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Brackx W, de Cássia Collaço R, Theys M, Cruyssen JV, Bosmans F. Understanding the physiological role of Na V1.9: Challenges and opportunities for pain modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108416. [PMID: 37061202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-activated Na+ (NaV) channels are crucial contributors to rapid electrical signaling in the human body. As such, they are among the most targeted membrane proteins by clinical therapeutics and natural toxins. Several of the nine mammalian NaV channel subtypes play a documented role in pain or other sensory processes such as itch, touch, and smell. While causal relationships between these subtypes and biological function have been extensively described, the physiological role of NaV1.9 is less understood. Yet, mutations in NaV1.9 can cause striking disease phenotypes related to sensory perception such as loss or gain of pain and chronic itch. Here, we explore our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which NaV1.9 may contribute to pain and elaborate on the challenges associated with establishing links between experimental conditions and human disease. This review also discusses the lack of comprehensive insights into NaV1.9-specific pharmacology, an unfortunate situation since modulatory compounds may have tremendous potential in the clinic to treat pain or as precision tools to examine the extent of NaV1.9 participation in sensory perception processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayra Brackx
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita de Cássia Collaço
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux Theys
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vander Cruyssen
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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The insecticide deltamethrin enhances sodium channel slow inactivation of human Nav1.9, Nav1.8 and Nav1.7. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 428:115676. [PMID: 34389319 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide deltamethrin of the pyrethroid class mainly targets voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs). Deltamethrin prolongs the opening of Navs by slowing down fast inactivation and deactivation. Pyrethroids are supposedly safe for humans, however, they have also been linked to the gulf-war syndrome, a neuropathic pain condition that can develop following exposure to certain chemicals. Inherited neuropathic pain conditions have been linked to mutations in the Nav subtypes Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9. Here, we examined the effect of deltamethrin on the human isoforms Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9_C4 (chimera containing the C-terminus of rat Nav1.4) heterologously expressed in HEK293T and ND7/23 cells using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. For all three Nav subtypes, we observed increased persistent and tail currents that are typical for Nav channels modified by deltamethrin. The most surprising finding was an enhanced slow inactivation induced by deltamethrin in all three Nav subtypes. An enhanced slow inactivation is contrary to the prolonged opening caused by pyrethroids and has not been described for deltamethrin or any other pyrethroid before. Furthermore, we found that the fraction of deltamethrin-modified channels increased use-dependently. However, for Nav1.8, the use-dependent potentiation occurred only when the holding potential was increased to -90 mV, a potential at which the tail currents decay more slowly. This indicates that use-dependent modification is due to an accumulation of tail currents. In summary, our findings support a novel mechanism whereby deltamethrin enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, which may, depending on the cellular resting membrane potential, reduce neuronal excitability and counteract the well-described pyrethroid effects of prolonging channel opening.
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3
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Pajouhesh H, Beckley JT, Delwig A, Hajare HS, Luu G, Monteleone D, Zhou X, Ligutti J, Amagasu S, Moyer BD, Yeomans DC, Du Bois J, Mulcahy JV. Discovery of a selective, state-independent inhibitor of Na V1.7 by modification of guanidinium toxins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14791. [PMID: 32908170 PMCID: PMC7481244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel isoform NaV1.7 is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and is obligatory for nociceptive signal transmission. Genetic gain-of-function and loss-of-function NaV1.7 mutations have been identified in select individuals, and are associated with episodic extreme pain disorders and insensitivity to pain, respectively. These findings implicate NaV1.7 as a key pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of pain. While several small molecules targeting NaV1.7 have been advanced to clinical development, no NaV1.7-selective compound has shown convincing efficacy in clinical pain applications. Here we describe the discovery and characterization of ST-2262, a NaV1.7 inhibitor that blocks the extracellular vestibule of the channel with an IC50 of 72 nM and greater than 200-fold selectivity over off-target sodium channel isoforms, NaV1.1-1.6 and NaV1.8. In contrast to other NaV1.7 inhibitors that preferentially inhibit the inactivated state of the channel, ST-2262 is equipotent in a protocol that favors the resting state of the channel, a protocol that favors the inactivated state, and a high frequency protocol. In a non-human primate study, animals treated with ST-2262 exhibited reduced sensitivity to noxious heat. These findings establish the extracellular vestibule of the sodium channel as a viable receptor site for the design of selective ligands targeting NaV1.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pajouhesh
