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Grant JE, Ninan A, Cripps-Guazzone N, Shaw M, Song J, Pet Ík I, Novák OE, Tegeder M, Jameson PE. Concurrent overexpression of amino acid permease AAP1(3a) and SUT1 sucrose transporter in pea resulted in increased seed number and changed cytokinin and protein levels. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:889-904. [PMID: 34366001 DOI: 10.1071/fp21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using pea as our model crop, we sought to understand the regulatory control over the import of sugars and amino acids into the developing seeds and its importance for seed yield and quality. Transgenic peas simultaneously overexpressing a sucrose transporter and an amino acid transporter were developed. Pod walls, seed coats, and cotyledons were analysed separately, as well as leaves subtending developing pods. Sucrose, starch, protein, free amino acids, and endogenous cytokinins were measured during development. Temporal gene expression analyses (RT-qPCR) of amino acid (AAP), sucrose (SUT), and SWEET transporter family members, and those from cell wall invertase, cytokinin biosynthetic (IPT) and degradation (CKX) gene families indicated a strong effect of the transgenes on gene expression. In seed coats of the double transgenics, increased content and prolonged presence of cytokinin was particularly noticeable. The transgenes effectively promoted transition of young sink leaves into source leaves. We suggest the increased flux of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink, along with increased interaction between cytokinin and cell wall invertase in developing seed coats led to enhanced sink activity, resulting in higher cotyledon sucrose at process pea harvest, and increased seed number and protein content at maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Grant
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Annu Ninan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalia Cripps-Guazzone
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Martin Shaw
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ivan Pet Ík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ond Ej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Leviczky T, Molnár E, Papdi C, Őszi E, Horváth GV, Vizler C, Nagy V, Pauk J, Bögre L, Magyar Z. E2FA and E2FB transcription factors coordinate cell proliferation with seed maturation. Development 2019; 146:dev.179333. [PMID: 31666236 PMCID: PMC6899031 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors and the RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED repressor protein are principal regulators coordinating cell proliferation with differentiation, but their role during seed development is little understood. We show that in fully developed Arabidopsis thaliana embryos, cell number was not affected either in single or double mutants for the activator-type E2FA and E2FB. Accordingly, these E2Fs are only partially required for the expression of cell cycle genes. In contrast, the expression of key seed maturation genes LEAFY COTYLEDON 1/2 (LEC1/2), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3, FUSCA 3 and WRINKLED 1 is upregulated in the e2fab double mutant embryo. In accordance, E2FA directly regulates LEC2, and mutation at the consensus E2F-binding site in the LEC2 promoter de-represses its activity during the proliferative stage of seed development. In addition, the major seed storage reserve proteins, 12S globulin and 2S albumin, became prematurely accumulated at the proliferating phase of seed development in the e2fab double mutant. Our findings reveal a repressor function of the activator E2Fs to restrict the seed maturation programme until the cell proliferation phase is completed. Highlighted Article: During seed and embryo development the E2FA and E2FB transcription factors coordinate cell proliferation with differentiation and accumulation of seed reserves; however, they are not essential for sustaining cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Leviczky
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Molnár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Papdi
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Egham, UK
| | - Erika Őszi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor V. Horváth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktór Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Pauk
- Department of Biotechnology, Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd. Co., Alsó kikötő sor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bögre
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Egham, UK
| | - Zoltán Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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Khaliq B, Falke S, Negm A, Buck F, Munawar A, Saqib M, Mahmood S, Ahmad MS, Betzel C, Akrem A. SAXS and other spectroscopic analysis of 12S cruciferin isolated from the seeds of Brassica nigra. J Mol Struct 2017; 1137:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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4
