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Lin ZY, Zhu GF, Lu CQ, Gao J, Li J, Xie Q, Wei YL, Jin JP, Wang FL, Yang FX. Functional conservation and divergence of SEPALLATA-like genes in floral development in Cymbidium sinense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1209834. [PMID: 37711312 PMCID: PMC10498475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1209834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium sinense is one of the most important traditional Chinese Orchids due to its unique and highly ornamental floral organs. Although the ABCDE model for flower development is well-established in model plant species, the precise roles of these genes in C. sinense are not yet fully understood. In this study, four SEPALLATA-like genes were isolated and identified from C. sinense. CsSEP1 and CsSEP3 were grouped into the AGL9 clade, while CsSEP2 and CsSEP4 were included in the AGL2/3/4 clade. The expression pattern of CsSEP genes showed that they were significantly accumulated in reproductive tissues and expressed during flower bud development but only mildly detected or even undetected in vegetative organs. Subcellular localization revealed that CsSEP1 and CsSEP4 were localized to the nucleus, while CsSEP2 and CsSEP3 were located at the nuclear membrane. Promoter sequence analysis predicted that CsSEP genes contained a number of hormone response elements (HREs) and MADS-box binding sites. The early flowering phenotype observed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing four CsSEP genes, along with the expression profiles of endogenous genes, such as SOC1, LFY, AG, FT, SEP3 and TCPs, in both transgenic Arabidopsis and C. sinense protoplasts, suggested that the CsSEP genes played a regulatory role in the flowering transition by influencing downstream genes related to flowering. However, only transgenic plants overexpressing CsSEP3 and CsSEP4 caused abnormal phenotypes of floral organs, while CsSEP1 and CsSEP2 had no effect on floral organs. Protein-protein interaction assays indicated that CsSEPs formed a protein complex with B-class CsAP3-2 and CsSOC1 proteins, affecting downstream genes to regulate floral organs and flowering time. Our findings highlighted both the functional conservation and divergence of SEPALLATA-like genes in C. sinense floral development. These results provided a valuable foundation for future studies of the molecular network underlying floral development in C. sinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Yu Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gen-Fa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Qiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Lu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Peng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Lan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Xi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Sun L, Cao S, Zheng N, Kao TH. Analyses of Cullin1 homologs reveal functional redundancy in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility and evolutionary relationships in eudicots. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:673-699. [PMID: 36478090 PMCID: PMC9940881 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Petunia (Solanaceae family), self-incompatibility (SI) is regulated by the polymorphic S-locus, which contains the pistil-specific S-RNase and multiple pollen-specific S-Locus F-box (SLF) genes. SLFs assemble into E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes known as Skp1-Cullin1-F-box complexes (SCFSLF). In pollen tubes, these complexes collectively mediate ubiquitination and degradation of all nonself S-RNases, but not self S-RNase, resulting in cross-compatible, but self-incompatible, pollination. Using Petunia inflata, we show that two pollen-expressed Cullin1 (CUL1) proteins, PiCUL1-P and PiCUL1-B, function redundantly in SI. This redundancy is lost in Petunia hybrida, not because of the inability of PhCUL1-B to interact with SSK1, but due to a reduction in the PhCUL1-B transcript level. This is possibly caused by the presence of a DNA transposon in the PhCUL1-B promoter region, which was inherited from Petunia axillaris, one of the parental species of Pe. hybrida. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses of Cullin genes in various eudicots show that three Solanaceae-specific CUL1 genes share a common origin, with CUL1-P dedicated to S-RNase-related reproductive processes. However, CUL1-B is a dispersed duplicate of CUL1-P present only in Petunia, and not in the other species of the Solanaceae family examined. We suggest that the CUL1s involved (or potentially involved) in the SI response in eudicots share a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Sun
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Shiyun Cao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Teh-hui Kao
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Chen L, Yan Y, Ke H, Zhang Z, Meng C, Ma L, Sun Z, Chen B, Liu Z, Wang G, Yang J, Wu J, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ma Z. SEP-like genes of Gossypium hirsutum promote flowering via targeting different loci in a concentration-dependent manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:990221. [PMID: 36531379 PMCID: PMC9752867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SEP genes are famous for their function in the morphological novelty of bisexual flowers. Although the diverse functions of SEP genes were reported, only the regulatory mechanisms underlying floral organ development have been addressed. In this study, we identified SEP-like genes in Gossypium and found that SEP3 genes were duplicated in diploid cotton varieties. GhSEP4.1 and GhSEP4.2 were abundantly transcribed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), but only GhSEP4.2 was expressed in the leaf vasculature. The expression pattern of GhSEPs in floral organs was conserved with that of homologs in Arabidopsis, except for GhSEP2 that was preponderantly expressed in ovules and fibers. The overexpression and silencing of each single GhSEP gene suggested their distinct role in promoting flowering via direct binding to GhAP1 and GhLFY genomic regions. The curly leaf and floral defects in overexpression lines with a higher expression of GhSEP genes revealed the concentration-dependent target gene regulation of GhSEP proteins. Moreover, GhSEP proteins were able to dimerize and interact with flowering time regulators. Together, our results suggest the dominant role of GhSEP4.2 in leaves to promote flowering via GhAP1-A04, and differently accumulated GhSEP proteins in the SAM alternately participate in forming the dynamic tetramer complexes to target at the different loci of GhAP1 and GhLFY to maintain reproductive growth. The regulatory roles of cotton SEP genes reveal their conserved and diversified functions.
