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Guerrier L, Malpuech-Brugère C, Richard R, Touron J. Mitochondrial Function in Healthy Human White Adipose Tissue: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4430. [PMID: 37892505 PMCID: PMC10609723 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As ¾ of the global population either have excess or insufficient fat, it has become increasingly critical to understand the functions and dysfunctions of adipose tissue (AT). AT serves as a key organ in energy metabolism, and recently, attention has been focused on white AT, particularly its mitochondria, as the literature evidence links their functions to adiposity. This narrative review provides an overview of mitochondrial functionality in human white AT. Firstly, it is noteworthy that the two primary AT depots, subcutaneous AT (scAT) and visceral AT (vAT), exhibit differences in mitochondrial density and activity. Notably, vAT tends to have a higher mitochondrial activity compared to scAT. Subsequently, studies have unveiled a negative correlation between mitochondrial activity and body mass index (BMI), indicating that obesity is associated with a lower mitochondrial function. While the impact of exercise on AT mitochondria remains uncertain, dietary interventions have demonstrated varying effects on AT mitochondria. This variability holds promise for the modulation of AT mitochondrial activity. In summary, AT mitochondria exert a significant influence on health outcomes and can be influenced by factors such as obesity and dietary interventions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these responses can offer potential insights into managing conditions related to AT and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guerrier
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julianne Touron
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Yadav S, Singha P, Nguyen NK, Ooi CH, Kashaninejad N, Nguyen NT. Uniaxial Cyclic Cell Stretching Device for Accelerating Cellular Studies. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1537. [PMID: 37630073 PMCID: PMC10456305 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular response to mechanical stimuli is a crucial factor for maintaining cell homeostasis. The interaction between the extracellular matrix and mechanical stress plays a significant role in organizing the cytoskeleton and aligning cells. Tools that apply mechanical forces to cells and tissues, as well as those capable of measuring the mechanical properties of biological cells, have greatly contributed to our understanding of fundamental mechanobiology. These tools have been extensively employed to unveil the substantial influence of mechanical cues on the development and progression of various diseases. In this report, we present an economical and high-performance uniaxial cell stretching device. This paper reports the detailed operation concept of the device, experimental design, and characterization. The device was tested with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The experimental results agree well with previously documented morphological changes resulting from stretching forces on cancer cells. Remarkably, our new device demonstrates comparable cellular changes within 30 min compared with the previous 2 h stretching duration. This third-generation device significantly improved the stretching capabilities compared with its previous counterparts, resulting in a remarkable reduction in stretching time and a substantial increase in overall efficiency. Moreover, the device design incorporates an open-source software interface, facilitating convenient parameter adjustments such as strain, stretching speed, frequency, and duration. Its versatility enables seamless integration with various optical microscopes, thereby yielding novel insights into the realm of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (S.Y.); (P.S.); (N.-K.N.); (C.H.O.); (N.K.)
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Lee CJ, Nicoll JX. Time Course Evaluation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation to Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:710-725. [PMID: 36727997 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lee, CJ and Nicoll, JX. Time course evaluation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation to resistance exercise: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 710-725, 2023-Resistance exercise (RE) can increase the signaling activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), specifically extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (p90RSK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38-MAPK. These RE-induced responses contribute to various intracellular processes modulating growth and development in skeletal muscles, playing an essential role in resistance training adaptations. The time course of MAPK phosphorylation to different RE conditions, such as training experience and varying loads, remains ambiguous. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of different post-RE recovery time points on the MAPK signaling cascade. In addition, the effects of loading and training statuses on MAPK responses were also investigated. The review was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines with a literature search incorporating 3 electronic databases. A modified version of the Downs and Black checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. The signaling responses were measured within a time range between immediately post-RE and >6 hours post-RE. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, and all were classified as good-to-moderate methodological quality. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation increased to different levels after RE, with the highest near the cessation of exercise. Although overall signaling was attenuated among trained individuals likely because of training adaptations, greater MAPK responses can be attributed to moderate loads of 65-85% 1RM regardless of the training experience. However, specific training-induced responses remain equivocal, and further investigations are required to determine the ideal training parameters to optimize anabolic intramuscular signaling, which may likely optimize resistance training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
