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Alhalabi B, Joseph A, Kumar D. The Impact of Red Beetroot Products on Glycemic Profiles: A Systematic Review of Human Evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 2024:10.1007/s13668-024-00546-8. [PMID: 38760619 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Low-glycemic diets are crucial, particularly for individuals with diet-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Therefore, observing the impact of multiple forms of red beetroot-based products on the glycemic profiles of humans under various health conditions has arguably become significant due to beetroot's high fiber content, antioxidants, inorganic nitrates, etc., which this review aims to summarize. RECENT FINDINGS The relevant articles published between 2000 and 2022 were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect by following the PRISMA-P 2020 statement. This systematic review included 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one non-randomized clinical trial (non-RCT), and one quasi-experimental (QE) study, and they covered different health conditions, e.g., type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, hypertension, etc. The studies produced conflicting results, likely due to differences in the study design, dosage, duration, and population. The risk of bias in most of the RCTs and QE studies included in the review was assessed as low or moderate, and only one non-RCT was assessed as having a high risk of bias. Red beetroot may help maintain the blood sugar levels of humans under different health conditions. However, the existing results on beetroot's potential for glycemic management are unclear due to varied outcomes across studies. Further intervention studies with standardized protocols and diverse participant groups are necessary to assess the role of beetroot products in regulating blood sugar levels before making a definitive judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baidaa Alhalabi
- School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.
| | - Alex Joseph
- School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dhasarathi Kumar
- School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Nirmal S, Olatunde OO, Medhe S, Vitti S, Khemtong C, Nirmal NP. Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:778-787. [PMID: 37824059 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nirmal
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Road, Saen Suk, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Seema Medhe
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Steven Vitti
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Building, Drexel University, 3601 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutimon Khemtong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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3
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El-Elimat T, Al-Khawlani AR, Al-Sawalha NA, Sa'ed MM, Al-Qiam R, Sharie AHA, Qinna NA. The effect of beetroot juice on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14381. [PMID: 35976974 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of beetroot juice on airways inflammation, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated using an allergen-induced murine model of asthma. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice were used as an asthma model. BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into four groups: control (Ova sensitization and normal saline challenge), control and beetroot (Ova sensitization and normal saline challenge plus beetroot juice), Ova S/C [Ova sensitization and challenge (Ova S/C)], Ova S/C and beetroot juice (Ova S/C plus beetroot juice). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for total and differential inflammatory cells count. The levels of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, and IL-18], and oxidative stress biomarkers [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] were analyzed in the lung tissue. Simultaneous administration of beetroot juice and Ova S/C significantly increased the total inflammatory cells compared to the control (p = .0001) and Ova S/C (p = .013) groups and significantly increased the number of eosinophils (p ˂ .0001) and macrophages (p ˂ .0001) compared to the control. Moreover, the simultaneous administration of beetroot juice and Ova S/C did not affect the level of IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, GPx, or TBARS compared to the control (p > .05), but it significantly increased the level of catalase (p = .002). Results suggest that beetroot juice aggravates asthma by enhancing airway inflammation. However, it does not affect airway inflammation in healthy mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is characterized by variable degrees of airways inflammation and obstruction. Paradox data are reported in the literature regarding beetroot and asthma. The present study revealed that beetroot juice exacerbates asthma by enhancing airway inflammation. However, it is safe and has no effects on airway inflammation in healthy mice. Patients having asthma or a history of asthma are advised to avoid the consumption of beetroot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Marwan M Sa'ed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Reema Al-Qiam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed H Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nidal A Qinna
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Li Q, Shen Y, Guo X, Xu Y, Mao Y, Wu Y, He F, Wang C, Chen Y, Yang Y. Betanin Dose-Dependently Ameliorates Allergic Airway Inflammation by Attenuating Th2 Response and Upregulating cAMP-PKA-CREB Pathway in Asthmatic Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3708-3718. [PMID: 35298142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a refractory disease that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Betanin is a natural plant-derived nutrient and possesses health-promoting properties. The effects of betanin on allergic asthma remain unknown. Herein, the effects and mechanisms of betanin on allergic asthma were explored in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BALB/c mice. Betanin in doses of 0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg was applied. Peripheral inflammatory cells, IgE, pulmonary pathology, T cell subsets, cytokine levels, protein expressions of the cAMP-PKA-CREB/CREM pathway, and gut microbial profile were measured. The 60 and 180 mg/kg/day betanin doses significantly downregulated IgE, eotaxin, eosinophil infiltration, mucus hyperproduction, and Th2. A 180 mg/kg/day betanin dose also significantly reduced percentages of Th17, Tc17, and Tc2 and Th2- and Th17-signature cytokines and upregulated the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway. Additionally, 20 mg/kg/day betanin altered the gut microbial profile. In conclusion, betanin dose-dependently alleviated allergic asthma and upregulated the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway in mice. This study provides a novel nutritional strategy to treat allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunqin Shen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingyue Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yixuan Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuheng Mao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yinfan Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Fourth People Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Fang He
