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Bostad W, Williams JS, Van Berkel EK, Richards DL, MacDonald MJ, Gibala MJ. Biological sex does not influence the peak cardiac output response to twelve weeks of sprint interval training. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22995. [PMID: 38151488 PMCID: PMC10752867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) increases peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) but the mechanistic basis is unclear. We have reported that 12 wk of SIT increased V̇O2peak and peak cardiac output (Q̇peak) and the changes in these variables were correlated. An exploratory analysis suggested that Q̇peak increased in males but not females. The present study incorporated best practices to examine the potential influence of biological sex on the Q̇peak response to SIT. Male and female participants (n = 10 each; 21 ± 4 y) performed 33 ± 2 sessions of SIT over 12 wk. Each 10-min session involved 3 × 20-s 'all-out' sprints on an ergometer. V̇O2peak increased after SIT (3.16 ± 1.0 vs. 2.89 ± 1.0 L/min, η2p = 0.53, p < 0.001) with no sex × time interaction (p = 0.61). Q̇peak was unchanged after training (15.2 ± 3.3 vs. 15.1 ± 3.0 L/min, p = 0.85), in contrast to our previous study. The peak estimated arteriovenous oxygen difference increased after training (204 ± 30 vs. 187 ± 36 ml/L, p = 0.006). There was no effect of training or sex on measures of endothelial function. We conclude that 12 wk of SIT increases V̇O2peak but the mechanistic basis remains unclear. The capacity of inert gas rebreathing to assess changes in Q̇peak may be limited and invasive studies that use more direct measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Emily K Van Berkel
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Douglas L Richards
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maureen J MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Astorino TA, Causer E, Hazell TJ, Arhen BB, Gurd BJ. Change in Central Cardiovascular Function in Response to Intense Interval Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1991-2004. [PMID: 35881924 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training and sprint interval training significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), which enhances endurance performance and health status. Whether this response is due to increases in central cardiovascular function (cardiac output (CO) and blood volume) or peripheral factors is unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training (referred to as intense interval training) on changes in central cardiovascular function. METHODS We performed a systematic search of eight databases for studies denoting increases in V̇O 2max in which CO, stroke volume (SV), blood volume, plasma volume, end-diastolic/systolic volume, or hematocrit were measured. RESULTS Forty-five studies were included in this analysis, comprising 946 men and women of various health status (age and V̇O 2max , 20-76 yr and 13-61 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) who performed 6-96 sessions of interval training. Results showed an increase in V̇O 2max with intense interval training that was classified as a large effect ( d = 0.83). SV ( d = 0.69), and CO ( d = 0.49) had moderate effect sizes in response to intense interval training. Of 27 studies in which CO was measured, 77% exhibited significant increases in resting CO or that obtained during exercise. Similarly, 93% of studies revealed significant increases in SV in response to intense interval training. Effect sizes for these outcomes were larger for clinical versus healthy populations. Plasma volume, blood volume, and hematocrit had small effect sizes after training ( d = 0.06-0.14). CONCLUSIONS Increases in V̇O 2max demonstrated with intense interval training are attendant with increases in central O 2 delivery with little contribution from changes in hematocrit, blood volume, or plasma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos. San Marcos, CA
| | - Ejaz Causer
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
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Wadsworth DD, Rodriguez-Hernandez M, Huffman LS, McDonald JR, Spring KE, Pascoe DD. Adaptations to a Concurrent Exercise Training Program in Inactive Aging Women. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3217-3223. [PMID: 36165989 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wadsworth, DD, Rodriguez-Hernandez, M, Huffman, LS, McDonald, JR, Spring, KE, and Pascoe, DD. Adaptations to a concurrent exercise training program in inactive aging women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study assessed the effect of a 10-week, sprint interval concurrent exercise training program on body composition and muscular strength in aging women. Sixty-five inactive women (age, 40-64 years) were randomized into 2 sprint interval exercise programs, 0% incline and 6% incline. Sprint interval training was performed to achieve 95% of each subject's age-predicted maximal heart rate for a series of 40 seconds of work followed by 20 seconds of passive recovery. An undulating resistance training protocol, composed of 30 sessions, was performed by each group throughout the study. Dual-energy X-ray absorption scans were assessed body composition, and 1 repetition maximum was performed to assess muscular strength. Subjects in both groups significantly reduced fat mass by approximately 0.35 kg (p = 0.002), and visceral adipose tissue by 0.05 kg (p = 0.032). There were significant increases in lean body mass by approximately 0.50 kg (p = 0.005), lower-body muscular strength by approximately 46.83 kg (p < 0.001), and upper-body muscular strength by approximately 11.68 kg (p < 0.001). No significant between-groups interactions were observed. A sprint interval training concurrent exercise training program is an effective strategy to improve body composition and muscular strength in inactive, aging women. Muscular strength improvements resulting from this intervention are particularly important because muscular strength losses are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mynor Rodriguez-Hernandez