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Gallego-Selles A, Galvan-Alvarez V, Martinez-Canton M, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Morales-Alamo D, Santana A, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Dorado C, Calbet JAL, Martin-Rincon M. Fast regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway in human skeletal muscle revealed by high-intensity exercise and ischaemia at exhaustion: Role of oxygenation and metabolite accumulation. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102398. [PMID: 35841628 PMCID: PMC9287614 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signalling pathway plays a critical role in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and muscle metabolism. NF-κB is activated by extracellular signals and intracellular changes in Ca2+, Pi, H+, metabolites and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). However, it remains unknown how NF-κB signalling is activated during exercise and how metabolite accumulation and PO2 influence this process. Eleven active men performed incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE) in normoxia and hypoxia (PIO2:73 mmHg). Immediately after IE, the circulation of one leg was instantaneously occluded (300 mmHg). Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were taken before (Pre), and 10s (Post, occluded leg) and 60s after exercise from the occluded (Oc1m) and free circulation (FC1m) legs simultaneously together with femoral vein blood samples. NF-κB signalling was activated by exercise to exhaustion, with similar responses in normoxia and acute hypoxia, as reflected by the increase of p105, p50, IKKα, IκBβ and glutathione reductase (GR) protein levels, and the activation of the main kinases implicated, particularly IKKα and CaMKII δD, while IKKβ remained unchanged. Postexercise ischaemia maintained and stimulated further NF-κB signalling by impeding muscle reoxygenation. These changes were quickly reverted at the end of exercise when the muscles recovered with open circulation. Finally, we have shown that Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) protein expression was reduced immediately after IE and after 1 min of occlusion while the protein expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) remained unchanged. These novel data demonstrate that exercising to exhaustion activates NF-κB signalling in human skeletal muscle and regulates the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle. The fast regulation of NF-κB at exercise cessation has implications for the interpretation of published studies and the design of new experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Clinical Genetics Unit, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Gonzalez-Henriquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Chung HC, Keiller DR, Roberts JD, Gordon DA. Do exercise-associated genes explain phenotypic variance in the three components of fitness? a systematic review & meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249501. [PMID: 34648504 PMCID: PMC8516263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a list of common, candidate genes associated with the three components of fitness, specifically cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic power, and how these genes are associated with exercise response phenotype variability, in previously untrained participants. A total of 3,969 potentially relevant papers were identified and processed for inclusion. After eligibility and study selection assessment, 24 studies were selected for meta-analysis, comprising a total of 3,012 participants (male n = 1,512; females n = 1,239; not stated n = 261; age 28 ± 9 years). Meta-Essentials spreadsheet 1.4 (Microsoft Excel) was used in creating the forest plots and meta-analysis. IBM SPSS statistics V24 was implemented for the statistical analyses and the alpha was set at p ≤ 0.05. 13 candidate genes and their associated alleles were identified, which were associated with the phenotypes of interest. Analysis of training group data showed significant differential phenotypic responses. Subgroup analysis showed; 44%, 72% and 10% of the response variance in aerobic, strength and power phenotypes, respectively, were explained by genetic influences. This analysis established that genetic variability explained a significant proportion of the adaptation differences across the three components of fitness in the participants post-training. The results also showed the importance of analysing and reporting specific gene alleles. Information obtained from these findings has the potential to inform and influence future exercise-related genes and training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Chung