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - J T Beckley
- SiteOne Therapeutics, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - A Delwig
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - H S Hajare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - G Luu
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - D Monteleone
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - X Zhou
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - J Ligutti
- Neuroscience Department, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - S Amagasu
- Neuroscience Department, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - B D Moyer
- Neuroscience Department, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - D C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J V Mulcahy
- SiteOne Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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4
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Mitchell R, Mikolajczak M, Kersten C, Fleetwood-Walker S. ErbB1-dependent signalling and vesicular trafficking in primary afferent nociceptors associated with hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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5
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McMahon KL, Tay B, Deuis JR, Tanaka BS, Peigneur S, Jin AH, Tytgat J, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD, Vetter I, Schroeder CI. Pharmacological activity and NMR solution structure of the leech peptide HSTX-I. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114082. [PMID: 32524995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels in pain perception is indisputable. Of particular interest as targets for the development of pain therapeutics are the tetrodotoxin-resistant isoforms NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, based on animal as well as human genetic studies linking these ion channel subtypes to the pathogenesis of pain. However, only a limited number of inhibitors selectively targeting these channels have been reported. HSTX-I is a peptide toxin identified from saliva of the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris. The native 23-residue peptide, stabilised by two disulfide bonds, has been reported to inhibit rat NaV1.8 and mouse NaV1.9 with low micromolar activity, and may therefore represent a scaffold for development of novel modulators with activity at human tetrodotoxin-resistant NaV isoforms. We synthetically produced this hydrophobic peptide in high yield using a one-pot oxidation and single step purification and determined the three-dimensional solution structure of HSTX-I using NMR solution spectroscopy. However, in our hands, the synthetic HSTX-I displayed only very modest activity at human NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, and lacked analgesic efficacy in a murine model of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Tay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Brian S Tanaka
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ai-Hua Jin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4103, Australia.
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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6
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Israel MR, Dash TS, Bothe SN, Robinson SD, Deuis JR, Craik DJ, Lampert A, Vetter I, Durek T. Characterization of Synthetic Tf2 as a Na V1.3 Selective Pharmacological Probe. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060155. [PMID: 32545167 PMCID: PMC7345637 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NaV1.3 is a subtype of the voltage-gated sodium channel family. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, although the contribution of this channel to neuronal excitability is not well understood. Tf2, a β-scorpion toxin previously identified from the venom of Tityus fasciolatus, has been reported to selectively activate NaV1.3. Here, we describe the activity of synthetic Tf2 and assess its suitability as a pharmacological probe for NaV1.3. As described for the native toxin, synthetic Tf2 (1 µM) caused early channel opening, decreased the peak current, and shifted the voltage dependence of NaV1.3 activation in the hyperpolarizing direction by −11.3 mV, with no activity at NaV1.1, NaV1.2, and NaV1.4-NaV1.8. Additional activity was found at NaV1.9, tested using the hNav1.9_C4 chimera, where Tf2 (1 µM) shifted the voltage dependence of activation by −6.3 mV. In an attempt to convert Tf2 into an NaV1.3 inhibitor, we synthetized the analogue Tf2[S14R], a mutation previously described to remove the excitatory activity of related β-scorpion toxins. Indeed, Tf2[S14R](10 µM) had reduced excitatory activity at NaV1.3, although it still caused a small −5.8 mV shift in the voltage dependence of activation. Intraplantar injection of Tf2 (1 µM) in mice caused spontaneous flinching and swelling, which was not reduced by the NaV1.1/1.3 inhibitor ICA-121431 nor in NaV1.9-/- mice, suggesting off-target activity. In addition, despite a loss of excitatory activity, intraplantar injection of Tf2[S14R](10 µM) still caused swelling, providing strong evidence that Tf2 has additional off-target activity at one or more non-neuronal targets. Therefore, due to activity at NaV1.9 and other yet to be identified target(s), the use of Tf2 as a selective pharmacological probe may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde R. Israel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Thomas S. Dash
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Stefanie N. Bothe
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.N.B.); (A.L.)