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Li SG, Hou J, Liu XH, Cui BS, Bai JH. Morphological and transcriptional responses of Lycopersicon esculentum to hexavalent chromium in agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1751-1758. [PMID: 26627465 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) on living organisms through the food chain raise the immediate need to assess the potential toxicological impacts of Cr(VI) on human health. Therefore, the concentration-dependent responses of 12 Cr(VI)-responsive genes selected from a high-throughput Lycopersicon esculentum complementary DNA microarray were examined at different Cr concentrations. The results indicated that most of the genes were differentially expressed from 0.1 mg Cr/kg soil, whereas the lowest-observable-adverse-effect concentrations of Cr(VI) were 1.6 mg Cr/kg soil, 6.4 mg Cr/kg soil, 3.2 mg Cr/kg soil, and 0.4 mg Cr/kg soil for seed germination, root elongation, root biomass, and root morphology, respectively, implying that the transcriptional method was more sensitive than the traditional method in detecting Cr(VI) toxicity. Dose-dependent responses were observed for the relative expression of expansin (p = 0.778), probable chalcone-flavonone isomerase 3 (p = -0.496), and 12S seed storage protein CRD (p = -0.614); therefore, the authors propose the 3 genes as putative biomarkers in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1751-1758. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Guo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Shan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Schneider A, Aghamirzaie D, Elmarakeby H, Poudel AN, Koo AJ, Heath LS, Grene R, Collakova E. Potential targets of VIVIPAROUS1/ABI3-LIKE1 (VAL1) repression in developing Arabidopsis thaliana embryos. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:305-19. [PMID: 26678037 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing Arabidopsis seeds accumulate oils and seed storage proteins synthesized by the pathways of primary metabolism. Seed development and metabolism are positively regulated by transcription factors belonging to the LAFL (LEC1, AB13, FUSCA3 and LEC2) regulatory network. The VAL gene family encodes repressors of the seed maturation program in germinating seeds, although they are also expressed during seed maturation. The possible regulatory role of VAL1 in seed development has not been studied to date. Reverse genetics revealed that val1 mutant seeds accumulated elevated levels of proteins compared with the wild type, suggesting that VAL1 functions as a repressor of seed metabolism; however, in the absence of VAL1, the levels of metabolites, ABA, auxin and jasmonate derivatives did not change significantly in developing embryos. Two VAL1 splice variants were identified through RNA sequencing analysis: a full-length form and a truncated form lacking the plant homeodomain-like domain associated with epigenetic repression. None of the transcripts encoding the core LAFL network transcription factors were affected in val1 embryos. Instead, activation of VAL1 by FUSCA3 appears to result in the repression of a subset of seed maturation genes downstream of core LAFL regulators, as 39% of transcripts in the FUSCA3 regulon were derepressed in the val1 mutant. The LEC1 and LEC2 regulons also responded, but to a lesser extent. Additional 832 transcripts that were not LAFL targets were derepressed in val1 mutant embryos. These transcripts are candidate targets of VAL1, acting through epigenetic and/or transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schneider
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Delasa Aghamirzaie
- Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Haitham Elmarakeby
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Arati N Poudel
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lenwood S Heath
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ruth Grene
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Eva Collakova
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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6
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Nguyen TP, Cueff G, Hegedus DD, Rajjou L, Bentsink L. A role for seed storage proteins in Arabidopsis seed longevity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6399-413. [PMID: 26184996 PMCID: PMC4588887 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics approaches have been a useful tool for determining the biological roles and functions of individual proteins and identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern seed germination, vigour and viability in response to ageing. In this work the dry seed proteome of four Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, that carry introgression fragments at the position of seed longevity quantitative trait loci and as a result display different levels of seed longevity, was investigated. Seeds at two physiological states, after-ripened seeds that had the full germination ability and aged (stored) seeds of which the germination ability was severely reduced, were compared. Aged dry seed proteomes were markedly different from the after-ripened and reflected the seed longevity level of the four genotypes, despite the fact that dry seeds are metabolically quiescent. Results confirmed the role of antioxidant systems, notably vitamin E, and indicated that protection and maintenance of the translation machinery and energy pathways are essential for seed longevity. Moreover, a new role for seed storage proteins (SSPs) was identified in dry seeds during ageing. Cruciferins (CRUs) are the most abundant SSPs in Arabidopsis and seeds of a triple mutant for three CRU isoforms (crua crub cruc) were more sensitive to artificial ageing and their seed proteins were highly oxidized compared with wild-type seeds. These results confirm that oxidation is involved in seed deterioration and that SSPs buffer the seed from oxidative stress, thus protecting important proteins required for seed germination and seedling formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Phuong Nguyen