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Don R. Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin D. Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan A. Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Townsend JR, Morimune JE, Jones MD, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Boot CM, Heffington SH, Littlefield LA, Henry RN, Marshall AC, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Mangine GT. The Effect of ProHydrolase ® on the Amino Acid and Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling Response to Resistance Exercise in Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020013. [PMID: 31978998 PMCID: PMC7077235 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind study examined effects of a protease enzyme blend (Prohydrolase®) added to whey protein on post-resistance exercise aminoacidemia and intramuscular anabolic signaling were investigated in ten resistance-trained males. Participants completed 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions in the leg press and leg extension exercises at 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Participants then consumed either 250 mg of Prohydrolase® + 26 g of whey protein (PW), 26 g whey alone (W), or non-nutritive control (CON) in counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained prior to exercise (baseline) and then immediately-post (IP), 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 1-h (1H), and 3-h (3H) post-exercise. Phosphorylation of AKTSer437 was decreased (3H only: p < 0.001), mTORSer2448 was increased (1H: p = 0.025; 3H: p = 0.009), and p70S6KThr412 remained unchanged similarly for each condition. Plasma leucine, branch-chained amino acids, and essential amino acid concentrations for PW were significantly higher than CON (p < 0.05) at 30 min and similar to W. Compared to IP, PW was the only treatment with elevated plasma leucine levels at 30 min (p = 0.007; ∆ = 57.8 mmol/L, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.0, 95.6) and EAA levels at 180 min (p = 0.003; ∆ = 179.1 mmol/L, 95% CI: 77.5, 280.7). Area under the curve amino acid analysis revealed no differences between PW and W. While no different than W, these data indicate that PW was the only group to produce elevated amino acid concentrations 30-min and 180-min post-ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaclyn E. Morimune
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Megan D. Jones
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Claudia M. Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Stephen H. Heffington
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Laurel A. Littlefield
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ruth N. Henry
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Autumn C. Marshall
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
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Hodson N, West DWD, Philp A, Burd NA, Moore DR. Molecular regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrients: a compass for overcoming age-related anabolic resistance. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1061-C1078. [PMID: 31461340 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass, a strong predictor of longevity and health in humans, is determined by the balance of two cellular processes, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown. MPS seems to be particularly sensitive to changes in mechanical load and/or nutritional status; therefore, much research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin this cellular process. Furthermore, older individuals display an attenuated MPS response to anabolic stimuli, termed anabolic resistance, which has a negative impact on muscle mass and function, as well as quality of life. Therefore, an understanding of which, if any, molecular mechanisms contribute to anabolic resistance of MPS is of vital importance in formulation of therapeutic interventions for such populations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin MPS, which are broadly divided into mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent, mTORC1-independent, and ribosomal biogenesis-related, and describes the evidence that shows how they are regulated by anabolic stimuli (exercise and/or nutrition) in healthy human skeletal muscle. This review also summarizes evidence regarding which of these mechanisms may be implicated in age-related skeletal muscle anabolic resistance and provides recommendations for future avenues of research that can expand our knowledge of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ato S, Tsushima D, Isono Y, Suginohara T, Maruyama Y, Nakazato K, Ogasawara R. The Effect of Changing the Contraction Mode During Resistance Training on mTORC1 Signaling and Muscle Protein Synthesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:406. [PMID: 31057416 PMCID: PMC6482468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute resistance exercise (RE) increases muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC), and chronic resistance exercise training (RT) results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Although MPS in response to RE is blunted over time during RT, no effective restorative strategy has been identified. Since eccentric muscle contraction (EC) has the potential to strongly stimulate mTORC1 activation and MPS, changing the muscle contraction mode to EC might maintain the MPS response to RE during chronic RT. Male rats were randomly divided into RE (1 bout of RE) and RT (13 bouts of RE) groups. Additionally, each group was subdivided into isometric contraction (IC) and EC subgroups. The RE groups performed acute, unilateral RE using IC or EC. The RT groups performed 