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Buller S, Blouet C. Brain access of incretins and incretin receptor agonists to their central targets relevant for appetite suppression and weight loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E472-E480. [PMID: 38381398 PMCID: PMC11193531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00250.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
New incretin-based pharmacotherapies provide efficient and safe therapeutic options to curb appetite and produce weight loss in patients with obesity. Delivered systemically, these molecules produce pleiotropic metabolic benefits, but the target sites mediating their weight-suppressive action are located within the brain. Recent research has increased our understanding of the neural circuits and behavioral mechanisms involved in the anorectic and metabolic consequences of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based weight loss strategies, yet little is known about how these drugs access their functional targets in the brain to produce sustained weight loss. The majority of brain cells expressing incretin receptors are located behind the blood-brain barrier, shielded from the circulation and fluctuations in the availability of peripheral signals, which is a major challenge for the development of CNS-targeted therapeutic peptides. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with increased half-life and enhanced therapeutic benefit do not cross the blood-brain barrier, yet they manage to access discrete brain sites relevant to the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this review, we give a brief overview of the different routes for peptide hormones to access the brain. We then examine the evidence informing the routes employed by incretins and incretin receptor agonists to access brain targets relevant for their appetite and weight-suppressive actions. We highlight existing controversies and suggest future directions to further establish the functionally relevant access routes for GLP-1-based weight loss compounds, which might guide the development and selection of the future generation of incretin receptor polypharmacologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buller
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clemence Blouet
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Abbas NAT, Fayed FA, El Sebaey RS, Hassan HA. Telmisartan and candesartan promote browning of white adipose tissue and reverse fatty liver changes in high fat diet fed male albino rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2359-2378. [PMID: 37831115 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for many diseases, as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, infertility, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as increased risk for many cancers. Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil are angiotensin II receptor blockers which had proven to involve in pathogenesis of obesity and NAFLD. AIMS This work is designed to explore the possible mitigated effects of Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil on weight gain and fatty liver in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. MAIN METHODS The HFD rat model was achieved with induction of NAFLD. For Seven weeks either telmisartan or candesartan were orally administered at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively once daily. The effects of both drugs were evaluated by measurements of rat's body weight, food intakes, length, body mass index (BMI), liver weight, inguinal and interscapular fat weights. In addition, we assayed lipid profile, liver functions tests, serum inflammatory cytokines, adipokine and leptin. Lastly, liver and adipose tissue histopathological structures were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS at end of experiment, telmisartan and candesartan were highly effective in decreasing rat's body weight from (213.1±2.68 to 191.2±2.54 and 203.5±5.89 gm , respectively), BMI, liver weight, fat weights in addition reduced serum levels of lipid and liver enzymes. Also, inflammatory cytokines were reduced with repaired histopathological insults in liver by significantly damped NAFLD score from (6.5 ±0.17 to 1±0 and 4 ±0, respectively) and decreased areas of adipocytes from (21239.12 to 5355.7 and 11607.1 um2 , respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Telmisartan and candesartan have therapeutic potential against obesity and NAFLD induced by HFD in rats. All the previous indices showed more improvement in telmisartan than candesartan group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A T Abbas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Fawkia A Fayed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rabab Saber El Sebaey
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hassan
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
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3