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Centre, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China
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5
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Novais C, Molina AK, Abreu RMV, Santo-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Pereira C, Barros L. Natural Food Colorants and Preservatives: A Review, a Demand, and a Challenge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2789-2805. [PMID: 35201759 PMCID: PMC9776543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The looming urgency of feeding the growing world population along with the increasing consumers' awareness and expectations have driven the evolution of food production systems and the processes and products applied in the food industry. Although substantial progress has been made on food additives, the controversy in which some of them are still shrouded has encouraged research on safer and healthier next generations. These additives can come from natural sources and confer numerous benefits for health, beyond serving the purpose of coloring or preserving, among others. As limiting factors, these additives are often related to stability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness issues, which justify the need for innovative solutions. In this context, and with the advances witnessed in computers and computational methodologies for in silico experimental aid, the development of new safer and more efficient natural additives with dual functionality (colorant and preservative), for instance by the copigmentation phenomena, may be achieved more efficiently, circumventing the current difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Novais
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K. Molina
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santo-Buelga
- Grupo
de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia,
Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad
de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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6
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Health-promoting potential of betalains in vivo and their relevance as functional ingredients: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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d'Unienville NMA, Blake HT, Coates AM, Hill AM, Nelson MJ, Buckley JD. Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:76. [PMID: 34965876 PMCID: PMC8715640 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability. METHODS Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration). RESULTS One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively, p<0.001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O2max ≥65 ml.kg.min-1) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption. CONCLUSION Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or sample size limitations. OTHER The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/u7nsj ) and no funding was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M A d'Unienville
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
| | - Henry T Blake
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Hill
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maximillian J Nelson
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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8
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Osburn SC, Roberson PA, Medler JA, Shake J, Arnold RD, Alamdari N, Bucci LR, Vance A, Sharafi M, Young KC, Roberts MD. Effects of 12-Week Multivitamin and Omega-3 Supplementation on Micronutrient Levels and Red Blood Cell Fatty Acids in Pre-menopausal Women. Front Nutr 2021; 8:610382. [PMID: 34327207 PMCID: PMC8313763 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.610382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to validate the efficacy of a customized vitamin-mineral supplement on blood biomarkers in pre-menopausal females. Women (21-40 years old) who were apparently healthy were recruited from the local community (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT03828097). Pretesting (PRE) occurred in the morning 5 ± 2 days following each participant's menses and involved a fasted blood draw, body mass assessment, and blood pressure assessment. Participants were then randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to either the multivitamins (MV) (n = 43) or placebo group (n = 51). Participants consumed two capsules per day with breakfast for 12 weeks. Following the trial, participants reported to the laboratory for POST assessments, which replicated PRE procedures. Red blood cell fatty acid and serum micronutrient analyses were performed in a blinded fashion at hematology laboratories. A group × time interaction was observed for serum vitamin D levels (p < 0.001). MV increased levels from PRE to POST (+43.7%, p < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in the placebo group. Additionally, 78% of MV participants at PRE exhibited inadequate vitamin D levels (<40 ng/dl), whereas only 30% exhibited levels below this threshold at POST. An interaction was also observed for serum folate levels (p < 0.001). MV increased serum folate from PRE to POST (p < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in the placebo group. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid content increased from PRE to POST in the MV group (p < 0.001) and placebo group (p < 0.05), although POST values were greater in the MV group (p < 0.001). An interaction was observed for serum HDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.047), and a non-significant increase in this variable from PRE to POST occurred in the MV group (p = 0.060). Four-day food recalls indicated MV increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, folate, and other micronutrients. In summary, MV supplementation increased serum vitamin D, serum folate, and red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels. However, these data are limited to healthy females, and more research is needed to examine if MV can affect metabolic disturbances in individuals with micronutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jessica A Medler
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jacob Shake