12 bouts of unilateral RE using IC. For bout 13, the RT-IC subgroup performed a further IC bout, while the RT-EC subgroup changed to EC. All muscle contractions were induced by percutaneous electrical stimulation. Muscle samples were obtained at 6 h post exercise in all groups. After the 1st RE bout, the EC group showed significantly higher p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation than the IC group. However, the phosphorylation of other mTORC1-associated proteins (4E-BP1 and ribosomal protein S6) and the MPS response did not differ between the contraction modes. After the 13th bout of RE, mTORC1 activation and the MPS response were significantly blunted as compared with the 1st bout of RE. Changing from IC to EC did not improve these responses. In conclusion, changing the contraction mode to EC does not reinvigorate the blunted mTORC1 activation and MPS in response to RE during chronic RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsushima
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yurie Isono
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suginohara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Maruyama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Møller AB, Lønbro S, Farup J, Voss TS, Rittig N, Wang J, Højris I, Mikkelsen UR, Jessen N. Molecular and cellular adaptations to exercise training in skeletal muscle from cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1449-1460. [PMID: 30968255 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that exercise training has beneficial effects in cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular basis underlying these beneficial effects in skeletal muscle from cancer patients. METHODS We investigated expression of selected proteins involved in cellular processes known to orchestrate adaptation to exercise training by western blot. Skeletal muscle biopsies were sampled from ten cancer patients before and after 4-7 weeks of ongoing chemotherapy, and subsequently after 10 weeks of continued chemotherapy in combination with exercise training. Biopsies from ten healthy matched subjects served as reference. RESULTS The expression of the insulin-regulated glucose transporter, GLUT4, increased during chemotherapy and continued to increase during exercise training. A similar trend was observed for ACC, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, but we did not observe any changes in other regulators of substrate metabolism (AMPK and PDH) or mitochondrial proteins (Cyt-C, COX-IV, SDHA, and VDAC). Markers of proteasomal proteolysis (MURF1 and ATROGIN-1) decreased during chemotherapy, but did not change further during chemotherapy combined with exercise training. A similar pattern was observed for autophagy-related proteins such as ATG5, p62, and pULK1 Ser757, but not ULK1 and LC3BII/LC3BI. Phosphorylation of FOXO3a at Ser318/321 did not change during chemotherapy, but decreased during exercise training. This could suggest that FOXO3a-mediated transcriptional regulation of MURF1 and ATROGIN-1 serves as a mechanism by which exercise training maintains proteolytic systems in skeletal muscle in cancer patients. Phosphorylation of proteins that regulate protein synthesis (mTOR at Ser2448 and 4EBP1 at Thr37/46) increased during chemotherapy and leveled off during exercise training. Finally, chemotherapy tended to increase the number of satellite cells in type 1 fibers, without any further change during chemotherapy and exercise training. Conversely, the number of satellite cells in type 2 fibers did not change during chemotherapy, but increased during chemotherapy combined with exercise training. CONCLUSIONS Molecular signaling cascades involved in exercise training are disturbed during cancer and chemotherapy, and exercise training may prevent further disruption of these pathways. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was approved by the local Scientific Ethics Committee of the Central Denmark Region (Project ID: M-2014-15-14; date of approval: 01/27/2014) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (case number 2007-58-0010; date of approval: 01/28/2015). The trial was registered at http//www.clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT02192216; date of registration 07/17-2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Lønbro
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean Farup
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Schmidt Voss
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Wang
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inger Højris
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Ramer Mikkelsen
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Møller AB, Voss TS, Vendelbo MH, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Jessen N. Insulin inhibits autophagy signaling independent of counter-regulatory hormone levels, but does not affect the effects of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1204-1209. [PMID: 30070610 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00490.