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Imenshahidi M, Roohbakhsh A, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of telmisartan on metabolic syndrome components: a comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116169. [PMID: 38228033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor used in the management of hypertension (alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. It belongs to the drug class of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Among drugs of this class, telmisartan shows particular pharmacologic properties, including a longer half-life than any other angiotensin II receptor blockers that bring higher and persistent antihypertensive activity. In hypertensive patients, telmisartan has superior efficacy than other antihypertensive drugs (losartan, valsartan, ramipril, atenolol, and perindopril) in controlling blood pressure, especially towards the end of the dosing interval. Telmisartan has a partial PPARγ-agonistic effect whilst does not have the safety concerns of full agonists of PPARγ receptors (thiazolidinediones). Moreover, telmisartan has an agonist activity on PPARα and PPARδ receptors and modulates the adipokine levels. Thus, telmisartan could be considered as a suitable alternative option, with multi-benefit for all components of metabolic syndrome including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. This review will highlight the role of telmisartan in metabolic syndrome and the main mechanisms of action of telmisartan are discussed and summarized. Many studies have demonstrated the useful properties of telmisartan in the prevention and improving of metabolic syndrome and this well-tolerated drug can be greatly proposed in the treatment of different components of metabolic syndrome. However, larger and long-duration studies are needed to confirm these findings in long-term observational studies and prospective trials and to determine the optimum dose of telmisartan in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Bregonzio C. Metabolic syndrome as a risk for Parkinson's disease: A new therapeutic opportunity. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:125-126. [PMID: 37011866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bregonzio
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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AT1 receptor autoantibodies mediate effects of metabolic syndrome on dopaminergic vulnerability. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:255-268. [PMID: 36535607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome has been associated to chronic peripheral inflammation and related with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease. However, the responsible mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies have involved the brain renin-angiotensin system in progression of Parkinson's disease and the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) has been recently revealed as a major marker of dopaminergic vulnerability in humans. Dysregulation of tissue renin-angiotensin system is a key common mechanism for all major components of metabolic syndrome. Circulating AT1 agonistic autoantibodies have been observed in several inflammation-related peripheral processes, and activation of AT1 receptors of endothelial cells, dopaminergic neurons and glial cells have been observed to disrupt endothelial blood -brain barrier and induce neurodegeneration, respectively. Using a rat model, we observed that metabolic syndrome induces overactivity of nigral pro-inflammatory renin-angiotensin system axis, leading to increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and enhancing dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which was inhibited by treatment with AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs). In rats, metabolic syndrome induced the increase in circulating levels of LIGHT and other major pro-inflammatory cytokines, and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, the rats showed a significant increase in serum levels of proinflammatory AT1 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) autoantibodies, which correlated with levels of several metabolic syndrome parameters. We also found AT1 and ACE2 autoantibodies in the CSF of these rats. Effects of circulating autoantibodies were confirmed by chronic infusion of AT1 autoantibodies, which induced blood-brain barrier disruption, an increase in the pro-inflammatory renin-angiotensin system activity in the substantia nigra and a significant enhancement in dopaminergic neuron death in two different rat models of Parkinson's disease. Observations in the rat models, were analyzed in a cohort of parkinsonian and non-parkinsonian patients with or without metabolic syndrome. Non-parkinsonian patients with metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher levels of AT1 autoantibodies than non-parkinsonian patients without metabolic syndrome. However, there was no significant difference between parkinsonian patients with metabolic syndrome or without metabolic syndrome, which showed higher levels of AT1 autoantibodies than non-parkinsonian controls. This is consistent with our recent studies, showing significant increase of AT1 and ACE2 autoantibodies in parkinsonian patients, which was related to dopaminergic degeneration and neuroinflammation. Altogether may lead to a vicious circle enhancing the progression of the disease that may be inhibited by strategies against production of these autoantibodies or AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs).