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An Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and miRNA Sequencing Provides Insights into the Dynamic Regulations during Flower Morphogenesis in Petunia. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Published genome sequences can facilitate multiple genome sequencing studies of flower development, which can serve as the basis for later analysis of variation in flower phenotypes. To identify potential regulators related to flower morphology, we captured dynamic expression patterns under five different developmental stages of petunia flowers, a popular bedding plant, using transcriptome and miRNA sequencing. The significant transcription factor (TF) families, including MYB, MADS, and bHLH, were elucidated. MADS-box genes exhibited co-expression patterns with BBR-BPC, GATA, and Dof genes in different modules according to a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Through miRNA sequencing, a total of 45 conserved and 26 novel miRNAs were identified. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, the carbohydrate metabolic process, photosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism were significant at the transcriptomic level, while the response to hormone pathways was significantly enriched by DEmiR-targeted genes. Finally, an miRNA–RNA network was constructed, which suggested the possibility of novel miRNA-mediated regulation pathways being activated during flower development. Overall, the expression data in the present study provide novel insights into the developmental gene regulatory network facilitated by TFs, miRNA, and their target genes.
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Zhang C, Wei L, Yu X, Li H, Wang W, Wu S, Duan F, Bao M, Chan Z, He Y. Functional conservation and divergence of SEPALLATA-like genes in the development of two-type florets in marigold. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 309:110938. [PMID: 34134845 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marigold (Tagetes erecta), as one member of Asteraceae family, bears a typical capitulum with two morphologically distinct florets. The SEPALLATA genes are involved in regulating the floral meristem determinacy, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation, and plant architecture. Here, five SEP-like genes were cloned and identified from marigold. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that TeSEP3-1, TeSEP3-2, and TeSEP3-3 proteins were grouped into SEP3 clade, and TeSEP1 and TeSEP4 proteins were clustered into SEP1/2/4 clade. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that TeSEP1 and TeSEP3-3 were broadly expressed in floral organs, and that TeSEP3-2 and TeSEP4 were mainly expressed in pappus and corollas, while TeSEP3-1 was mainly expressed in two inner whorls. Ectopic expression of TeSEP1, TeSEP3-2, TeSEP3-3, and TeSEP4 in arabidopsis and tobacco resulted in early flowering. However, overexpression of TeSEP3-1 in arabidopsis and tobacco caused no visible phenotypic changes. Notably, overexpression of TeSEP4 in tobacco decreased the number of petals and stamens. Overexpression of TeSEP1 in tobacco led to longer sepals and simpler inflorescence architecture. The comprehensive pairwise interaction analysis suggested that TeSEP proteins had a broad interaction with class A, C, D, E proteins to form dimers. The yeast three-hybrid analysis suggested that in ternary complexes, class B proteins interacted with TeSEP3 by forming heterodimer TePI-TeAP3-2. The regulatory network analysis of MADS-box genes in marigold further indicated that TeSEP proteins played a "glue" role in regulating floral organ development, implying functional conservation and divergence of MADS box genes in regulating two-type floret developments. This study provides an insight into the formation mechanism of floral organs of two-type florets, thus broadening our knowledge of the genetic basis of flower evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ludan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shenzhong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Feng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yanhong He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street No. 1, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Pilot Run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Martínez-Gómez J, Galimba KD, Coté EY, Sullivan AM, Di Stilio VS. Spontaneous homeotic mutants and genetic control of floral organ identity in a ranunculid. Evol Dev 2020; 23:197-214. [PMID: 33179410 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of floral organ identity was investigated using a forward genetic approach in five floral homeotic mutants of Thalictrum, a noncore eudicot. We hypothesized that these mutants carry defects in the floral patterning genes. Mutant characterization comprised comparative floral morphology and organ identity gene expression at early and late developmental stages, followed by sequence analysis of coding and intronic regions to identify transcription factor binding sites and protein-protein interaction (PPI) motifs. Mutants exhibited altered expression of floral MADS-box genes, which further informed the function of paralogs arising from gene duplications not found in reference model systems. The ensuing modified BCE models for the mutants supported instances of neofunctionalization (e.g., B-class genes expressed ectopically in sepals), partial redundancy (E-class), or subfunctionalization (C-class) of paralogs. A lack of deleterious mutations in the coding regions of candidate floral MADS-box genes suggested that cis-regulatory or trans-acting mutations are at play. Consistent with this hypothesis, double-flower mutants had transposon insertions or showed signs of transposon activity in the regulatory intron of AGAMOUS (AG) orthologs. Single amino acid substitutions were also found, yet they did not fall on any of the identified DNA binding or PPI motifs. In conclusion, we present evidence suggesting that transposon activity and regulatory mutations in floral homeotic genes likely underlie the striking phenotypes of these Thalictrum floral homeotic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey D Galimba
