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Inukai M, Kobayashi N, Endo H, Asakawa K, Amano K, Yasuda Y, Cenci U, Colleoni C, Ball S, Fujiwara S. Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homolog, PhTGS, is essential for β-glucan synthesis in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1259587. [PMID: 37790259 PMCID: PMC10543733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1259587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptophytes synthesize unique β-glucans containing more β-1,6-linkages than β-1,3 linkages, as a storage polysaccharide. To understand the mechanism of the synthesis, we investigated the roles of Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homologs, PhTGS, in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. RNAi of PhTGS repressed β-glucan accumulation and simultaneously induced lipid production, suggesting that PhTGS is involved in β-glucan synthesis and that the knockdown leads to the alteration of the carbon metabolic flow. PhTGS was expressed more in light, where β-glucan was actively produced by photosynthesis, than in the dark. The crude extract of E. coli expressing PhKre6 demonstrated its activity to incorporate 14C-UDP-glucose into β-glucan of P. haptonemofera. These findings suggest that PhTGS functions in storage β-glucan synthesis specifically in light, probably by producing the β-1,6-branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Inukai
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Endo
- National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Koki Asakawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Keisuke Amano
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ugo Cenci
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Chen J, Yang J, Du H, Aslam M, Wang W, Chen W, Li T, Liu Z, Liu X. Laminarin, a Major Polysaccharide in Stramenopiles. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:576. [PMID: 34677475 PMCID: PMC8541152 DOI: 10.3390/md19100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main storage polysaccharides are β-1,3-glucan, or laminarin, in vacuoles. Currently, laminarin is gaining considerable attention due to its application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industries, and also its importance in global biogeochemical cycles (especially in the ocean carbon cycle). In this review, the structures, composition, contents, and bioactivity of laminarin were summarized in different algae. It was shown that the general features of laminarin are species-dependence. Furthermore, the proposed biosynthesis and catabolism pathways of laminarin, functions of key genes, and diel regulation of laminarin were also depicted and comprehensively discussed for the first time. However, the complete pathways, functions of genes, and diel regulatory mechanisms of laminarin require more biomolecular studies. This review provides more useful information and identifies the knowledge gap regarding the future studies of laminarin and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jianchao Yang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China;
| | - Hong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Muhmmad Aslam
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wanna Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
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3
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Marine Microalgae Biomolecules and Their Adhesion Capacity to Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different molecules have been tested as analog receptors due to their capacity to bind bacteria and prevent cell adhesion. By using in vitro assays, the present study characterized the aqueous and alkaline extracts from microalgae Pavlova lutheri and Pavlova gyrans and evaluated the capacity of these extracts to adhere to enterobacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium). The aqueous and alkaline extracts of both species were fractionated via freeze-thawing, giving rise to soluble and insoluble (precipitate) fractions in cold water. The obtained fractions were studied using thermogravimetric, methylation analyses, and using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cold-water-soluble fractions obtained from the aqueous extracts were mainly composed of highly branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucans, whereas the cold-water-precipitate fractions were constituted by (1→3)-β-glucans. The alkaline extract fractions showed similar compositions with a high protein content, and the presence of glycosides (sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG), digalactosylglycerol (DGG)), and free fatty acids. The linear (1→3)-β-glucans and the alkaline extract fractions showed an adhesion capacity toward Salmonella. The chemical composition of the active fractions suggested that the presence of three-linked β-glucose units, as well as microalgal proteins and glycosides, could be important in the adhesion process. Therefore, these microalgal species possess a high potential to serve as a source of anti-adhesive compounds.
