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Mohammadalikhani S, Ghanati F, Hajebrahimi Z, Sharifi M. Molecular and biochemical modifications of suspension-cultured tobacco cell walls after exposure to alternative gravity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 176:1-7. [PMID: 35180456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a flexible physical barrier surrounding the cell which functions in growth and differentiation, signaling, and response to environmental stimuli including the Earth gravity force. In the present study, structural and molecular modifications of cell wall components of cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21) cells under alternative gravity conditions induced by 7 days exposure to 2-D clinostat have been investigated. In comparison with the control group, clinorotation significantly increased biomass but reduced the total amounts of wall and the contents of cellulose, pectin, uronic acidic, and xyloglucan. Gene expression of H+-ATPase was not changed but of expansin A reduced in clinostat-treated cells. However, the gene expression and activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH; EC 2.4.1.207) and endo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase (EGase; EC 3.2.1.4), the amount of arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), and the expression of wall-associated kinase (WAK) gene significantly increased by clinorotation. Altered gravity also reduced the activity of polyphenol oxidase and covalently bound peroxidase. The results suggest that altered gravity promoted orchestrated changes of wall-modifying genes and proteins which reduced its stiffness and enhanced cell expansion and division potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Mohammadalikhani
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghanati
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hajebrahimi
- A&S Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
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Ginsberg L, McDonald R, Lin Q, Hendrickx R, Spigolon G, Ravichandran G, Daraio C, Roumeli E. Cell wall and cytoskeletal contributions in single cell biomechanics of Nicotiana tabacum. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e1. [PMID: 37077972 PMCID: PMC10097588 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the mechanics of plant cells usually focus on understanding the effects of turgor pressure and properties of the cell wall (CW). While the functional roles of the underlying cytoskeleton have been studied, the extent to which it contributes to the mechanical properties of cells is not elucidated. Here, we study the contributions of the CW, microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (AFs), in the mechanical properties of Nicotiana tabacum cells. We use a multiscale biomechanical assay comprised of atomic force microscopy and micro-indentation in solutions that (i) remove MTs and AFs and (ii) alter osmotic pressures in the cells. To compare measurements obtained by the two mechanical tests, we develop two generative statistical models to describe the cell's behaviour using one or both datasets. Our results illustrate that MTs and AFs contribute significantly to cell stiffness and dissipated energy, while confirming the dominant role of turgor pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ginsberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Robin McDonald
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Qinchen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Giada Spigolon
- Biological Imaging Facility, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Guruswami Ravichandran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Eleftheria Roumeli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
- Author for correspondence: E. Roumeli, E-mail:
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Rao S, Xiang J, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang M, Sun H, Li J. PRC1 promotes GLI1-dependent osteopontin expression in association with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and aggravates liver fibrosis. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:100. [PMID: 31867100 PMCID: PMC6916466 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PRC1 (Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1) regulates microtubules organization and functions as a novel regulator in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Wnt/β-catenin is involved in development of liver fibrosis (LF). We aim to investigate effect and mechanism of PRC1 on liver fibrosis. Methods Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice LF model was established and in vitro cell model for LF was induced by mice primary hepatic stellate cell (HSC) under glucose treatment. The expression of PRC1 in mice and cell LF models was examined by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), western blot and immunohistochemistry. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability, and western blot to determine the underlying mechanism. The effect of PRC1 on liver pathology was examined via measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hydroxyproline, as well as histopathological analysis. Results PRC1 was up-regulated in CCl4-induced mice LF model and activated HSC. Knockdown of PRC1 inhibited cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis of activated HSC. PRC1 expression was regulated by Wnt3a signaling, and PRC1 could regulate downstream β-catenin activation. Moreover, PRC1 could activate glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1)-dependent osteopontin expression to participate in LF. Adenovirus-mediated knockdown of PRC1 in liver attenuated LF and reduced collagen deposition. Conclusions PRC1 aggravated LF through regulating Wnt/β-catenin mediated GLI1-dependent osteopontin expression, providing a new potential therapeutic target for LF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzong Rao
- 1Department of Transfusion, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan City, 430023 Hubei Province China
| | - Jingsong Huang
- 3Department of Transfusion, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 Xiangan Eastroad, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361101 China
| | - Shangang Zhang
- 4Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 Xiangan Eastroad, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361101 China
| | - Min Zhang
- 1Department of Transfusion, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Haoran Sun
- 1Department of Transfusion, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jian Li
- 1Department of Transfusion, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
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4
