pathology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Amanda Hawkins
- Pathology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Kelly Phillipson
- Department of Biochemistry, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Gallagher
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark Cooke
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Adrian Mellor
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, UK
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14
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Mathes S, Lehnen N, Link T, Bloch W, Mester J, Wahl P. Chronic effects of superimposed electromyostimulation during cycling on aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:881-892. [PMID: 28271312 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if chronic endurance training by means of simultaneously applied, superimposed electromyostimulation (EMS) can be used to improve performance and physiological core parameters compared to the traditional cycling. METHODS Twenty-one male subjects (VO2peak 55.2 ± 5.1 ml min- 1 kg- 1) were assigned to either a cycling (C) or cycling with superimposed EMS (C + E) group. Before and after the 4-week training period, including 14 sessions of moderate cycling [60 min at 60% peak power output (PPO)], participants performed a 20-min time-trial, a step test to exhaustion, a 30-s isokinetic sprint test, and maximum force- and power-tests. Markers of muscle damage and metabolic condition were assessed during the training period. RESULTS Step test results revealed increases in PPO, VO2peak, lactate threshold 1, and the anaerobic threshold for both groups (p < 0.05). Mean power output (MPO) obtained from time-trial was improved in C and C + E (p < 0.05). Isokinetic sprint test revealed increased PPO in both groups, whereas MPO was only changed in C (p < 0.05). Strength parameters were unaffected. Although metabolic stimuli and markers of muscle damage were higher in C + E compared to C, improvements of endurance performance and capacity were not significantly different between C and C + E. CONCLUSIONS Despite a higher metabolic, respiratory, and muscular demand, chronic additional superimposed EMS during cycling does not result in superior improvements in endurance and strength performance compared to the traditional cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mathes
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Lehnen
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Link
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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