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Badur AH, Ammar EM, Yalamanchili G, Hehemann JH, Rao CV. Characterization of the GH16 and GH17 laminarinases from Vibrio breoganii 1C10. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:161-171. [PMID: 31754764 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Laminarin is an abundant glucose polymer used as an energy reserve by micro- and macroalgae. Bacteria digest and consume laminarin with laminarinases. Their genomes frequently contain multiple homologs; however, the biological role for this replication remains unclear. We investigated the four laminarinases of glycoside hydrolase families GH16 and GH17 from the marine bacterium Vibrio breoganii 1C10, which can use laminarin as its sole carbon source. All four laminarinases employ an endolytic mechanism and specifically cleave the β-1,3-glycosidic bond. Two primarily produce low-molecular weight laminarin oligomers (DP 3-4) whereas the others primarily produce high-molecular weight oligomers (DP > 8), which suggests that these enzymes sequentially degrade laminarin. The results from this work provide an overview of the laminarinases from a single marine bacterium and also provide insights regarding how multiple laminarinases are used to degrade laminarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet H Badur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ehab M Ammar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, El Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Geethika Yalamanchili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- MARUM MPG Bridge Group Marine Glycobiology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christopher V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Zhang W, Wang F, Gao B, Huang L, Zhang C. An integrated biorefinery process: Stepwise extraction of fucoxanthin, eicosapentaenoic acid and chrysolaminarin from the same Phaeodactylum tricornutum biomass. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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6
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Ide M, Okumura M, Koizumi K, Kumagai M, Yoshida I, Yoshida M, Mishima T, Nakamura M. Novel Method to Quantify β-Glucan in Processed Foods: Sodium Hypochlorite Extracting and Enzymatic Digesting (SEED) Assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1033-1038. [PMID: 29293326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some β-glucans have attracted attention due to their functionality as an immunostimulant and have been used in processed foods. However, accurately measuring the β-glucan content of processed foods using existing methods is difficult. We demonstrate a new method, the Sodium hypochlorite Extracting and Enzymatic Digesting (SEED) assay, in which β-glucan is extracted using sodium hypochlorite, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 5 mol/L sodium hydroxide and then digested into β-glucan fragments using Westase which is an enzyme having β-1,6- and β-1,3 glucanase activity. The β-glucan fragments are further digested into glucose using exo-1,3-β-d-glucanase and β-glucosidase. We measured β-glucan comprising β-1,3-, -1,6-, and -1,(3),4- bonds in various polysaccharide reagents and processed foods using our novel method. The SEED assay was able to quantify β-glucan with good reproducibility, and the recovery rate was >90% for food containing β-glucan. Therefore, the SEED assay is capable of accurately measuring the β-glucan content of processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ide
- Japan Food Research Laboratories , Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Okumura
- Japan Food Research Laboratories , Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Keiko Koizumi
- Japan Food Research Laboratories , Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Izumi Yoshida
- Japan Food Research Laboratories , Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Tsuji Y, Yamazaki M, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Flow into Photosynthetic Products Functioning as Carbon Storage in the Marine Coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:428-440. [PMID: 25874681 PMCID: PMC4486895 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) is a dominant marine phytoplankton, cells of which are covered with calcareous plates (coccoliths). E. huxleyi produces unique lipids of C37-C40 long-chain ketones (alkenones) with two to four trans-unsaturated bonds, β-glucan (but not α-glucan) and acid polysaccharide (AP) associated with the morphogenesis of CaCO3 crystals in coccoliths. Despite such unique features, there is no detailed information on the patterns of carbon allocation into these compounds. Therefore, we performed quantitative estimation of carbon flow into various macromolecular products by conducting (14)C-radiotracer experiments using NaH(14)CO3 as a substrate. Photosynthetic (14)C incorporation into low molecular-mass compounds (LMC), extracellular AP, alkenones, and total lipids except alkenones was estimated to be 35, 13, 17, and 25 % of total (14)C fixation in logarithmic growth phase cells and 33, 19, 18, and 18 % in stationary growth phase cells, respectively. However, less than 1 % of (14)C was incorporated into β-glucan in both cells. (14)C-mannitol occupied ca. 5 % of total fixed (14)C as the most dominant LMC product. Levels of all (14)C compounds decreased in the dark. Therefore, alkenones and LMC (including mannitol), but not β-glucan, function in carbon/energy storage in E. huxleyi, irrespective of the growth phase. Compared with other algae, the low carbon flux into β-glucan is a unique feature of carbon metabolism in E. huxelyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsuji