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samuel D. Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Jennifer R. Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.N.B.); (A.L.)
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2415 ME3T, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (T.D.); Tel.: +61-7-3346-2660 (I.V.); +61-7-3346-2021 (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.R.I.); (T.S.D.); (S.D.R.); (J.R.D.); (D.J.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (T.D.); Tel.: +61-7-3346-2660 (I.V.); +61-7-3346-2021 (T.D.)
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7
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Sizova DV, Huang J, Akin EJ, Estacion M, Gomis-Perez C, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. A 49-residue sequence motif in the C terminus of Nav1.9 regulates trafficking of the channel to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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8
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Sizova DV, Huang J, Akin EJ, Estacion M, Gomis-Perez C, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. A 49-residue sequence motif in the C terminus of Nav1.9 regulates trafficking of the channel to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1077-1090. [PMID: 31822564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and functional studies have confirmed an important role for the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.9 in human pain disorders. However, low functional expression of Nav1.9 in heterologous systems (e.g. in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells) has hampered studies of its biophysical and pharmacological properties and the development of high-throughput assays for drug development targeting this channel. The mechanistic basis for the low level of Nav1.9 currents in heterologous expression systems is not understood. Here, we implemented a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the mechanisms that govern functional Nav1.9 expression. Recombinant expression of a series of Nav1.9-Nav1.7 C-terminal chimeras in HEK293 cells identified a 49-amino-acid-long motif in the C terminus of the two channels that regulates expression levels of these chimeras. We confirmed the critical role of this motif in the context of a full-length channel chimera, Nav1.9-Ct49aaNav1.7, which displayed significantly increased current density in HEK293 cells while largely retaining the characteristic Nav1.9-gating properties. High-resolution live microscopy indicated that the newly identified C-terminal motif dramatically increases the number of channels on the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells. Molecular modeling results suggested that this motif is exposed on the cytoplasmic face of the folded C terminus, where it might interact with other channel partners. These findings reveal that a 49-residue-long motif in Nav1.9 regulates channel trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Sizova
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Jianying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Elizabeth J Akin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Mark Estacion
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Carolina Gomis-Perez
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 .,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 .,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
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Ma RSY, Kayani K, Whyte-Oshodi D, Whyte-Oshodi A, Nachiappan N, Gnanarajah S, Mohammed R. Voltage gated sodium channels as therapeutic targets for chronic pain. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2709-2722. [PMID: 31564962 PMCID: PMC6743634 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s207610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Being maladaptive and frequently unresponsive to pharmacotherapy, chronic pain presents a major unmet clinical need. While an intact central nervous system is required for conscious pain perception, nociceptor hyperexcitability induced by nerve injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is sufficient and necessary to initiate and maintain neuropathic pain. The genesis and propagation of action potentials is dependent on voltage-gated sodium channels, in particular, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9. However, nerve injury triggers changes in their distribution, expression and/or biophysical properties, leading to aberrant excitability. Most existing treatment for pain relief acts through non-selective, state-dependent sodium channel blockage and have narrow therapeutic windows. Natural toxins and developing subtype-specific and molecular-specific sodium channel blockers show promise for treatment of neuropathic pain with minimal side effects. New approaches to analgesia include combination therapy and gene therapy. Here, we review how individual sodium channel subtypes contribute to pain, and the attempts made to develop more effective analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Siu Yu Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Raihan Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lee J, Kim S, Kim HM, Kim HJ, Yu FH. NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 channels are major endogenous voltage-gated sodium channels in ND7/23 cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221156. [PMID: 31419255 PMCID: PMC6697327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ND7/23 cells are gaining traction as a host model to express peripheral sodium channels such as NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 that have been difficult to express in widely utilized heterologous cells, like CHO and HEK293. Use of ND7/23 as a model cell to characterize the properties of sodium channels requires clear understanding of the endogenous ion channels. To define the nature of the background sodium currents in ND7/23 cells, we aimed to comprehensively profile the voltage-gated sodium channel subunits by endpoint and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and by whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. We found that untransfected ND7/23 cells express endogenous peak sodium currents that average -2.12nA (n = 15) and with kinetics typical of fast sodium currents having activation and inactivation completed within few milliseconds. Furthermore, sodium currents were reduced to virtually nil upon exposure to 100nM tetrodotoxin, indicating that ND7/23 cells have essentially null background for tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) currents. qRT-PCR profiling indicated a major expression of TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 at similar levels and very low expression of TTX-R NaV1.9 transcripts. There was no expression of TTX-R NaV1.8 in ND7/23 cells. There was low expression of NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3 and no expression of cardiac or skeletal muscle sodium channels. As for the sodium channel auxiliary subunits, β1 and β3 subunits were expressed, but not the β2 and β4 subunits that covalently associate with the α-subunits. In addition, our results also showed that only the mouse forms of NaV1.6, NaV1.7 and NaV1.9 sodium channels were expressed in ND7/23 cells that was originally generated as a hybridoma of rat embryonic DRG and mouse neuroblastoma cell-line. By molecular profiling of auxiliary β- and principal α-subunits of the voltage gated sodium channel complex, our results define the background sodium channels expressed in ND7/23 cells, and confirm their utility for detailed functional studies of emerging pain channelopathies ascribed to mutations of the TTX-R sodium channels of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, Program in Neurobiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, Program in Neurobiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, Program in Neurobiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Program in Neurobiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank H. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, Program in Neurobiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bennett DL, Clark AJ, Huang J, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. The Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Pain Signaling. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1079-1151. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pain signaling has a key protective role and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Chronic pain, however, is maladaptive, occurring as a consequence of injury and disease, and is associated with sensitization of the somatosensory nervous system. Primary sensory neurons are involved in both of these processes, and the recent advances in understanding sensory transduction and human genetics are the focus of this review. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are important determinants of sensory neuron excitability: they are essential for the initial transduction of sensory stimuli, the electrogenesis of the action potential, and neurotransmitter release from sensory neuron terminals. Nav1.1, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 are all expressed by adult sensory neurons. The biophysical characteristics of these channels, as well as their unique expression patterns within subtypes of sensory neurons, define their functional role in pain signaling. Changes in the expression of VGSCs, as well as posttranslational modifications, contribute to the sensitization of sensory neurons in chronic pain states. Furthermore, gene variants in Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 have now been linked to human Mendelian pain disorders and more recently to common pain disorders such as small-fiber neuropathy. Chronic pain affects one in five of the general population. Given the poor efficacy of current analgesics, the selective expression of particular VGSCs in sensory neurons makes these attractive targets for drug discovery. The increasing availability of gene sequencing, combined with structural modeling and electrophysiological analysis of gene variants, also provides the opportunity to better target existing therapies in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alex J. Clark
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jianying Huang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Peigneur S, Cheneval O, Maiti M, Leipold E, Heinemann SH, Lescrinier E, Herdewijn P, De Lima ME, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI, Tytgat J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors. FASEB J 2018; 33:3693-3703. [PMID: 30509130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801909r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 13 aa residue voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel inhibitor peptide, Pn, containing 2 disulfide bridges was designed by using a chimeric approach. This approach was based on a common pharmacophore deduced from sequence and secondary structural homology of 2 NaV inhibitors: Conus kinoshitai toxin IIIA, a 14 residue cone snail peptide with 3 disulfide bonds, and Phoneutria nigriventer toxin 1, a 78 residue spider toxin with 7 disulfide bonds. As with the parent peptides, this novel NaV channel inhibitor was active on NaV1.2. Through the generation of 3 series of peptide mutants, we investigated the role of key residues and cyclization and their influence on NaV inhibition and subtype selectivity. Cyclic PnCS1, a 10 residue peptide cyclized via a disulfide bond, exhibited increased inhibitory activity toward therapeutically relevant NaV channel subtypes, including NaV1.7 and NaV1.9, while displaying remarkable serum stability. These peptides represent the first and the smallest cyclic peptide NaV modulators to date and are promising templates for the development of toxin-based therapeutic agents.-Peigneur, S., Cheneval, O., Maiti, M., Leipold, E., Heinemann, S. H., Lescrinier, E., Herdewijn, P., De Lima, M. E., Craik, D. J., Schroeder, C. I., Tytgat, J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.,Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohitosh Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Elena De Lima