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Nirmal NP, Mereddy R, Maqsood S. Recent developments in emerging technologies for beetroot pigment extraction and its food applications. Food Chem 2021; 356:129611. [PMID: 33838608 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot is well known for its deep red-purple colouring pigments called betalains. Betalains also found its application in the preparation of functional foods and drinks. Therefore, extraction of pigments with higher recovery and stability is the prime need for the industry. Conventional extraction techniques such as maceration, grinding or pressing have reported low yield of betalains and required large volume of solvent and energy. On the other hand, emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave and pulse electric field techniques are highly efficient processes and can achieve higher recovery. In this regard, this review provides an in-depth discussion on the various extraction methods and factors affecting the stability of betalains using conventional and emerging technologies. The recent applications of pigments in various food systems are also presented. Finally, challenges and future prospects of extraction and application of beetroot pigment have been identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ram Mereddy
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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10
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Senefeld JW, Wiggins CC, Regimbal RJ, Dominelli PB, Baker SE, Joyner MJ. Ergogenic Effect of Nitrate Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2250-2261. [PMID: 32936597 PMCID: PMC7494956 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Although over 100 studies and reviews have examined the ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation in young, healthy men and women, it is unclear if participant and environmental factors modulate the well-described ergogenic effects—particularly relevant factors include biological sex, aerobic fitness, and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) during exercise. To address this limitation, the literature was systematically reviewed for randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled studies reporting exercise performance outcome metrics with NO3− supplementation in young, healthy adults. Of the 2033 articles identified, 80 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise performance improved with NO3− supplementation compared with placebo (d = 0.174; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.120–0.229; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses conducted on biological sex, aerobic fitness, and FiO2 demonstrated that the ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation was as follows: 1) not observed in studies with only women (n = 6; d = 0.116; 95% CI, −0.126 to 0.358; P = 0.347), 2) not observed in well-trained endurance athletes (≥65 mL·kg−1·min−1; n = 26; d = 0.021; 95% CI, −0.103 to 0.144; P = 0.745), and 3) not modulated by FiO2 (hypoxia vs normoxia). Together, the meta-analyses demonstrated a clear ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation in recreationally active, young, healthy men across different exercise paradigms and NO3− supplementation parameters; however, the effect size of NO3− supplementation was objectively small (d = 0.174). NO3− supplementation has more limited utility as an ergogenic aid in participants with excellent aerobic fitness that have optimized other training parameters. Mechanistic research and studies incorporating a wide variety of subjects (e.g., women) are needed to advance the study of NO3− supplementation; however, additional descriptive studies of young, healthy men may have limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Riley J Regimbal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Sarah E Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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11
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Fox CD, Garner CT, Mumford PW, Beck DT, Roberts MD. Higher doses of a green tea-based supplement increase post-exercise blood flow following an acute resistance exercise bout in recreationally resistance-trained college-aged men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32460790 PMCID: PMC7254661 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are animal data suggesting green tea can enhance blood flow. However, human data are lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of low and high doses of a green tea-based supplement (GBS) on brachial artery blood flow before and following a resistance exercise bout. METHODS In this, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, college-aged males (n = 18) who self-reported recreationally resistance training for the previous 6 ± 3 years were assigned to one of two studies including a low (300 mg serving) (n = 9) or high dose (600 mg serving) (n = 8; 1 drop) GBS study. During testing sessions, participants reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast and rested in a supine position for 15 min. Thereafter, baseline measurements for resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), brachial artery diameter (BAD) and blood flow (BBF) were obtained (PRE). Participants then consumed either their respective GBS dose or a similar placebo dose (microcrystalline cellulose) in a supine resting state. HR, SBP, DBP, BAD and BBF were measured 45 min after placebo or GBS ingestion (PRE2). Participants were then placed in a recumbent position and performed 4 sets of 10 arm curl repetitions using an 11 kg dumbbell. Participants returned to a supine position and HR, SBP, DBP, BAD and BBF were obtained within the first 3 min following exercise (POST), 15 min after exercise (15POST), and 45 min after exercise (45POST). Participants returned to the laboratory 24-48 h later to repeat the same protocol with either GBS or the placebo depending on randomization. Two-way (supplement x time) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare dependent variables between testing sessions for Study 1 (300 mg of GBS and placebo) and Study 2 (600 mg of GBS and placebo), and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. No statistical comparisons were made between studies. RESULTS As expected, exercise increased BAD and BBF compared to resting baseline measured irrespective of supplementation. In addition, BAD and BBF did not differ between GBS and placebo at any time point after exercise in Study 1. In study 2, however, 600 mg GBS increased baseline-normalized BBF at immediately post exercise compared to placebo (placebo = 211 ± 155% increase, GBS = 349 ± 156% increase; p = 0.012) but not BAD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a higher dose of GBS can enhance localized blood flow acutely following a resistance exercise bout. However, the long-term implications of these data are unclear, and more well-powered studies are needed to validate efficacy and elucidate potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton D Fox
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Christian T Garner
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO, USA
| | - Darren T Beck
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, USA.