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamazaki
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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8
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Aikawa S, Ho SH, Nakanishi A, Chang JS, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Improving polyglucan production in cyanobacteria and microalgae via cultivation design and metabolic engineering. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:886-98. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Karnkowska A, Bennett MS, Watza D, Kim JI, Zakryś B, Triemer RE. Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Character Evolution of Photosynthetic Euglenids (Excavata) Inferred from Taxon-rich Analyses of Five Genes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:362-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karnkowska
- Department of Plant Systematics and Geography; Faculty of Biology; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Matthew S. Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Donovan Watza
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Jong Im Kim
- Department of Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Bożena Zakryś
- Department of Plant Systematics and Geography; Faculty of Biology; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Richard E. Triemer
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
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Wang HT, Yao CH, Ai JN, Cao XP, Xue S, Wang WL. Identification of carbohydrates as the major carbon sink of the marine microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Haptophyta) and optimization of its productivity by nitrogen manipulation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 171:298-304. [PMID: 25216035 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a potential feedstock for biofuel production. During cultivation under nitrogen-depleted conditions, carbohydrates, rather than neutral lipids, were the major carbon sink of the marine microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Haptophyta). Carbohydrates reached maximum levels of 21.2 pg cell(-1) on day 5, which was an increase of more than 7-fold from day 1, while neutral lipids simultaneously increased 1.9-fold from 4.0 to 7.6 pg cell(-1) during the ten-day nitrogen-depleted cultivation. The carbohydrate productivity of I. zhangjiangensis was improved by optimization of the nitrate supply mode. The maximum carbohydrate concentration was 0.95 g L(-1) under batch cultivation, with an initial nitrogen concentration of 31.0 mg L(-1), which was 2.4-fold greater than that achieved under nitrogen-depleted conditions. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the accumulated carbohydrate in I. zhangjiangensis was composed of glucose. These results show that I. zhangjiangensis represents an ideal carbohydrate-enriched bioresource for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Wang
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang-Hong Yao
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Ai
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Wei-liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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11
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Sadovskaya I, Souissi A, Souissi S, Grard T, Lencel P, Greene CM, Duin S, Dmitrenok PS, Chizhov AO, Shashkov AS, Usov AI. Chemical structure and biological activity of a highly branched (1→3,1→6)-β-d-glucan from Isochrysis galbana. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Xia S, Gao B, Li A, Xiong J, Ao Z, Zhang C. Preliminary characterization, antioxidant properties and production of chrysolaminarin from marine diatom Odontella aurita. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4883-97. [PMID: 25251034 PMCID: PMC4178495 DOI: 10.3390/md12094883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new chrysolaminarin, named CL2, with a molecular mass of 7.75 kDa, was purified from the marine diatom, Odontella aurita, using DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration chromatography. The monosaccharide and structural analysis revealed that CL2 was a glucan mainly composed of glucose, which was linked by the β-d-(1→3) (main chain) and β-d-(1→6) (side chain) glycosidic bond, demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant activity tests revealed that the CL2 presented stronger hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with increasing concentrations, but less was effective on reducing power analysis and scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The influences of nitrogen concentration and light intensity on chrysolaminarin production of O. aurita were further investigated in a glass column photobioreactor, and a record high chrysolaminarin productivity of 306 mg L-1 day-1 was achieved. In conclusion, the chrysolaminarin CL2 from O. aurita may be explored as a natural antioxidant agent for application in aquaculture, food and pharmaceutical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Baoyan Gao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Aifen Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jihai Xiong
- Institute of Energy Research, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Ziqiang Ao