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Biomedicina e Medicina, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Niu J, Yang W, Yue DT, Inoue T, Ben-Johny M. Duplex signaling by CaM and Stac3 enhances Ca V1.1 function and provides insights into congenital myopathy. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1145-1161. [PMID: 29950399 PMCID: PMC6080896 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CaV1.1 is essential for skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Its functional expression is tuned by numerous regulatory proteins, yet underlying modulatory mechanisms remain ambiguous as CaV1.1 fails to function in heterologous systems. In this study, by dissecting channel trafficking versus gating, we evaluated the requirements for functional CaV1.1 in heterologous systems. Although coexpression of the auxiliary β subunit is sufficient for surface-membrane localization, this baseline trafficking is weak, and channels elicit a diminished open probability. The regulatory proteins calmodulin and stac3 independently enhance channel trafficking and gating via their interaction with the CaV1.1 carboxy terminus. Myopathic stac3 mutations weaken channel binding and diminish trafficking. Our findings demonstrate that multiple regulatory proteins orchestrate CaV1.1 function via duplex mechanisms. Our work also furnishes insights into the pathophysiology of stac3-associated congenital myopathy and reveals novel avenues for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wanjun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
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14
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Tang D, Liang S, Chen P, Tang C, Liu Z. A Chimeric NaV1.8 Channel Expression System Based on HEK293T Cell Line. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29686617 PMCID: PMC5900924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the nine voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) subtypes, NaV1.8 is an attractive therapeutic target for pain. The heterologous expression of recombinant NaV1.8 currents is of particular importance for its electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. However, NaV1.8 expresses no or low-level functional currents when transiently transfected into non-neuronal cell lines. The present study aims to explore the molecular determinants limiting its functional expression and accordingly establish a functional NaV1.8 expression system. We conducted screening analysis of the NaV1.8 intracellular loops by constructing NaV chimeric channels and confirmed that the NaV1.8 C-terminus was the only limiting factor. Replacing this sequence with that of NaV1.4, NaV1.5, or NaV1.7 constructed functional channels (NaV1.8/1.4L5, NaV1.8/1.5L5, and NaV1.8/1.7L5, respectively), which expressed high-level NaV1.8-like currents in HEK293T cells. The chimeric channel NaV1.8/1.7L5 displayed much faster inactivation of its macroscopic currents than NaV1.8/1.4L5 and NaV1.8/1.5L5, and it was the most similar to wild-type NaV1.8 expressed in ND7/23 cells. Its currents were very stable during repetitive depolarizations, while its repriming kinetic was different from wild-type NaV1.8. Most importantly, NaV1.8/1.7L5 pharmacologically resembled wild-type NaV1.8 as revealed by testing their susceptibility to two NaV1.8 selective antagonists, APETx-2 and MrVIB. NaV chimeras study showed that at least the domain 2 and domain 4 of NaV1.8 were involved in binding with APETx-2. Our study provided new insights into the function of NaV1.8 intracellular loops, as well as a reliable and convenient expression system which could be useful in NaV1.8 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Tang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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15
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Foadi N. Modulation of sodium channels as pharmacological tool for pain therapy-highlights and gaps. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:481-488. [PMID: 29572558 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are crucially involved in the transduction and transmission of nociceptive signals and pathological pain states. In the past decades, a lot of effort has been spent examining and characterizing biophysical properties of the different sodium channels and their role in signaling pathways. Several gains of function mutations of the sodium channels Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 are associated with pain disorders. Due to their critical role in nociceptive pathways voltage-gated sodium channels are regarded interesting targets for pharmacological pain treatment. However we still need to fill the gap that exists in the translation of efficacy in preclinical in vitro experiments and in models of pain into the clinic. This review summarizes biological and electrophysiological properties of voltage-gated sodium channels and aims to discuss limitations and promising pharmacological strategies in sodium channel research in the context of pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Foadi
- Clinic for Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Translational Model Systems for Complex Sodium Channel Pathophysiology in Pain. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 246:355-369. [PMID: 29374838 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain patients are often left with insufficient treatment as the pathophysiology especially of neuropathic pain remains enigmatic. Recently, genetic variations in the genes of the voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) were linked to inherited neuropathic pain syndromes, opening a research pathway to foster our understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. More than 10 years ago, the rare, inherited pain syndrome erythromelalgia was linked to mutations in the subtype Nav1.7, and since then a plethora of mutations and genetic variations in this and other Nav genes were identified. Often the biophysical changes induced by the genetic alteration offer a straightforward explanation for the clinical symptoms, but mutations in some channels, especially Nav1.9, paint a more complex picture. Although efforts were undertaken to significantly advance our knowledge, translation from heterologous or animal model systems to humans remains a challenge. Here we present recent advances in translation using stem cell-derived human sensory neurons and their potential application for identification of better, effective, and more precise treatment for the individual pain patient.