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise increases autophagic signaling through ULK1 in human skeletal muscle during both anabolic and catabolic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate if changes in ULK1 Ser555 phosphorylation during exercise are reflected by changes in phosphorylation of a newly identified ULK1 substrate (ATG14 Ser29), and to elucidate the involvement of circulatory hormones in regulation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle. We show that one hour of cycling exercise increases ATG14 Ser29 phosphorylation during both hyperinsulinemic euglycemic and euinsulinemic euglycemic conditions. This could suggest that counter-regulatory hormones stimulate autophagy in skeletal muscle, as circulating concentrations of these hormones are highly elevated during exercise. Furthermore, ATG14 Ser29 correlated positively with ULK1 phosphorylation, suggesting that ULK1 Ser555 (activating site) phosphorylation reflects ULK1 kinase activity. In a separate series of experiments, we show that insulin stimulates ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser757 (inhibitory site) in both hypoglycemic and euglycemic conditions, suggesting that counter-regulatory hormones (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and glucagon) have limited effects on autophagy signaling in human skeletal muscle. In conclusion, one hour of cycling exercise increases phosphorylation of ATG14 at Ser29 in a pattern that mirrors ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser555. Moreover, insulin effects on autophagy signaling in human skeletal muscle are independent of hypoglycemic and euglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical PathologyDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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11
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Zhou Q, Hong L, Wang J. Identification of key genes and pathways in pelvic organ prolapse based on gene expression profiling by bioinformatics analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:1323-1332. [PMID: 29546564 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and to identify the key genes and pathways for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) using bioinformatics analysis. METHODS The microarray data for GSE53868 included 12 POP and 12 non-POP anterior vaginal wall samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by GEO2R online tool. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database, and a DEG-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. MCODE was used for module analysis of the PPI network. RESULTS A total of 257 upregulated and 333 downregulated genes were identified. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that the upregulated DEGs were strongly associated with immune response, complement activation, classical pathway, phagocytosis, and recognition; the downregulated genes were mainly associated with cellular response to zinc ion, negative regulation of growth, and apoptotic process. Based on the PPI network, IL6, MYC, CCL2, ICAM1, PTGS2, SERPINE1, ATF3, CDKN1A, and CDKN2A were screened as hub genes. The four most significant sub-modules of DEGs were extracted after network module analysis. These genes were mainly associated with the negative regulation of growth and inflammatory response. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were associated with Mineral absorption, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and chemokine signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These microarray data and bioinformatics analyses provide a useful method for the identification of key genes and pathways associated with POP. Moreover, some crucial DEGs, such as IL6, MYC, CCL2, ICAM1, PTGS2, SERPINE1, ATF3, CDKN1A, and CDKN2A, potentially play an important role in the development and progression of POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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12
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p38 MAPK activation and H3K4 trimethylation is decreased by lactate in vitro and high intensity resistance training in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176609. [PMID: 28467493 PMCID: PMC5414990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces adaptation of skeletal muscle by acutely modulating intracellular signaling, gene expression, protein turnover and myogenic activation of skeletal muscle stem cells (Satellite cells, SCs). Lactate (La)-induced metabolic stimulation alone has been shown to modify SC proliferation and differentiation. Although the mechanistic basis remains elusive, it was demonstrated that La affects signaling via p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) which might contribute to trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) known to regulate satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. We investigated the effects of La on p38 MAPK and H3K4me3 in a model of activated SCs. Differentiating C2C12 myoblasts were treated with La (20 mM) and samples analysed using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. We determined a reduction of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, decreased H3K4me3 and reduced expression of Myf5, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) leading to decreased differentiation of La-treated C2C12 cells after 5 days of repeated La treatment. We further investigated whether this regulatory pathway would be affected in human skeletal muscle by the application of two different resistance exercise regimes (RE) associated with distinct metabolic demands and blood La accumulation. Muscle biopsies were obtained 15, 30 min, 1, 4, and 24 h post exercise after moderate intensity RE (STD) vs. high intensity RE (HIT). Consistent with in vitro results, reduced p38 phosphorylation and blunted H3K4me3 were also observed upon metabolically demanding HIT RE in human skeletal muscle. Our data provide evidence that La-accumulation acutely affects p38 MAPK signaling, gene expression and thereby cell differentiation and adaptation in vitro, and likely in vivo.
