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Vazão AR, Claudino L, Pimpinato PP, Sampaio LV, Fiais GA, de Freitas RN, Justo MP, Brito VGB, Oliveira SHP, Lima RR, Cintra LTÂ, Chaves-Neto AH. Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition and induces local redox state disturbances in the salivary glands of male rats. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:154. [PMID: 38366095 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate the effects of experimental apical periodontitis on the inflammatory, functional, biochemical, and redox parameters of the parotid and submandibular glands in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty 12-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a control group and apical periodontitis group. After 28 days, the saliva was collected for salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition. Both glands were sampled for quantification of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and biochemical analyses of redox state. RESULTS TNF-α concentrations were higher in both salivary glands adjacent to the periapical lesions in animals with apical periodontitis and also compared to the control group. The apical periodontitis group increased the salivary amylase, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate. The total oxidant capacity increased in the parotid gland adjacent to the periapical lesions in the same rat and compared to the control group. Conversely, the total antioxidant capacity of the parotid glands on both sides in the apical periodontitis group was lower than that in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase activity increased in the submandibular gland adjacent to the apical periodontitis group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition, in addition to increasing inflammatory marker and inducing local disturbances in the redox state in the parotid and submandibular glands of male rats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Apical periodontitis could exacerbate the decline in oral health by triggering dysfunction in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieli Raymundo Vazão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Claudino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Penati Pimpinato
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Victorino Sampaio
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pagliusi Justo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bird RP. Vitamin D and cancer. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:92-159. [PMID: 38777419 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of chronic diseases including cancer, has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. The term "Cancer" represents multiple disease states with varying biological complexities. The strongest link between vitamin D and cancer is provided by ecological and studies like observational, in preclinical models. It is apparent that vitamin D exerts diverse biological responses in a tissue specific manner. Moreover, several human factors could affect bioactivity of vitamin D. The mechanism(s) underlying vitamin D initiated anti-carcinogenic effects are diverse and includes changes at the muti-system levels. The oncogenic environment could easily corrupt the traditional role of vitamin D or could ensure resistance to vitamin D mediated responses. Several researchers have identified gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the role of vitamin D in cancer. Further areas are identified to solidify the role of vitamin D in cancer control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
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Expression of phosphate and calcium transporters and their regulators in parotid glands of mice. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:203-216. [PMID: 36274099 PMCID: PMC9849193 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in plasma is under hormonal control, with deviations from normal values promptly corrected to avoid hyper- or hypophosphatemia. Major regulators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and active vitamin D3 (calcitriol). This control is achieved by mechanisms largely dependent on regulating intestinal absorption and renal excretion, whose combined actions stabilise plasma Pi levels at around 1-2 mM. Instead, Pi concentrations up to 13 and 40 mM have been measured in saliva from humans and ruminants, respectively, suggesting that salivary glands have the capacity to concentrate Pi. Here we analysed the transcriptome of parotid glands, ileum, and kidneys of mice, to investigate their potential differences regarding the expression of genes responsible for epithelial transport of Pi as well as their known regulators. Given that Pi and Ca2+ homeostasis are tightly connected, the expression of genes involved in Ca2+ homeostasis was also included. In addition, we studied the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on the expression of Pi and Ca2+ regulating genes in the three major salivary glands. We found that parotid glands are equipped preferentially with Slc20 rather than with Slc34 Na+/Pi cotransporters, are suited to transport Ca2+ through the transcellular and paracellular route and are potential targets for PTH and vitamin D3 regulation.
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Sasaki S, Shiozaki Y, Hanazaki A, Koike M, Tanifuji K, Uga M, Kawahara K, Kaneko I, Kawamoto Y, Wiriyasermkul P, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Miyamoto KI, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Segawa H. Tmem174, a regulator of phosphate transporter prevents hyperphosphatemia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6353. [PMID: 35428804 PMCID: PMC9012787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal type II sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters NaPi2a and NaPi2c cooperate with other organs to strictly regulate the plasma Pi concentration. A high Pi load induces expression and secretion of the phosphaturic hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) that enhance urinary Pi excretion and prevent the onset of hyperphosphatemia. How FGF23 secretion from bone is increased by a high Pi load and the setpoint of the plasma Pi concentration, however, are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Transmembrane protein 174 (Tmem174) and observed evidence for gene co-expression networks in NaPi2a and NaPi2c function. Tmem174 is localized in the renal proximal tubules and interacts with NaPi2a, but not NaPi2c. In Tmem174-knockout (KO) mice, the serum FGF23 concentration was markedly increased but increased Pi excretion and hypophosphatemia were not observed. In addition, Tmem174-KO mice exhibit reduced NaPi2a responsiveness to FGF23 and PTH administration. Furthermore, a dietary Pi load causes marked hyperphosphatemia and abnormal NaPi2a regulation in Tmem174-KO mice. Thus, Tmem174 is thought to be associated with FGF23 induction in bones and the regulation of NaPi2a to prevent an increase in the plasma Pi concentration due to a high Pi load and kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ai Hanazaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Megumi Koike
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanifuji
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minori Uga