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17
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Zhu G, Ma S, Li X, Zhang P, Tang L, Cao L, Liu A, Sugita T, Tomoda T. The effect of ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis on the voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.4. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 136:57-65. [PMID: 29433959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) and its monomeric compounds on Nav1.4 voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and analyze the relationship between the content of its marker compounds and the inhibitory rate. Based on this study, we found that 4 mg/ml ethanol extract of G. uralensis at 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% (v/v) exhibited 77.00 ± 0.03%, 34.75 ± 0.09%, 100.00 ± 0.01% and 2.00 ± 0.01% inhibitory rates on INav1.4 respectively, and 8 mg/ml ethanol extract of G. uralensis at 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% (v/v) exhibited 99.00 ± 0.01%, 97.10 ± 0.02%, 100.00 ± 0.01% and 17.00 ± 0.04% inhibitory rates on INav1.4 respectively. Isoliquiritigenin, echinatin, liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid exhibited higher inhibitory rates of 39.98 ± 4.55%, 33.20 ± 1.61%, 22.62 ± 0.30% and 20.54 ± 4.82% respectively. However, liquiritigenin, formononetin, neoisoliquiritin and glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited lower inhibitory rates of less than 20%. Further, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin and neoliquiritin exhibited almost no effect on INav1.4. These findings showed that glycyrrhizic acid reached a maximum concentration of 49.15 μg/ml, while echinatin had the lowest concentration. The ethanol extract of G. uralensis has significant inhibitory effects on Nav1.4 VGSCs. This may be an important mechanism in the treatment of gastrocnemius spasm and could guide further research regarding material basis and mechanism of the treatment of gastrocnemius spasm with peony and licorice decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shengjun Ma
- School of Food Sciences and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, China.
| | - Xiwen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lin Tang
- China Medico Corporation, Tianjin, 300301, China.
| | - Lijuan Cao
- China Medico Corporation, Tianjin, 300301, China.
| | - Aoxue Liu
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China.
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18
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Zhou X, Xiao Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Tang D, Wu X, Tang C, Chen M, Shi X, Chen P, Liang S, Liu Z. Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Analyses of Na v1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel by Establishing a Heterologous Expression System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:852. [PMID: 29213238 PMCID: PMC5702848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1. 9 voltage-gated sodium channel is preferentially expressed in peripheral nociceptive neurons. Recent progresses have proved its role in pain sensation, but our understanding of Nav1.9, in general, has lagged behind because of limitations in heterologous expression in mammal cells. In this work, functional expression of human Nav1.9 (hNav1.9) was achieved by fusing GFP to the C-terminal of hNav1.9 in ND7/23 cells, which has been proved to be a reliable method to the electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of hNav1.9. By using the hNav1.9 expression system, we investigated the electrophysiological properties of four mutations of hNav1.9 (K419N, A582T, A842P, and F1689L), whose electrophysiological functions have not been determined yet. The four mutations significantly caused positive shift of the steady-state fast inactivation and therefore increased hNav1.9 activity, consistent with the phenotype of painful peripheral neuropathy. Meanwhile, the effects of inflammatory mediators on hNav1.9 were also investigated. Impressively, histamine was found for the first time to enhance hNav1.9 activity, indicating its vital role in hNav1.9 modulating inflammatory pain. Taken together, our research provided a useful platform for hNav1.9 studies and new insight into mechanism of hNav1.9 linking to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongfang Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Minzhi Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Songping Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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19
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Abstract
Acute and chronic pain complaints, although common, are generally poorly served by existing therapies. This unmet clinical need reflects a failure to develop novel classes of analgesics with superior efficacy, diminished adverse effects and a lower abuse liability than those currently available. Reasons for this include the heterogeneity of clinical pain conditions, the complexity and diversity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the unreliability of some preclinical pain models. However, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain are beginning to offer opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies and revisiting existing targets, including modulating ion channels, enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors.