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin Y Coté
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Li BJ, Zheng BQ, Wang JY, Tsai WC, Lu HC, Zou LH, Wan X, Zhang DY, Qiao HJ, Liu ZJ, Wang Y. New insight into the molecular mechanism of colour differentiation among floral segments in orchids. Commun Biol 2020; 3:89. [PMID: 32111943 PMCID: PMC7048853 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbalanced pigment distribution among the sepal and petal segments results in various colour patterns of orchid flowers. Here, we explored this type of mechanism of colour pattern formation in flowers of the Cattleya hybrid 'KOVA'. Our study showed that pigment accumulation displayed obvious spatiotemporal specificity in the flowers and was likely regulated by three R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Before flowering, RcPAP1 was specifically expressed in the epichile to activate the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which caused substantial cyanin accumulation and resulted in a purple-red colour. After flowering, the expression of RcPAP2 resulted in a low level of cyanin accumulation in the perianths and a pale pink colour, whereas RcPCP1 was expressed only in the hypochile, where it promoted α-carotene and lutein accumulation and resulted in a yellow colour. Additionally, we propose that the spatiotemporal expression of different combinations of AP3- and AGL6-like genes might participate in KOVA flower colour pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Lin'an, China
| | - Xiao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 311202, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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Ding L, Zhao K, Zhang X, Song A, Su J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Jiang J, Chen F. Comprehensive characterization of a floral mutant reveals the mechanism of hooked petal morphogenesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2325-2340. [PMID: 31050173 PMCID: PMC6835125 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of form of the chrysanthemum flower makes this species an ideal model for studying petal morphogenesis, but as yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying petal shape development remain largely unexplored. Here, a floral mutant, which arose as a bud sport in a plant of the variety 'Anastasia Dark Green', and formed straight, rather than hooked petals, was subjected to both comparative morphological analysis and transcriptome profiling. The hooked petals only became discernible during a late stage of flower development. At the late stage of 'Anastasia Dark Green', genes related to chloroplast, hormone metabolism, cell wall and microtubules were active, as were cell division-promoting factors. Auxin concentration was significantly reduced, and a positive regulator of cell expansion was down-regulated. Two types of critical candidates, boundary genes and adaxial-abaxial regulators, were identified from 7937 differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparisons, which were up-regulated at the late stage in 'Anastasia Dark Green' and another two hooked varieties. Ectopic expression of a candidate abaxial gene, CmYAB1, in chrysanthemum led to changes in petal curvature and inflorescence morphology. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks underlying chrysanthemum petal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiangshuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yueheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Ohmiya A, Oda-Yamamizo C, Kishimoto S. Overexpression of CONSTANS-like 16 enhances chlorophyll accumulation in petunia corollas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:90-96. [PMID: 30824032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that a gene closely related to Arabidopsis CONSTANS-like 16 (COL16) was coordinately expressed with chlorophyll content in chrysanthemum petals and leaves. Here, to elucidate whether COL16 is involved in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and accumulation, we analyzed the function of COL16 in petunia (Petunia hybrida). We identified three petunia COL16 homologs: PhCOL16a, PhCOL16b, and PhCOL16c. Expression patterns of all three homologs were associated with chlorophyll content, with lower levels in white corollas than in pale green corollas, and relatively high levels in leaves. The result suggests that PhCOL16 homologs are involved in chlorophyll accumulation. We introduced a PhCOL16a overexpression construct into petunia. The transgenic plants had pale green corollas with a higher chlorophyll content than wild-type plants. Expression of genes encoding key enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis was significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. The results indicate that PhCOL16 positively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ohmiya
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan; Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Sanae Kishimoto
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan.