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Oblak AL, Kotredes KP, Pandey RS, Reagan AM, Ingraham C, Perkins B, Lloyd C, Baker D, Lin PB, Soni DM, Tsai AP, Persohn SA, Bedwell AA, Eldridge K, Speedy R, Meyer JA, Peters JS, Figueiredo LL, Sasner M, Territo PR, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Carter GW, Lamb BT, Howell GR. Plcg2M28L Interacts With High Fat/High Sugar Diet to Accelerate Alzheimer’s Disease-Relevant Phenotypes in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:886575. [PMID: 35813947 PMCID: PMC9263289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.886575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have supported the notion that obesity accelerates AD-related pathophysiology in mouse models of AD. The majority of studies, to date, have focused on the use of early-onset AD models. Here, we evaluate the impact of genetic risk factors on late-onset AD (LOAD) in mice fed with a high fat/high sugar diet (HFD). We focused on three mouse models created through the IU/JAX/PITT MODEL-AD Center. These included a combined risk model with APOE4 and a variant in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2R47H). We have termed this model, LOAD1. Additional variants including the M28L variant in phospholipase C Gamma 2 (Plcg2M28L) and the 677C > T variant in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr677C >T) were engineered by CRISPR onto LOAD1 to generate LOAD1.Plcg2M28L and LOAD1.Mthfr677C >T. At 2 months of age, animals were placed on an HFD that induces obesity or a control diet (CD), until 12 months of age. Throughout the study, blood was collected to assess the levels of cholesterol and glucose. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was completed prior to sacrifice to image for glucose utilization and brain perfusion. After the completion of the study, blood and brains were collected for analysis. As expected, animals fed a HFD, showed a significant increase in body weight compared to those fed a CD. Glucose increased as a function of HFD in females only with cholesterol increasing in both sexes. Interestingly, LOAD1.Plcg2M28L demonstrated an increase in microglia density and alterations in regional brain glucose and perfusion on HFD. These changes were not observed in LOAD1 or LOAD1.Mthfr677C >T animals fed with HFD. Furthermore, LOAD1.Plcg2M28L but not LOAD1.Mthfr677C >T or LOAD1 animals showed transcriptomics correlations with human AD modules. Our results show that HFD affects the brain in a genotype-specific manner. Further insight into this process may have significant implications for the development of lifestyle interventions for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Oblak
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Adrian L. Oblak,
| | | | - Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bridget Perkins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Christopher Lloyd
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deborah Baker
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter B. Lin
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Disha M. Soni
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andy P. Tsai
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Scott A. Persohn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Amanda A. Bedwell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Rachael Speedy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jill A. Meyer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Johnathan S. Peters
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lucas L. Figueiredo
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Paul R. Territo
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Stacey J. Sukoff Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Gareth R. Howell,
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7
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Mansour RM, El Sayed NS, Ahmed MAE, El-Sahar AE. Addressing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Neurotoxicity in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4368-4383. [PMID: 35553009 PMCID: PMC9167199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Telmisartan (TEL) is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and a partial activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), which regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the PPARγ agonistic property of TEL in several brain disorders. This study aims to explore the neuroprotective impact of TEL in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The PPARγ effect of TEL was affirmed by using the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO), and the antagonist GW9662. 3-NP led to a significant reduction in body weight alongside motor and cognitive functioning. The striata of the 3-NP-treated rats showed energy-deficit, microglia-mediated inflammatory reactions, apoptotic damage as well as histopathological lesions. PIO and TEL improved motor and cognitive perturbations induced by 3-NP, as confirmed by striatal histopathological examination, energy restoration, and neuronal preservation. Both drugs improved mitochondrial biogenesis evidenced by elevated mRNA expression of PPARγ, PGC-1α, and TFAM, alongside increased striatal ATP and SDH. The mitochondrial effect of TEL was beyond PPARγ activation. As well, their anti-inflammatory effect was attributed to suppression of microglial activation, and protein expression of pS536 p65 NF-κB with marked attenuation of striatal inflammatory mediator's release. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression was concurrently increased. TEL effectively participated in neuronal survival as it promoted phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3β, further increased Bcl-2 expression, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-3. Interestingly, co-treatment with GW9662 partially revoked the beneficial effects of TEL. These findings recommend that TEL improves motor and cognitive performance, while reducing neuronal inflammation and apoptosis in 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity via a PPARγ-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6Th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6Th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