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20
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Israel MR, Tay B, Deuis JR, Vetter I. Sodium Channels and Venom Peptide Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 79:67-116. [PMID: 28528674 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Venomous animals including cone snails, spiders, scorpions, anemones, and snakes have evolved a myriad of components in their venoms that target the opening and/or closing of voltage-gated sodium channels to cause devastating effects on the neuromuscular systems of predators and prey. These venom peptides, through design and serendipity, have not only contributed significantly to our understanding of sodium channel pharmacology and structure, but they also represent some of the most phyla- and isoform-selective molecules that are useful as valuable tool compounds and drug leads. Here, we review our understanding of the basic function of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms as well as the pharmacology of venom peptides that act at these key transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde R Israel
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryan Tay
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Irina Vetter
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Rogers M, Zidar N, Kikelj D, Kirby RW. Characterization of Endogenous Sodium Channels in the ND7-23 Neuroblastoma Cell Line: Implications for Use as a Heterologous Ion Channel Expression System Suitable for Automated Patch Clamp Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:109-30. [PMID: 26991361 PMCID: PMC4800267 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent neuroblastoma cell line, ND7-23, is used to express voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) and other neuronal ion channels resistant to heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Their advantage is that they provide endogenous factors and signaling pathways to promote ion channel peptide folding, expression, and function at the cell surface and are also amenable to automated patch clamping. However, ND7-23 cells exhibit endogenous tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Nav currents, and molecular profiling has revealed the presence of Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 transcripts, but no study has determined which subtypes contribute to functional channels at the cell surface. We profiled the repertoire of functional Nav channels endogenously expressed in ND7-23 cells using the QPatch automated patch clamp platform and selective toxins and small molecules. The potency and subtype selectivity of the ligands (Icagen compound 68 from patent US-20060025415-A1-20060202, 4,9 anhydro TTX, and Protoxin-II) were established in human Nav1.3, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 channel cell lines before application of selective concentrations to ND7-23 cells. Our data confirm previous studies that >97% of macroscopic Nav current in ND7-23 cells is carried by TTX-sensitive channels (300 nM TTX) and that Nav1.7 is the predominant channel contributing to this response (65% of peak inward current), followed by Nav1.6 (∼20%) and negligible Nav1.3 currents (∼2%). In addition, our data are the first to assess the Nav1.6 potency (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 33 nM) and selectivity (50-fold over Nav1.7) of 4,9 anhydro TTX in human Nav channels expressed in mammalian cells, confirming previous studies of rodent Nav channels expressed in oocytes and HEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rogers
- 1 Xention Limited , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nace Zidar
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Bertrand D, Biton B, Licher T, Chambard JM, Lanneau C, Partiseti M, Lefevre IA. Functional Studies of Sodium Channels: From Target to Compound Identification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 75:9.21.1-9.21.35. [PMID: 27960031 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last six decades, voltage-gated sodium (Nav ) channels have attracted a great deal of scientific and pharmaceutical interest, driving fundamental advances in both biology and technology. The structure and physiological function of these channels have been extensively studied; clinical and genetic data have uncovered their implication in diseases such as epilepsy, arrhythmias, and pain, bringing them into focus as current and future drug targets. While different techniques have been established to record the activity of Nav channels, proper determination of their properties still presents serious challenges, depending upon the experimental conditions and the desired subtype of channel to be characterized. The aim of this unit is to review the characteristics of Nav channels, their properties, the cells in which they can be studied, and the currently available techniques. Topics covered include the determination of Nav -channel biophysical properties as well as the use of toxins to discriminate between subtypes using electrophysiological or optical methods. Perspectives on the development of high-throughput screening assays with their advantages and limitations are also discussed to allow a better understanding of the challenges encountered in voltage-gated sodium channel preclinical drug discovery. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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23