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Laboratory of Excellence 'Saclay Plant Sciences' (LabEx SPS), RD10, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France AgroParisTech, Chair of Plant Physiology, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5A9, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Laboratory of Excellence 'Saclay Plant Sciences' (LabEx SPS), RD10, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France AgroParisTech, Chair of Plant Physiology, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Tang X, Lim MH, Pelletier J, Tang M, Nguyen V, Keller WA, Tsang EWT, Wang A, Rothstein SJ, Harada JJ, Cui Y. Synergistic repression of the embryonic programme by SET DOMAIN GROUP 8 and EMBRYONIC FLOWER 2 in Arabidopsis seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1391-404. [PMID: 22162868 PMCID: PMC3276103 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed maturation programme occurs only during the late phase of embryo development, and repression of the maturation genes is pivotal for seedling development. However, mechanisms that repress the expression of this programme in vegetative tissues are not well understood. A genetic screen was performed for mutants that express maturation genes in leaves. Here, it is shown that mutations affecting SDG8 (SET DOMAIN GROUP 8), a putative histone methyltransferase, cause ectopic expression of a subset of maturation genes in leaves. Further, to investigate the relationship between SDG8 and the Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins, which are known to repress many developmentally important genes including seed maturation genes, double mutants were made and formation of somatic embryos was observed on mutant seedlings with mutations in both SDG8 and EMF2 (EMBRYONIC FLOWER 2). Analysis of histone methylation status at the chromatin sites of a number of maturation loci revealed a synergistic effect of emf2 and sdg8 on the deposition of the active histone mark which is the trimethylation of Lys4 on histone 3 (H3K4me3). This is consistent with high expression of these genes and formation of somatic embryos in the emf2 sdg8 double mutants. Interestingly, a double mutant of sdg8 and vrn2 (vernalization2), a paralogue of EMF2, grew and developed normally to maturity. These observations demonstrate a functional cooperative interplay between SDG8 and an EMF2-containing PcG complex in maintaining vegetative cell identity by repressing seed genes to promote seedling development. The work also indicates the functional specificities of PcG complexes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Tang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myung-Ho Lim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 150 Suin-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Section of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mingjuan Tang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Keller
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Edward W. T. Tsang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John J. Harada
- Section of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Seed proteomics. J Proteomics 2011; 74:389-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Liu S, Jia J, Gao Y, Zhang B, Han Y. The AtTudor2, a protein with SN-Tudor domains, is involved in control of seed germination in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2010; 232:197-207. [PMID: 20396901 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The 4SN-Tudor domain protein is an almost ubiquitous eukaryotic protein with four Staphylococcal nuclease domains at the N terminus and a Tudor domain towards the C terminus. It has been found that Tudor-SN protein has multiple roles in governing gene expression during cell growth and development in animals. In plant, although Tudor-SN orthologs have been found in rice, pea and Arabidopsis, and are associated with cytoskeleton, their roles in growth and development are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the function of Arabidopsis Tudor-SN protein, AtTudor. Our results indicated that the expression of AtTudor2 in seeds was evidently higher than in other tissues. Furthermore, we found that the expression of a key enzyme for GA biosynthesis, AtGA20ox3, was downregulated obviously in AtTudor2 T-DNA insertion mutant and AtTudor1/AtTudor2 RNAi transgenic lines. Together, our results suggest that AtTudor2 is involved in GA biosynthesis and seed germination of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Sanders A, Collier R, Trethewy A, Gould G, Sieker R, Tegeder M. AAP1 regulates import of amino acids into developing Arabidopsis embryos. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:540-52. [PMID: 19392706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The embryo of Arabidopsis seeds is symplasmically isolated from the surrounding seed coat and endosperm, and uptake of nutrients from the seed apoplast is required for embryo growth and storage reserve accumulation. With the aim of understanding the importance of nitrogen (N) uptake into developing embryos, we analysed two mutants of AAP1 (At1g58360), an amino acid transporter that was localized to Arabidopsis embryos. In mature and desiccated aap1 seeds the total N and carbon content was reduced while the total free amino acid levels were strongly increased. Separately analysed embryos and seed coats/endosperm of mature seeds showed that the elevated amounts in amino acids were caused by an accumulation in the seed coat/endosperm, demonstrating that a decrease in uptake of amino acids by the aap1 embryo affects the N pool in the seed coat/endosperm. Also, the number of protein bodies was increased in the aap1 endosperm, suggesting that the accumulation of free amino acids triggered protein synthesis. Analysis of seed storage compounds revealed that the total fatty acid content was unchanged in aap1 seeds, but storage protein levels were decreased. Expression analysis of genes of seed N transport, metabolism and storage was in agreement with the biochemical data. In addition, seed weight, as well as total silique and seed number, was reduced in the mutants. Together, these results demonstrate that seed protein synthesis and seed weight is dependent on N availability and that AAP1-mediated uptake of amino acids by the embryo is important for storage protein synthesis and seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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