- Institute of Energy Research, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Ogawa Y, Noda K, Kimura S, Kitaoka M, Wada M. Facile preparation of highly crystalline lamellae of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan using an extract of Euglena gracilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 64:415-9. [PMID: 24374085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro synthesis of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan was performed using laminaribiose phosphorylase obtained by an extraction of Euglena gracilis with sucrose phosphorylase. The synthetic product was a linear (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan with a narrow distribution of degree of polymerization (DP) centered on DP=30. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed that the glucan molecules obtained were self-organized as highly crystalline hexagonal lamellae. This synthetic product has quite high structural homogeneity at every level from primary to higher-order structure, which is a great advantage for the detailed analyses of physiological functions of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ogawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noda
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Labourel A, Jam M, Jeudy A, Hehemann JH, Czjzek M, Michel G. The β-glucanase ZgLamA from Zobellia galactanivorans evolved a bent active site adapted for efficient degradation of algal laminarin. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2027-42. [PMID: 24337571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminarinase is commonly used to describe β-1,3-glucanases widespread throughout Archaea, bacteria, and several eukaryotic lineages. Some β-1,3-glucanases have already been structurally and biochemically characterized, but very few from organisms that are in contact with genuine laminarin, the storage polysaccharide of brown algae. Here we report the heterologous expression and subsequent biochemical and structural characterization of ZgLamAGH16 from Zobellia galactanivorans, the first GH16 laminarinase from a marine bacterium associated with seaweeds. ZgLamAGH16 contains a unique additional loop, compared with other GH16 laminarinases, which is composed of 17 amino acids and gives a bent shape to the active site cleft of the enzyme. This particular topology is perfectly adapted to the U-shaped conformation of laminarin chains in solution and thus explains the predominant specificity of ZgLamAGH16 for this substrate. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and two enzyme-substrate complexes, one with laminaritetraose and the other with a trisaccharide of 1,3-1,4-β-d-glucan, have been determined at 1.5, 1.35, and 1.13 Å resolution, respectively. The structural comparison of substrate recognition pattern between these complexes allows the proposition that ZgLamAGH16 likely diverged from an ancestral broad specificity GH16 β-glucanase and evolved toward a bent active site topology adapted to efficient degradation of algal laminarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Labourel
- From Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7139, Marine Plants and Biomolecules, Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France and
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Bae IY, Kim HW, Yoo HJ, Kim ES, Lee S, Park DY, Lee HG. Correlation of branching structure of mushroom β-glucan with its physiological activities. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Suzuki E, Suzuki R. Variation of Storage Polysaccharides in Phototrophic Microorganisms. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Tsuji Y, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Enzymological Evidence for the Function of a Plastid-Located Pyruvate Carboxylase in the Haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi: A Novel Pathway for the Production of C4 Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1043-52. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Choi JI, Kim HJ, Lee JW. Structural feature and antioxidant activity of low molecular weight laminarin degraded by gamma irradiation. Food Chem 2011; 129:520-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kayano K, Saruwatari K, Kogure T, Shiraiwa Y. Effect of coccolith polysaccharides isolated from the coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, on calcite crystal formation in in vitro CaCO3 crystallization. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:83-92. [PMID: 20336339 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine coccolithophorids (Haptophyceae) produce calcified scales "coccoliths" which are composed of CaCO(3) and coccolith polysaccharides (CP) in the coccolith vesicles. CP was previously reported to be composed of uronic acids and sulfated residues, etc. attached to the polymannose main chain. Although anionic polymers are generally known to play key roles in biomineralization process, there is no experimental data how CP contributes to calcite crystal formation in the coccolithophorids. CP used was isolated from the most abundant coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi. CaCO(3) crystallization experiment was performed on agar template layered onto a plastic plate that was dipped in the CaCO(3) crystallization solution. The typical rhombohedral calcite crystals were formed in the absence of CP. CaCO(3) crystals formed on the naked plastic plate were obviously changed to stick-like shapes when CP was present in the solution. EBSD analysis proved that the crystal is calcite of which c-axis was elongated. CP in the solution stimulated the formation of tabular crystals with flat edge in the agarose gel. SEM and