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Townsend JR, Stout JR, Jajtner AR, Church DD, Beyer KS, Oliveira LP, La Monica MB, Riffe JJ, Muddle TWD, Baker KM, Fukuda DH, Roberts MD, Hoffman JR. Resistance exercise increases intramuscular NF-κb signaling in untrained males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2103-2111. [PMID: 27582262 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The NF-κB signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes following exercise stress. This study aims to examine the effects of an acute lower-body resistance exercise protocol and subsequent recovery on intramuscular NF-κB signaling. METHODS Twenty-eight untrained males were assigned to either a control (CON; n = 11) or exercise group (EX; n = 17) and completed a lower-body resistance exercise protocol consisting of the back squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises. Skeletal muscle microbiopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis pre-exercise (PRE), 1-hour (1H), 5-hours (5H), and 48-hours (48H) post-resistance exercise. Multiplex signaling assay kits (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) were used to quantify the total protein (TNFR1, c-Myc) or phosphorylation status of proteins belonging to the NF-κB signaling pathway (IKKa/b, IkBα, NF-κB) using multiplex protein assay. Repeated measures ANOVA analysis was used to determine the effects of the exercise bout on intramuscular signaling at each time point. Additionally, change scores were analyzed by magnitude based inferences to determine a mechanistic interpretation. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a trend for a two-way interaction between the EX and CON Group (p = 0.064) for c-Myc post resistance exercise. Magnitude based inference analysis suggest a "Very Likely" increase in total c-Myc from PRE-5H and a "Likely" increase in IkBα phosphorylation from PRE-5H post-resistance exercise. CONCLUSION Results indicated that c-Myc transcription factor is elevated following acute intense resistance exercise in untrained males. Future studies should examine the role that post-resistance exercise NF-κβ signaling plays in c-Myc induction, ribosome biogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37215, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Michael B La Monica
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Joshua J Riffe
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kayla M Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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Woo JH, Shin KO, Lee YH, Jang KS, Bae JY, Roh HT. Effects of treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle mTOR signaling pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1260-5. [PMID: 27190464 PMCID: PMC4868224 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular treadmill
exercise on skeletal muscle Rictor-Akt and mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 signaling pathway in high-fat
diet-induced obese mice. [Subjects and Methods] Four- week-old C57BL/6 mice were adopted
and classified into normal diet group (ND, n = 10), normal diet and training group (NDT, n
= 10), high-fat diet group (HF, n = 10), and high-fat diet and training group (HFT, n =
10). The exercise program consisted of a treadmill exercise provided at low intensity for
1–4 weeks, and moderate intensity for 5–8 weeks. [Results] The Western blot method was
used to measure the expression of mTOR, Raptor, S6K1, Rictor, and Akt proteins in the
soleus muscle. mTOR levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the ND and
NDT groups. Raptor/mTORC1 and S6K1 levels were significantly higher in the HF group than
in all the other groups. Akt levels were significantly lower in the HF group than in the
NDT group. The risk of obesity may be associated with the overactivation of
the mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 signaling pathway and a decrease in Akt levels. [Conclusion] This
study also indicates that performing aerobic exercise may be associated with the
downregulation of the mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Woo
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Hyo Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soeng Jang
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yong Bae
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
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Møller AB, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, Clasen BF, Bak AM, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Jessen N. Physical exercise increases autophagic signaling through ULK1 in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:971-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from transgenic animal models suggest that exercise-induced autophagy is critical for adaptation to physical training, and that Unc-51 like kinase-1 (ULK1) serves as an important regulator of autophagy. Phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser555 stimulates autophagy, whereas phosphorylation at Ser757 is inhibitory. To determine whether exercise regulates ULK1 phosphorylation in humans in vivo in a nutrient-dependent manner, we examined skeletal muscle biopsies from healthy humans after 1-h cycling exercise at 50% maximal O2 uptake on two occasions: 1) during a 36-h fast, and 2) during continuous glucose infusion at 0.2 kg/h. Physical exercise increased ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser555 and decreased lipidation of light chain 3B. ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser555 correlated positively with AMP-activated protein kinase-α Thr172 phosphorylation and negatively with light chain 3B lipidation. ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser757 was not affected by exercise. Fasting increased ULK1 and p62 protein expression, but did not affect exercise-induced ULK1 phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that autophagy signaling is activated in human skeletal muscle after 60 min of exercise, independently of nutritional status, and suggest that initiation of autophagy constitutes an important physiological response to exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Vendelbo
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Britt Christensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Berthil Forrest Clasen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ann Mosegaard Bak
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens O. L. Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Simplified data access on human skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to differentiated exercise. Sci Data 2014; 1:140041. [PMID: 25984345 PMCID: PMC4432635 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated exercise-induced global gene expression responses in human skeletal muscle and these have typically focused at one specific mode of exercise and not implemented non-exercise control models. However, interpretation on effects of differentiated exercise necessitate direct comparison between essentially different modes of exercise and the ability to identify true exercise effect, necessitate implementation of independent non-exercise control subjects. Furthermore, muscle transcriptome data made available through previous exercise studies can be difficult to extract and interpret by individuals that are inexperienced with bioinformatics procedures. In a comparative study, we therefore; (1) investigated the human skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to differentiated exercise and non-exercise control intervention, and; (2) set out to develop a straightforward search tool to allow for easy access and interpretation of our data. We provide a simple-to-use spread sheet containing transcriptome data allowing other investigators to easily see how mRNA of their gene(s) of interest behave in skeletal muscle following exercise, both endurance, resistance and non-exercise, to better aid hypothesis-driven question in this field of research.