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11
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Mitoma M, Kanno A. The Greenish Flower Phenotype of Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae) Is Caused by a Mutation in the SEPALLATA-Like MADS-Box Gene HrSEP-1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:831. [PMID: 29971084 PMCID: PMC6018480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the E-class SEPALLATA (SEP) genes are generally expressed across all floral whorls. These genes play fundamental roles in floral organ fate determination during development by interacting with other MADS-box gene products, such as those from A-, B-, and C-class genes. However, the function of SEP genes in orchid remains obscure. Here, we analyzed a mutant orchid cultivar with greenish flowers in Habenaria radiata and found that this phenotype is caused by the absence of SEP function. Wild type H. radiata flowers contain a column and two perianth whorls consisting of three greenish sepals, two white petals, and a lip (labellum). By contrast, the flowers of H. radiata cultivar 'Ryokusei' appear greenish, with three normal sepals in whorl 1, two greenish petals and a lip in whorl 2, and several sepaloid organs and a ventral column in whorls 3 and 4. We isolated two SEP-like genes (HrSEP-1 and HrSEP-2) and two AGAMOUS-like genes (HrAG-1 and HrAG-2) from wild type H. radiata and compared their expression in the wild type vs. the mutant cultivar. HrAG-1 and HrAG-2 were expressed in the column in the wild type, whereas these genes were expressed in the ventral column and in sepaloid organs that had been converted from a column in 'Ryokusei.' HrSEP-1 and HrSEP-2 were expressed in all floral organs in the wild type. However, in the mutant cultivar, HrSEP-2 was expressed in all floral organs, while HrSEP-1 expression was not detected. Thus, we analyzed the genomic structures of HrSEP-1 in the wild type and 'Ryokusei' and identified a retrotransposon-like element in its first exon in 'Ryokusei.' Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that HrSEP-1 interacts with HrDEF, HrAG-1, and HrAG-2. These results indicate that the mutant phenotype of 'Ryokusei' flowers is caused by the loss of function of HrSEP-1. Therefore, this gene plays an important role in column, lip, and petal development in H. radiata flowers.
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Li N, Huang B, Tang N, Jian W, Zou J, Chen J, Cao H, Habib S, Dong X, Wei W, Gao Y, Li Z. The MADS-Box Gene SlMBP21 Regulates Sepal Size Mediated by Ethylene and Auxin in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2241-2256. [PMID: 29069449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Normal organ size is achieved by successful co-ordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are modulated by multiple factors such as ethylene and auxin. In our work, SlMBP21-RNAi (RNA interference) tomato exhibited longer sepals and improved fruit set. Histological analysis indicated that longer sepals were attributed to cell expansion. To explore how SlMBP21 regulates sepal size, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between SlMBP21-RNAi and the wild type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, ethylene and auxin, and photosynthesis. Down-regulation of SlMBP21 affected ethylene production and the free IAA and IAA-Val intensity in sepals. Hormone treatment further indicated that SlMBP21 was involved in the ethylene and auxin pathways. As reported, ethylene and auxin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, SlMBP21 negatively regulated cell expansion to control sepal size, and ethylene and auxin may mediate this process. Additionally, the contents of Chl and the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the key photosynthetic enzyme, were both increased in SlMBP21-RNAi sepals, which indicated that photosynthesis might be enhanced in transgenic longer sepals. Therefore, the longer sepal, with better protection and enhanced photosynthesis, may contribute to improve fruit set. Altogether, these results suggested that SlMBP21 was a novel factor involved in organ size control. Moreover, our study provided potential application value for improving fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Baowen Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing; Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Yongchuan 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sidra Habib
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xuekui Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, Tomomitsu T, Yoshida T, Okano Y, Yoshikawa N, Maejima K, Oshima K, Namba S. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2799-2811. [PMID: 28505304 PMCID: PMC5853863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABCE-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs) are key regulators of floral organ development in angiosperms. Aberrant expression of these genes can result in abnormal floral traits such as phyllody. Phyllogen is a virulence factor conserved in phytoplasmas, plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes. It triggers phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing degradation of A- and E-class MTFs. However, it is still unknown whether phyllogen can induce phyllody in plants other than A. thaliana, although phytoplasma-associated phyllody symptoms are observed in a broad range of angiosperms. In this study, phyllogen was shown to cause phyllody phenotypes in several eudicot species belonging to three different families. Moreover, phyllogen can interact with MTFs of not only