FIB-TEM observations showed that the calcite crystals were formed in the gel. The formation of crystals without flat edge was stimulated when CP was preliminarily added in the gel. These observations suggest that CP has two functions: namely, one is to elongate the calcite crystal along c-axis and another is to induce tabular calcite crystal formation in the agarose gel. Thus, CP may function for the formation of highly elaborate species-specific structures of coccoliths in coccolithophorids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kayano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Tamura N, Hirota M, Saito T, Isogai A. Oxidation of curdlan and other polysaccharides by 4-acetamide-TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 under acid conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Radakovits R, Jinkerson RE, Darzins A, Posewitz MC. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel production. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:486-501. [PMID: 20139239 PMCID: PMC2863401 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00364-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There are currently intensive global research efforts aimed at increasing and modifying the accumulation of lipids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, polysaccharides, and other energy storage compounds in photosynthetic organisms, yeast, and bacteria through genetic engineering. Many improvements have been realized, including increased lipid and carbohydrate production, improved H(2) yields, and the diversion of central metabolic intermediates into fungible biofuels. Photosynthetic microorganisms are attracting considerable interest within these efforts due to their relatively high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, diverse metabolic capabilities, superior growth rates, and ability to store or secrete energy-rich hydrocarbons. Relative to cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae possess several unique metabolic attributes of relevance to biofuel production, including the accumulation of significant quantities of triacylglycerol; the synthesis of storage starch (amylopectin and amylose), which is similar to that found in higher plants; and the ability to efficiently couple photosynthetic electron transport to H(2) production. Although the application of genetic engineering to improve energy production phenotypes in eukaryotic microalgae is in its infancy, significant advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools have recently been achieved with microalgal model systems and are being used to manipulate central carbon metabolism in these organisms. It is likely that many of these advances can be extended to industrially relevant organisms. This review is focused on potential avenues of genetic engineering that may be undertaken in order to improve microalgae as a biofuel platform for the production of biohydrogen, starch-derived alcohols, diesel fuel surrogates, and/or alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randor Radakovits
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
| | - Robert E. Jinkerson
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
| | - Al Darzins
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Matthew C. Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, and
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Kayano K, Shiraiwa Y. Physiological regulation of coccolith polysaccharide production by phosphate availability in the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1522-1531. [PMID: 19587028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coccoliths of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi are calcified biomineral scales composed of calcium carbonate and coccolith polysaccharide (CPs). Coccolith production is regulated by inorganic phosphate (P(i)) availability, but no information currently exists on how this process occurs. In this study CP was experimentally characterized by HPLC analysis as an acid polysaccharide of mannose, galacturonic acid, xylose and rhamnose. Both calcification (estimated from 45Ca uptake) and CP production (estimated from uronic acid quantification) were stimulated under P(i)-deficient conditions but strongly suppressed under P(i)-sufficient conditions. When cells were transferred from P(i)-sufficient to P(i)-deficient conditions the production of neutral polysaccharides (NP)--storage glucans--ceased rapidly after a temporary increase in the presence of P(i), and CP production started to increase after P(i) was almost depleted. Under P(i)-sufficient conditions NP production increased, concomitant with stimulation of cell growth. Calcification increased gradually, but photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation was reduced by almost 40% for 5 d of culture during P(i) depletion. [14C]CP production was maintained at almost constant, high levels under P(i)-deficient conditions but gradually decreased under P(i)-sufficient conditions in conjunction with cell growth. In contrast, [14C]NP production increased about 3-fold under P(i)-sufficient conditions for 3 d. The present study indicates that E. huxleyi switches the direction of carbon flow toward CP and NP production under P(i)-deficient and P(i)-sufficient conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kayano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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Kim E, Archibald JM. Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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