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Farup J, Rahbek SK, Knudsen IS, de Paoli F, Mackey AL, Vissing K. Whey protein supplementation accelerates satellite cell proliferation during recovery from eccentric exercise. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2503-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Rahbek SK, Farup J, Møller AB, Vendelbo MH, Holm L, Jessen N, Vissing K. Effects of divergent resistance exercise contraction mode and dietary supplementation type on anabolic signalling, muscle protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2377-92. [PMID: 25005782 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Greater force produced with eccentric (ECC) compared to concentric (CONC) contractions, may comprise a stronger driver of muscle growth, which may be further augmented by protein supplementation. We investigated the effect of differentiated contraction mode with either whey protein hydrolysate and carbohydrate (WPH + CHO) or isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on regulation of anabolic signalling, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle hypertrophy. Twenty-four human participants performed unilateral isolated maximal ECC versus CONC contractions during exercise habituation, single-bout exercise and 12 weeks of training combined with WPH + CHO or CHO supplements. In the exercise-habituated state, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, p-rpS6 increased by approximately 42, 206 and 213 %, respectively, at 1 h post-exercise, with resistance exercise per se; whereas, the phosphorylation was exclusively maintained with ECC at 3 and 5 h post-exercise. This acute anabolic signalling response did not differ between the isocaloric supplement types, neither did protein fractional synthesis rate differ between interventions. Twelve weeks of ECC as well as CONC resistance training augmented hypertrophy with WPH + CHO group compared to the CHO group (7.3 ± 1.0 versus 3.4 ± 0.8 %), independently of exercise contraction type. Training did not produce major changes in basal levels of Akt-mTOR pathway components. In conclusion, maximal ECC contraction mode may constitute a superior driver of acute anabolic signalling that may not be mirrored in the muscle protein synthesis rate. Furthermore, with prolonged high-volume resistance training, contraction mode seems less influential on the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy, whereas protein and carbohydrate supplementation augments muscle hypertrophy as compared to isocaloric carbohydrate supplementation .
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Klejs Rahbek
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Eyre HA, Baune BT. Assessing for unique immunomodulatory and neuroplastic profiles of physical activity subtypes: a focus on psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:42-55. [PMID: 24269526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is emerging as a safe and effective tool in the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders. PA subtypes include aerobic, resistance, flexibility, neuromotor (involving balance, agility and co-ordination), mind-body (e.g. tai chi, qi gong and yoga) and mixed type trainings. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that PA subtypes can have positive clinical effects, however the effects on the symptomatology may vary according to the PA subtype. It therefore stands to reason that various PA subtypes may modulate the immune system and neuroplastic processes differently. This systematic review aims to assess the immunomodulatory and neuroplastic profiles of various PA subtypes, particularly in unipolar depression and age-related cognitive decline (ARCD). The literature suggests several unique immunomodulatory and neuroplastic profiles for PA subtypes (i.e. resistance, aerobic and mind-body) in depression and ARCD. In depression, levels of various cytokines at baseline may predict treatment response to subtypes of PA and pharmacological agents. The pro-neuroplastic effects of resistance and aerobic PA in ARCD may differ due to variances in neurotrophin profiles. At this stage of literature in the field, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on the specific immunomodulatory and neuroplastic pathways involved in these PA subtypes given of the small number of comparative studies and methodological heterogeneity between studies (e.g. study population age and illness severity, as well as duration and intensity of PA intervention). This important field requires well-designed, high-quality comparative studies to better describe unique immunomodulatory and neuroplastic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A Eyre
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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