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Nickel L, Sünderhauf A, Rawish E, Stölting I, Derer S, Thorns C, Matschl U, Othman A, Sina C, Raasch W. The AT1 Receptor Blocker Telmisartan Reduces Intestinal Mucus Thickness in Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815353. [PMID: 35431918 PMCID: PMC9009210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II (type 1) (AT1) receptor blocker telmisartan (TEL) is beneficial for the treatment of individuals suffering from metabolic syndrome. As we have shown that TEL has an impact on gut microbiota, we investigated here whether TEL influences gut barrier function. C57BL/6N mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with vehicle or TEL (8 mg/kg/day). Mucus thickness was determined by immunohistochemistry. Periodic Acid-Schiff staining allowed the number of goblet cells to be counted. Using western blots, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry, factors related to mucus biosynthesis (Muc2, St6galnac), proliferation (Ki-67), or necroptosis (Rip3) were measured. The influence on cell viability was determined in vitro by using losartan, as the water solubility of TEL was too low for in vitro experiments. Upon HFD, mice developed obesity as well as leptin and insulin resistance, which were prevented by TEL. Mucus thickness upon HFD-feeding was diminished. Independent of feeding, TEL additionally reduced mucus thickness. Numbers of goblet cells were not affected by HFD-feeding and TEL. St6galnac expression was increased by TEL. Rip3 was increased in TEL-treated and HFD-fed mice, while Ki-67 decreased. Cell viability was diminished by using >1 mM losartan. The anti-obese effect of TEL was associated with a decrease in mucus thickness, which was likely not related to a lower expression of Muc2 and goblet cells. A decrease in Ki-67 and increase in Rip3 indicates lower cell proliferation and increased necroptosis upon TEL. However, direct cell toxic effects are ruled out, as in vivo concentrations are lower than 1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nickel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annika Sünderhauf
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elias Rawish
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alaa Othman
- CBBM (Centre of Brain, Behaviour and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Centre of Brain, Behaviour and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Walter Raasch,
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9
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Deng W, Li F, Ke H, Wang S, Li Z, Lv P, Chen Y. Effect of Metformin in Autistic BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J Mice Administered a High-Fat Diet. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:172-183. [PMID: 35240246 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms linking diet-related obesity and autism-related behaviors remain unclear. We aimed to characterize these interactions, focusing on gut microbiota, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, and autistic behaviors in an animal model for autism; a high-fat diet (HFD) BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse. In this model, we also examined the medication effects of metformin (Met) which is known to ameliorate several symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Therefore, we hypothesized that HFD exacerbates BTBR autistic symptoms, which can be alleviated by Met, and the effects are associated with serotonin and the microbiota. As expected, compared with mice fed a normal diet, ten-week HFD-fed mice showed increased body weight, adiposity, and glucose levels. HFD consumption markedly aggravated repetitive behaviors in the self-grooming test. Met reduced HFD-induced hyperactivity. Notably, HFD intervention rescued sociability in the three-chamber sociability test. Furthermore, HFD stimulated tryptophan production, which was inhibited by Met. In contrast, 5-HT levels were lower in the gut and higher in the cortex in the HFD group. Moreover, Met suppressed inflammation in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice by significantly downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-17A, and IL-6). HFD increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and Met supplementation decreased richness while increasing bacterial diversity. We found that the abundance of gut microbiota (Lachnoclostridium, Anaerotruncus, Mucispirillum, and Lactococcus) was correlated with behavior scores and 5-HT levels. Overall, HFD consumption improved sociality in BTBR mice, which was related to the modulation of 5-HT levels and the composition of the microbiota. Met did not show any significant positive effects on the autism phenotype associated with HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510655, Guangzhou, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology Endoscopy center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Haoran Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pinjing Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Abstract
Leptin for over 25 years has been a central theme in the study of appetite, obesity, and starvation. As the major site of leptin production is peripheral, and the site of action of greatest interest is the hypothalamus, how leptin accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been of great interest. We review here the ongoing research that addresses fundamental questions such as the sites of leptin resistances in obesity and other conditions, the causes of resistances and their relations to one another, the three barrier sites of entry into the CNS, why recent studies using suprapharmacological doses cannot address these questions but give insight into nonsaturable entry of leptin into the CNS, and how that might be useful in using leptin therapeutically. The current status of the controversy of whether the short form of the leptin receptor acts as the BBB leptin transporter and how obesity may transform leptin transport is reviewed. Review of these and other topics summarizes in a new appreciation of what leptin may have actually evolved to do and what physiological role leptin resistance may play. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-19, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Huber G, Ogrodnik M, Wenzel J, Stölting I, Huber L, Will O, Peschke E, Matschl U, Hövener JB, Schwaninger M, Jurk D, Raasch W. Telmisartan prevents high-fat diet-induced neurovascular impairments and reduces anxiety-like behavior. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2356-2369. [PMID: 33730932 PMCID: PMC8393307 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211003497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (telmisartan) prevent rodents from diet-induced obesity and improve their metabolic status. Hyperglycemia and obesity are associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and neurovascular uncoupling which may lead to behavioral deficits. We wanted to know whether a treatment with telmisartan prevents these changes in obesity.We put young mice on high-fat diet and simultaneously treated them with telmisartan. At the end of treatment, we performed laser speckle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging to assess the effect on neurovascular coupling and cerebral blood flow. Different behavioral tests were used to investigate cognitive function.Mice developed diet-induced obesity and after 16, not 8 weeks of high-fat diet, however, the response to whisker pad stimulation was about 30% lower in obese compared to lean mice. Simultaneous telmisartan treatment increased the response again by 10% compared to obese mice. Moreover, telmisartan treatment normalized high-fat diet-induced reduction of cerebral blood flow and prevented a diet-induced anxiety-like behavior. In addition to that, telmisartan affects cellular senescence and string vessel formation in obesity.We conclude, that telmisartan protects against neurovascular unit impairments in a diet-induced obesity setting and may play a role in preventing obesity related cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Huber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Ogrodnik
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA.,Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds at LBI Trauma, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lukas Huber
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, MOIN CC, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Diana Jurk
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Reus P, Schneider AK, Ulshöfer T, Henke M, Bojkova D, Cinatl J, Ciesek S, Geisslinger G, Laux V, Grättinger M, Gribbon P, Schiffmann S. Characterization of ACE Inhibitors and AT 1R Antagonists with Regard to Their Effect on ACE2 Expression and Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Using a Caco-2 Cell Model. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080810. [PMID: 34440554 PMCID: PMC8399150 DOI: 10.3390/life11080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-pressure-lowering drugs are proposed to foster SARS-CoV-2 infection by pharmacological upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the binding partner of the virus spike (S) protein, located on the surface of the host cells. Conversely, it is postulated that angiotensin–renin system antagonists may prevent lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, by reducing angiotensin II levels, which can induce permeability of lung endothelial barrier via its interaction with the AT1 receptor (AT1R). Methods: We have investigated the influence of the ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, captopril) and the AT1 antagonists (telmisartan, olmesartan) on the level of ACE2 mRNA and protein expression as well as their influence on the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 and on the cell barrier integrity in a Caco-2 cell model. Results: The drugs revealed no effect on ACE2 mRNA and protein expression. ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonist olmesartan did not influence the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 and were unable to prevent the SARS-CoV-2-induced cell barrier disturbance. A concentration of 25 µg/mL telmisartan significantly reduced the virus replication rate. Conclusion: ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonist showed neither beneficial nor detrimental effects on SARS-CoV-2-infection and cell barrier integrity in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Thomas Ulshöfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune Mediated Diseases, CIMD, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Laux
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Mira Grättinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune Mediated Diseases, CIMD, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-870025060; Fax: +49-69-870010000
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Yang Q, Yu J, Qin H, Liu L, Di C, Zhuang Q, Yin H. Irbesartan suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction by inhibiting the activation of MLCK/MLC. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107834. [PMID: 34174702 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The basic function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to selectively regulate the infiltration of solutes from the circulating blood into the central nervous system (CNS). Impaired BBB activity is related to brain damage caused by stroke, traumatic injury, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Comprised of a monolayer of endothelial cells, the integrity of the BBB is determined by the expression of tight junction proteins and the contractile activity of the perijunctional apical actomyosin ring. Irbesartan, an AT1R antagonist, has been widely used for the treatment of hypertension. However, the pharmacological function of Irbesartan in the balance of the BBB is still unknown. In the present study, we performed both in-vivo and in-vitro experiments using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to explore the mechanism behind the protective effects of Irbesartan against the BBB impairment. The results of our mouse model study revealed that Irbesartan could reduce BBB permeability, restore the expression of Occludin, and suppress the expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Additionally, Irbesartan improved LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. In our in vitro experiments, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) stimulated with LPS demonstrated decreased endothelial permeability and increased occludin expression in response to Irbesartan treatment. Importantly, we found that the protective effects of Irbesartan were mediated through the NF-κB/MLC/MLCK signaling pathway, as blockage of NF-κB abolished the effects of Irbesartan. Our findings provide a basis for further research into the neuroprotective mechanism of Irbesartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Chao Di
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China.