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and.,Education Department, University of Costa Rica, San Ramon, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
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Wang K, Zhu Y, Wong SHS, Chen Y, Siu PMF, Baker JS, Sun F. Effects and dose-response relationship of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2829-2846. [PMID: 34399677 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1964800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by considering potential moderators and to characterise dose-response relationships of HIIT variables that could maximise CRF improvements in overweight and obese adults. Following a comprehensive search through four electronic databases, 19 studies met eligibility criteria. Random-effects models were applied to weight all included studies and to compute the weighted mean standardised mean differences (SMDwm). Meta-analysis showed that HIIT was a highly effective approach for improving CRF in overweight and obese adults (SMDwm = 1.13). Effects were modified by sex and baseline CRF level. Dose-response relationship analysis provided some preliminary data regarding the training period, training intensity, and session duration. However, it is still not possible to provide accurate recommendations currently. Further studies are still needed to identify the most appropriate training variables to prescribe effective HIIT programmes for improving CRF in overweight and obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangle Wang
- Department Of Health And Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department Of Health And Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department Of Sports Science And Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department Of Maternal And Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Parco Ming-Fai Siu
- Division Of Kinesiology, School Of Public Health, University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department Of Sport And Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department Of Health And Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Sosa M, Sethares KA, Chin E. The impact of demographic and self-management factors on physical activity in women. Appl Nurs Res 2020; 57:151353. [PMID: 32907765 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Guided by the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory, this study examines demographic and self-management variables that impact the outcome of physical activity. BACKGROUND Multiple sources indicate relationships between physical activity and reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. Women engage in significantly less physical activity than guidelines recommend. METHODS Data collected in women included demographic/situational factors and external influencing level factors including knowledge and beliefs, social facilitation, and outcome expectancy. The outcome behavior physical activity was also assessed. Correlation and hierarchical multiple regression were used to examine the relationship of demographic/situational and external influencing factors to physical activity. RESULTS The sample included 119 women (mean age 40.96, 89.1% Caucasian, 51.3% Married, 95% high school graduates). Education was positively correlated with exercise benefits (r = 0.235,p = .010). Gross family income (r = 0.191,p = .043), work status (r = 0.238,p = .009), and health insurance(r = 0.228,p = .013) were positively correlated to family participation, and work status was positively correlated to friend participation (r = 0.263.p = .004). In the final model, demographic/situational factors (step 1) explained 12.9% of the variance in physical activity (p < .05). Knowledge and beliefs, social support, and outcome expectancy (step added an additional 0.9% of variance physical activity levels). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that demographic/situational factors contribute more to explaining variability in physical activity levels than external influencing factors. This suggests that in addition to considering demographic variables, further research to explore other demographic/situational and external influencing factors that affect physical activity specifically in women is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryBeth Sosa
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States of America.
| | - Kristen A Sethares
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Chin
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States of America.
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