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12
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de Mejia EG, Zhang Q, Penta K, Eroglu A, Lila MA. The Colors of Health: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Market Demand for Colorful Foods and Natural Food Sources of Colorants. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:145-182. [PMID: 32126181 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing consumer demand for natural colors in foods. However, there is a limited number of available natural food sources for use by the food industry because of technical and regulatory limitations. Natural colors are less stable and have less vibrant hues compared to their synthetic color counterparts. Natural pigments also have known health benefits that are seldom leveraged by the food industry. Betalains, carotenoids, phycocyanins, and anthocyanins are major food colorants used in the food industry that have documented biological effects, particularly in the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The color industry needs new sources of stable, functional, and safe natural food colorants. New opportunities include sourcing new colors from microbial sources and via the use of genetic biotechnology. In all cases, there is an imperative need for toxicological evaluation to pave the way for their regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kayla Penta
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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13
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Hadipour E, Taleghani A, Tayarani-Najaran N, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Biological effects of red beetroot and betalains: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1847-1867. [PMID: 32171042 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of natural substances as protective or therapeutic agents has gained much attention worldwide. Recent modern studies have shown a variety of health benefits for red beetroot and its active compounds betalains (also betanin) such as antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anticancer, blood pressure and lipid lowering, also antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. Betanin, the main component of the red beetroot, is a betalain glycosidic pigment, which is used as a food additive. This review summarizes findings in the literature and shows the therapeutic potential of red beetroot and its active compounds (betalains) as promising alternatives for supplemental therapies in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hadipour
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akram Taleghani
- Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavus, Iran
| | - Nilufar Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Swartz MC, Allen K, Deer RR, Lyons EJ, Swartz MD, Clifford T. A Narrative Review on the Potential of Red Beetroot as an Adjuvant Strategy to Counter Fatigue in Children with Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3003. [PMID: 31817919 PMCID: PMC6949985 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating adverse effect among children with cancer and a significant barrier to physical activity (PA) participation. PA interventions are effective at reducing fatigue and improving both quality of life (QOL) and functional outcomes in children with cancer. However, 50-70% of children with cancer do not meet PA guidelines. Thus, adjuvant methods are needed to increase PA participation. Given the growing interest in the use of beetroot juice to reduce exercise-induced fatigue, our narrative review evaluated the potential use of beetroot to improve PA participation to counter CRF and improve QOL. Our review of 249 articles showed a lack of published clinical trials of beetroot in children and adults with cancer. Trials of beetroot use had been conducted in a noncancer population (n = 198), and anticancer studies were primarily in the preclinical phase (n = 40). Although results are promising, with beetroot juice shown to counter exercise-induced fatigue in a variety of athletic and patient populations, its use to counter CRF in children with cancer is inconclusive. Pilot and feasibility studies are needed to examine the potential benefits of beetroot to counter CRF, increase PA participation, and improve QOL in children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Swartz
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Allen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1124, USA; (K.A.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Rachel R. Deer
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1137, USA;
| | - Elizabeth J. Lyons
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1124, USA; (K.A.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK;
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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Kumorkiewicz A, Szmyr N, Popenda Ł, Pietrzkowski Z, Wybraniec S. Alternative Mechanisms of Betacyanin Oxidation by Complexation and Radical Generation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7455-7465. [PMID: 31244196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural pigments such as betalains in food and health-related products is often limited by said pigments' relative oxidative stabilities in the products or physiological matrices. Determination of the mechanism of oxidation may inform future development and delivery of better stabilized molecules for improved outcomes. In order to best determine the oxidation mechanism of betanin, a natural food colorant, our efforts were directed toward structural elucidation (LCMS-IT-TOF and NMR) of previously tentatively identified key dehydrogenation products that had been generated as a result of betanin, decarboxylated betanin, and neobetanin oxidation by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radicals. The resultant oxidation products, the neo-derivatives, were the most stable and survived the preparative isolation and purification process. Structural analyses subsequently confirmed that these compounds, as well as neobetanin, were also the key products of alternative pathways of betanin and 2-decarboxy-betanin oxidation when catalyzed by Cu2+ cations in aqueous solutions at pH close to neutral. Therefore, the structures of the following five neo- or xanneo-derivatives (14,15- or 2,3,14,15-dehydrogenated derivatives, respectively) were confirmed: neobetanin, 2-decarboxy-neobetanin, 2-decarboxy-xanneobetanin, 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneobetanin, and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-xanneobetanin. This research confirmed that Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of betanin and 2-decarboxy-betanin results in generation of neo-derivatives of betanin. In contrast, Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of 17-decarboxy-betanin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betanin resulted mostly in formation of betanin xan-derivatives. A relevant mechanism of Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of the pigments is proposed herein that suggests that the oxidation of betanin can possibly occur in the region of the dihydropyridinic ring and can omit the stage of methide quinone formation in the dihydroindolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Natalia Szmyr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Pietrzkowski
- FutureCeuticals Inc. , 23 Peters Canyon Road , Irvine , California 92606 , United States
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
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