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14
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Impaired Leptin Signalling in Obesity: Is Leptin a New Thermolipokine? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126445. [PMID: 34208585 PMCID: PMC8235268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a principal adipose-derived hormone mostly implicated in the regulation of energy balance through the activation of anorexigenic neuronal pathways. Comprehensive studies have established that the maintenance of certain concentrations of circulating leptin is essential to avoid an imbalance in nutrient intake. Indeed, genetic modifications of the leptin/leptin receptor axis and the obesogenic environment may induce changes in leptin levels or action in a manner that accelerates metabolic dysfunctions, resulting in a hyperphagic status and adipose tissue expansion. As a result, a vicious cycle begins wherein hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance occur, in turn leading to increased food intake and fat enlargement, which is followed by leptin overproduction. In addition, in the context of obesity, a defective thermoregulatory response is associated with impaired leptin signalling overall within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These recent findings highlight the role of leptin in the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis, thus suggesting leptin to be potentially considered as a new thermolipokine. This review provides new insight into the link between obesity, hyperleptinaemia, leptin resistance and leptin deficiency, focusing on the ability to restore leptin sensitiveness by way of enhanced thermogenic responses and highlighting novel anti-obesity therapeutic strategies.
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15
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Beckmann L, Künstner A, Freschi ML, Huber G, Stölting I, Ibrahim SM, Hirose M, Freitag M, Langan EA, Matschl U, Galuska CE, Fuchs B, Knobloch JK, Busch H, Raasch W. Telmisartan induces a specific gut microbiota signature which may mediate its antiobesity effect. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105724. [PMID: 34116209 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telmisartan prevents diet-induced obesity (DIO) in rodents. Given that the precise underlying mechanism is not known, we examined whether a gut-related mechanism might be involved. Sprague-Dawley rats received cafeteria diet (CD) for 3 months to develop DIO and were administered either telmisartan (8 mg/kgbw) or vehicle. In addition, pair-fed (PF) rats received CD adjusted to TEL and control rats (CON) only received chow. Stool samples were analysed by 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. CD-fed rats became obese while TEL, PF and CON rats remained lean. Alpha diversity analyses indicated that bacterial diversity was similar before the study but changed over time. Beta diversity revealed a time-, CD- and telmisartan-dependent effect. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundance of Blautia, Allobaculum and Parasutterella were higher in DIO and PF than in CON, but not in TEL. Enterotype (ET)-like clustering analyses, Kleinberg's hub network scoring and random forest analyses also indicated that telmisartan induced a specific signature of gut microbiota. In response to stool transfer from telmisartan-pre-treated donor to high-fat fed acceptor mice, body weight gain was slightly attenuated. We attribute the anti-obesity action of telmisartan treatment to diet-independent alterations in gut microbiota as the microbiota from telmisartan-treated, CD-fed rats clearly differed from those of DIO and PF rats. ET-like clustering network, random forest classification and the higher stability in bacterial co-occurrence network analyses indicate that there is more than one indicator species for telmisartan's specific signature, which is further strengthened by the fact that we cannot identify a single indicator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beckmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cardiogenetic, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marco L Freschi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gianna Huber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh M Ibrahim
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miriam Freitag
- Departement of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ewan A Langan
- Departement of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina E Galuska
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Core Facility Metabolomics, Germany
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Core Facility Metabolomics, Germany
| | - Johannes K Knobloch
- Clinic of Infectiology and Microbiology, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Insitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cardiogenetic, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Germany.