angiosperm species including eudicots and monocots but also gymnosperms and a fern, and induce their degradation. These results suggest that phyllogen induces phyllody in angiosperms and inhibits MTF function in diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Okano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Zhang S, Lu S, Yi S, Han H, Liu L, Zhang J, Bao M, Liu G. Functional conservation and divergence of five SEPALLATA-like genes from a basal eudicot tree, Platanus acerifolia. PLANTA 2017; 245:439-457. [PMID: 27833998 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Five SEP -like genes were cloned and identified from Platanus acerifolia through the analysis of expression profiles, protein-protein interaction patterns, and transgenic phenotypes, which suggested that they play conservative and diverse functions in floral initiation and development, fruit development, bud growth, and dormancy. SEPALLATA (SEP) genes have been well characterized in core eudicots and some monocots, and they play important and diverse roles in plant development, including flower meristem initiation, floral organ identity, and fruit development and ripening. However, the knowledge on the function and evolution of SEP-like genes in basal eudicot species is very limited. Here, we cloned and identified five SEP-like genes from London plane (Platanus acerifolia), a basal eudicot tree that is widely used for landscaping in cities. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that three genes (PlacSEP1.1, PlacSEP1.2, and PlacSEP1.3) belong to the SEP1/2/4 clade, while the other two genes (PlacSEP3.1 and PlacSEP3.2) are grouped into the SEP3 clade. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that all PlacSEPs, except PlacSEP1.1 and PlacSEP1.2, were expressed during the male and female inflorescence initiation, and throughout the flower and fruit development process. PlacSEP1.2 gene expression was only detected clearly in female inflorescence at April. PlacSEP1.3 and PlacSEP3.1 were also expressed, although relatively weak, in vegetative buds of adult trees. No evident PlacSEPs transcripts were detected in various organs of juvenile trees. Overexpression of PlacSEPs in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants resulted in different phenotypic alterations. 35S:PlacSEP1.1, 35S:PlacSEP1.3, and 35S:PlacSEP3.2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed evident early flowering, with less rosette leaves but more cauline leaves, while 35S:PlacSEP1.2 and PlacSEP3.1 transgenic plants showed no visible phenotypic changes. 35S:PlacSEP1.1 and 35S:PlacSEP3.2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants also produced smaller and curled leaves. Overexpression of PlacSEP1.1 and PlacSEP3.1 in tobacco resulted in the early flowering and producing more lateral branches. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that PlacSEPs proteins can form homo- or hetero-dimers with the Platanus APETALA1 (AP1)/FRUITFULL (FUL), B-, C-, and D-class MADS-box proteins in different interacting patterns and intensities. Our results suggest that the five PlacSEP genes may play important and divergent roles during floral initiation and development, as well as fruit development, by collaborating with FUL, B-, C-, and D-class MADS-box genes in London plane; PlacSEP1.3 and PlacSEP3.1 genes might also involve in vegetative bud growth and dormancy. The results provide valuable data for us to understand the functional evolution of SEP-like genes in basal eudicot species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunjiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Hongji Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Soza VL, Snelson CD, Hewett Hazelton KD, Di Stilio VS. Partial redundancy and functional specialization of E-class SEPALLATA genes in an early-diverging eudicot. Dev Biol 2016; 419:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pan ZJ, Chen YY, Du JS, Chen YY, Chung MC, Tsai WC, Wang CN, Chen HH. Flower development of Phalaenopsis orchid involves functionally divergent SEPALLATA-like genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1024-1042. [PMID: 24571782 PMCID: PMC4288972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E-class MADS-box genes, SEPALLATA (SEP), combined with B-, C- and D-class MADS-box genes, are involved in various aspects of plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation and plant architecture. Four SEP-like genes were cloned from Phalaenopsis orchid, and the duplicated PeSEPs were grouped into PeSEP1/3 and PeSEP2/4. All PeSEPs were expressed in all floral organs. PeSEP2 expression was detectable in vegetative tissues. The study of protein-protein interactions suggested that PeSEPs may form higher order complexes with the B-, C-, D-class and AGAMOUS LIKE6-related MADS-box proteins to determine floral organ identity. The tepal became a leaf-like organ when PeSEP3 was silenced by virus-induced silencing, with alterations in epidermis identity and contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Silencing of PeSEP2 had minor effects on the floral phenotype. Silencing of the E-class genes PeSEP2 and PeSEP3 resulted in the downregulation of B-class PeMADS2-6 genes, which indicates an association of PeSEP functions and B-class gene expression. These findings reveal the important roles of PeSEP in Phalaenopsis floral organ formation throughout the developmental process by the formation of various multiple protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Syun Du
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
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