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kawamoto
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Ohtsu, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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Sasaki S, Koike M, Tanifuji K, Uga M, Kawahara K, Komiya A, Miura M, Harada Y, Hamaguchi Y, Sasaki S, Shiozaki Y, Kaneko I, Miyamoto KI, Segawa H. Dietary polyphosphate has a greater effect on renal damage and FGF23 secretion than dietary monophosphate. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 69:173-179. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.69.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Megumi Koike
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanifuji
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minori Uga
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aoi Komiya
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mizuki Miura
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yamato Harada
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Hamaguchi
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shohei Sasaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Bird RP, Eskin NAM. The emerging role of phosphorus in human health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 96:27-88. [PMID: 34112356 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus, an essential nutrient, performs vital functions in skeletal and non-skeletal tissues and is pivotal for energy production. The last two decades of research on the physiological importance of phosphorus have provided several novel insights about its dynamic nature as a nutrient performing functions as a phosphate ion. Phosphorous also acts as a signaling molecule and induces complex physiological responses. It is recognized that phosphorus homeostasis is critical for health. The intake of phosphorus by the general population world-wide is almost double the amount required to maintain health. This increase is attributed to the incorporation of phosphate containing food additives in processed foods purchased by consumers. Research findings assessed the impact of excessive phosphorus intake on cells' and organs' responses, and highlighted the potential pathogenic consequences. Research also identified a new class of bioactive phosphates composed of polymers of phosphate molecules varying in chain length. These polymers are involved in metabolic responses including hemostasis, brain and bone health, via complex mechanism(s) with positive or negative health effects, depending on their chain length. It is amazing, that phosphorus, a simple element, is capable of exerting multiple and powerful effects. The role of phosphorus and its polymers in the renal and cardiovascular system as well as on brain health appear to be important and promising future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| | - N A Michael Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Abstract
Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life and is a critical component of bone formation, a major signaling molecule, and structural component of cell walls. Phosphate is also a component of high-energy compounds (i.e., AMP, ADP, and ATP) and essential for nucleic acid helical structure (i.e., RNA and DNA). Phosphate plays a central role in the process of mineralization, normal serum levels being associated with appropriate bone mineralization, while high and low serum levels are associated with soft tissue calcification. The serum concentration of phosphate and the total body content of phosphate are highly regulated, a process that is accomplished by the coordinated effort of two families of sodium-dependent transporter proteins. The three isoforms of the SLC34 family (SLC34A1-A3) show very restricted tissue expression and regulate intestinal absorption and renal excretion of phosphate. SLC34A2 also regulates the phosphate concentration in multiple lumen fluids including milk, saliva, pancreatic fluid, and surfactant. Both isoforms of the SLC20 family exhibit ubiquitous expression (with some variation as to which one or both are expressed), are regulated by ambient phosphate, and likely serve the phosphate needs of the individual cell. These proteins exhibit similarities to phosphate transporters in nonmammalian organisms. The proteins are nonredundant as mutations in each yield unique clinical presentations. Further research is essential to understand the function, regulation, and coordination of the various phosphate transporters, both the ones described in this review and the phosphate transporters involved in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth Gagnon
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Hanazaki A, Ikuta K, Sasaki S, Sasaki S, Koike M, Tanifuji K, Arima Y, Kaneko I, Shiozaki Y, Tatsumi S, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Miyamoto K, Segawa H. Role of sodium-dependent Pi transporter/Npt2c on Pi homeostasis in klotho knockout mice different properties between juvenile and adult stages. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14324. [PMID: 32026654 PMCID: PMC7002534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC34A3/NPT2c/NaPi-2c/Npt2c is a growth-related NaPi cotransporter that mediates the uptake of renal sodium-dependent phosphate (Pi). Mutation of human NPT2c causes hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. Mice with Npt2c knockout, however, exhibit normal Pi metabolism. To investigate the role of Npt2c in Pi homeostasis, we generated α-klotho-/- /Npt2c-/- (KL2cDKO) mice and analyzed Pi homeostasis. α-Klotho-/- (KLKO) mice exhibit hyperphosphatemia and markedly increased kidney Npt2c protein levels. Genetic disruption of Npt2c extended the lifespan of KLKO mice similar to that of α-Klotho-/- /Npt2a-/- mice. Adult KL2cDKO mice had hyperphosphatemia, but analysis of Pi metabolism revealed significantly decreased intestinal and renal Pi (re)absorption compared with KLKO mice. The 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 concentration was not reduced in KL2cDKO mice compared with that in KLKO mice. The KL2cDKO mice had less severe soft tissue and vascular calcification compared with KLKO mice. Juvenile KL2cDKO mice had significantly reduced plasma Pi levels, but Pi metabolism was not changed. In Npt2cKO mice, plasma Pi levels began to decrease around the age of 15 days and significant hypophosphatemia developed within 21 days. The findings of the present study suggest that Npt2c contributes to regulating plasma Pi levels in the juvenile stage and affects Pi retention in the soft and vascular tissues in KLKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hanazaki
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Kayo Ikuta
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Shohei Sasaki
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Megumi Koike
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Kazuya Tanifuji
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Yuki Arima
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard TissueHokkaido University Graduate School of Dental MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard TissueHokkaido University Graduate School of Dental MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Applied NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School TokushimaTokushimaJapan
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