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Tibbs GR, Posson DJ, Goldstein PA. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in the PNS: Novel Therapies for Neuropathic Pain? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:522-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Zhang H, Reichert E, Cohen AE. Optical electrophysiology for probing function and pharmacology of voltage-gated ion channels. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27215841 PMCID: PMC4907688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels mediate electrical dynamics in excitable tissues and are an important class of drug targets. Channels can gate in sub-millisecond timescales, show complex manifolds of conformational states, and often show state-dependent pharmacology. Mechanistic studies of ion channels typically involve sophisticated voltage-clamp protocols applied through manual or automated electrophysiology. Here, we develop all-optical electrophysiology techniques to study activity-dependent modulation of ion channels, in a format compatible with high-throughput screening. Using optical electrophysiology, we recapitulate many voltage-clamp protocols and apply to Nav1.7, a channel implicated in pain. Optical measurements reveal that a sustained depolarization strongly potentiates the inhibitory effect of PF-04856264, a Nav1.7-specific blocker. In a pilot screen, we stratify a library of 320 FDA-approved compounds by binding mechanism and kinetics, and find close concordance with patch clamp measurements. Optical electrophysiology provides a favorable tradeoff between throughput and information content for studies of NaV channels, and possibly other voltage-gated channels. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15202.001 Ion channels are specialized proteins that span the cell membrane. When activated, these channels allow ions to pass through them, which can produce electrical spikes that carry information in nerve cells and regulate the beating of the heart. Researchers interested in understanding how ion channels behave often use a technique called patch clamp electrophysiology to measure the electrical current across the cell membrane. The technique can be used to probe if a specific drug can block an ion channel, but it is not well suited to screening lots of potential drugs because it is slow and expensive. A group of ion channels known as voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in generating the electrical spikes in nerve cells. One subtype called NaV1.7 is involved in sensing pain and drugs that block NaV1.7 might be useable as painkillers, but only if they are specific to this channel. This is because there are many similar sodium channels that are important in other processes in the body. Zhang et al. have now developed a new light-based technique to measure how ion channels behave. The technique uses light to activate the channel and a fluorescent protein to report on the membrane’s voltage. Zhang et al. used the new technique to probe how sodium channels, in particular NaV1.7, interact with drugs. Mammalian cells grown in the lab were engineered to produce NaV1.7, a light-activated ion channel (called CheRiff), and a fluorescent reporter protein. A flash of blue light delivered to the cells activated CheRiff, which in turn activated NaV1.7. At the same time, the fluorescence of the reporter protein was used as a read-out of NaV1.7’s activity. Zhang et al. showed that they could reproduce many conventional electrophysiology measurements using their new light-based approach. Optical measurements were then used to screen 320 drugs to see whether they could block NaV1.7. The results of the screen corresponded closely with measurements made using conventional electrophysiology. These results demonstrate that the new optical technique is both fast and precise enough to be used in drug discovery. Further studies could now ask if this optical technique can also be used to study other ion channels, such as potassium channels and calcium channels. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15202.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Elaine Reichert
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Barbosa C, Cummins TR. Unusual Voltage-Gated Sodium Currents as Targets for Pain. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2016; 78:599-638. [PMID: 27586296 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a serious health problem that impacts the lives of many individuals. Hyperexcitability of peripheral sensory neurons contributes to both acute and chronic pain syndromes. Because voltage-gated sodium currents are crucial to the transmission of electrical signals in peripheral sensory neurons, the channels that underlie these currents are attractive targets for pain therapeutics. Sodium currents and channels in peripheral sensory neurons are complex. Multiple-channel isoforms contribute to the macroscopic currents in nociceptive sensory neurons. These different isoforms exhibit substantial variations in their kinetics and pharmacology. Furthermore, sodium current complexity is enhanced by an array of interacting proteins that can substantially modify the properties of voltage-gated sodium channels. Resurgent sodium currents, atypical currents that can enhance recovery from inactivation and neuronal firing, are increasingly being recognized as playing potentially important roles in sensory neuron hyperexcitability and pain sensations. Here we discuss unusual sodium channels and currents that have been identified in nociceptive sensory neurons, describe what is known about the molecular determinants of the complex sodium currents in these neurons. Finally, we provide an overview of therapeutic strategies to target voltage-gated sodium currents in nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barbosa
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T R Cummins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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