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16
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Leonardi BF, Gosmann G, Zimmer AR. Modeling Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000249. [PMID: 32978870 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Standardized animal models represent one of the most valuable tools available to understand the mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to seek for new therapeutic strategies. However, there is considerable variability in the studies conducted with this essential purpose. This review presents an updated discussion of the most recent studies using diverse experimental conditions to induce MetS in rodents with unbalanced diets, discusses the key findings in metabolic outcomes, and critically evaluates what we have been learned from them and how to advance in the field. The study includes scientific reports sourced from the Web of Science and PubMed databases, published between January 2013 and June 2020, which used hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic disorders, and address the impact of the diet on metabolic parameters. The collected data are used as support to discuss variables such as sex, species, and age of the animals, the most favorable type of diet, and the ideal diet length to generate metabolic changes. The experimental characteristics propose herein improve the performance of a preclinical model that resembles the human MetS and will guide researchers to investigate new therapeutic alternatives with confidence and higher translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Leonardi
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline R Zimmer
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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Huang Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Tang Q, Huang C, Li R, Zhou J, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Huang H, He J. Telmisartan attenuates obesity-induced insulin resistance via suppression of AMPK mediated ER stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:787-794. [PMID: 31948761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Telmisartan is a known angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor blocker (ARB). While the beneficial effect of Telmisartan on glucose and lipid metabolism has been reported, the underlying molecular mechanism remained unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is considered as one of important factors contributing to insulin resistance. In this study, we found that Telmisartan alleviated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, suppressed inflammation in adipose tissue, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, we showed that Telmisartan suppressed ER stress by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in vivo. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Telmisartan also improved palmitate acid (PA) induced ER stress. Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, could abolish beneficial effect of Telmisartan on ER stress. Our data indicated Telmisartan improved obesity-induced insulin resistance through suppression of ER stress by activation of AMPK. These results provided the evidence that Telmisartan may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Huang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Cuiyuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yingnan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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18
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME. Effect of High-Fat Diets on Oxidative Stress, Cellular Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Function. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112579. [PMID: 31731503 PMCID: PMC6893649 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is linked to chronic low-grade inflammatory stress that contributes to cell-mediated immunity in creating an oxidative environment. Food is a vitally important energy source; it affects brain function and provides direct energy. Several studies have indicated that high-fat consumption causes overproduction of circulating free fatty acids and systemic inflammation. Immune cells, free fatty acids, and circulating cytokines reach the hypothalamus and initiate local inflammation through processes such as microglial proliferation. Therefore, the role of high-fat diet (HFD) in promoting oxidative stress and neurodegeneration is worthy of further discussion. Of particular interest in this article, we highlight the associations and molecular mechanisms of HFD in the modulation of inflammation and cognitive deficits. Taken together, a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in cognitive impairment following HFD consumption would provide a useful approach for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8947-2427
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Dapper C, Schuster F, Stölting I, Vogt F, Castro e Souza LA, Alenina N, Bader M, Raasch W. The antiobese effect of AT1 receptor blockade is augmented in mice lacking Mas. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:865-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gustaityte V, Winkler M, Stoelting I, Raasch W. Influence of AT1 blockers on obesity and stress induced eating of cafeteria diet. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0477.R1. [PMID: 30400045 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on findings that treatment with AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) prevents diet-induced obesity and that the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is stimulated by AngII and blocked by ARBs, we aimed to investigate whether ARB treatment can reduce stress-induced eating of cafeteria diet (CD) , thus contributing to alterations in eating behavior. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with chow or CD and treated with telmisartan (TEL, 8mg/kg/d) or vehicle. At weeks 2 and 12, rats were stressed over 5 consecutive days by restraint stress (RS, 4h) and by additional shaking at d5. Tail blood was sampled during RS to determine hormone levels. During the first period of RS, ACTH and corticosterone responses were diminished at d5 in CD- compared to chow-fed rats. Independently of feeding, TEL did not reduce stress hormones. Compared to food behavior before RS, the stress-induced CD eating increased in controls but remained unchanged in TEL-treated rats. After 12 weeks, TEL reduced weight gain and energy intake, particularly in CD-fed rats. Similar to the first RS period, corticosterone response was reduced in CD-fed rats at d5 during the second RS period. TEL did not further reduce stress hormones and did not lessen the CD eating upon RS. We conclude that CD feeding compensates for stress reactions. However, stress-induced CD eating was only reduced by TEL after short-term, but not after long-term drug treatment. Thus, the potency of ARBs to lower HPA activity only plays a minor role in reducing energy intake to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Gustaityte
- V Gustaityte, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Winkler
- M Winkler, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stoelting
- I Stoelting, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- W Raasch, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
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