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Kamal KY, van Loon JJ, Medina FJ, Herranz R. Differential transcriptional profile through cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis cultures under simulated microgravity. Genomics 2019; 111:1956-1965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kamal KY, Herranz R, van Loon JJWA, Medina FJ. Simulated microgravity, Mars gravity, and 2g hypergravity affect cell cycle regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and epigenetics in Arabidopsis cell cultures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6424. [PMID: 29686401 PMCID: PMC5913308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravity is the only component of Earth environment that remained constant throughout the entire process of biological evolution. However, it is still unclear how gravity affects plant growth and development. In this study, an in vitro cell culture of Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to different altered gravity conditions, namely simulated reduced gravity (simulated microgravity, simulated Mars gravity) and hypergravity (2g), to study changes in cell proliferation, cell growth, and epigenetics. The effects after 3, 14, and 24-hours of exposure were evaluated. The most relevant alterations were found in the 24-hour treatment, being more significant for simulated reduced gravity than hypergravity. Cell proliferation and growth were uncoupled under simulated reduced gravity, similarly, as found in meristematic cells from seedlings grown in real or simulated microgravity. The distribution of cell cycle phases was changed, as well as the levels and gene transcription of the tested cell cycle regulators. Ribosome biogenesis was decreased, according to levels and gene transcription of nucleolar proteins and the number of inactive nucleoli. Furthermore, we found alterations in the epigenetic modifications of chromatin. These results show that altered gravity effects include a serious disturbance of cell proliferation and growth, which are cellular functions essential for normal plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Y Kamal
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. .,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack J W A van Loon
- DESC (Dutch Experiment Support Center), Dept. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ESA-ESTEC, TEC-MMG, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Kordyum EL, Chapman DK. Plants and microgravity: Patterns of microgravity effects at the cellular and molecular levels. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sornay E, Forzani C, Forero-Vargas M, Dewitte W, Murray JAH. Activation of CYCD7;1 in the central cell and early endosperm overcomes cell-cycle arrest in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte, and promotes early endosperm and embryo development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:41-55. [PMID: 26261067 PMCID: PMC5102630 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, double fertilization of the egg and central cell of the megagametophyte leads to the development of the embryo and endosperm, respectively. Control of cell cycle progression in the megagametophyte is essential for successful fertilization and development. Central cell-targeted expression of the D-type cyclin CYCD7;1 (end CYCD7;1) using the imprinted FWA promoter overcomes cycle arrest of the central cell in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte in the unfertilized ovule, leading to multinucleate central cells at high frequency. Unlike FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (fis) mutants, but similar to lethal RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (rbr) mutants, no seed coat development is triggered. Unlike the case with loss of rbr, post-fertilization end CYCD7;1 in the endosperm enhances the number of nuclei during syncytial endosperm development and induces the partial abortion of developing seeds, associated with the enhanced size of the surviving seeds. The frequency of lethality was less than the frequency of multinucleate central cells, indicating that these aspects are not causally linked. These larger seeds contain larger embryos composed of more cells of wild-type size, surrounded by a seed coat composed of more cells. Seedlings arising from these larger seeds displayed faster seedling establishment and early growth. Similarly, two different embryo-lethal mutants also conferred enlarged seed size in surviving siblings, consistent with seed size increase being a general response to sibling lethality, although the cellular mechanisms were found to be distinct. Our data suggest that tight control of CYCD activity in the central cell and in the developing endosperm is required for optimal seed formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sornay
- Cardiff School Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Céline Forzani
- Cardiff School Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026, Versailles, Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Forero-Vargas
- Cardiff School Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
- Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Ibagué, Calle Barrio Ambalá, Ibagué, 730002, Colombia
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- Cardiff School Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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Weber A, Braybrook S, Huflejt M, Mosca G, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Smith RS. Measuring the mechanical properties of plant cells by combining micro-indentation with osmotic treatments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3229-41. [PMID: 25873663 PMCID: PMC4449541 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth in plants results from the interaction between genetic and signalling networks and the mechanical properties of cells and tissues. There has been a recent resurgence in research directed at understanding the mechanical aspects of growth, and their feedback on genetic regulation. This has been driven in part by the development of new micro-indentation techniques to measure the mechanical properties of plant cells in vivo. However, the interpretation of indentation experiments remains a challenge, since the force measures results from a combination of turgor pressure, cell wall stiffness, and cell and indenter geometry. In order to interpret the measurements, an accurate mechanical model of the experiment is required. Here, we used a plant cell system with a simple geometry, Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells, to examine the sensitivity of micro-indentation to a variety of mechanical and experimental parameters. Using a finite-element mechanical model, we found that, for indentations of a few microns on turgid cells, the measurements were mostly sensitive to turgor pressure and the radius of the cell, and not to the exact indenter shape or elastic properties of the cell wall. By complementing indentation experiments with osmotic experiments to measure the elastic strain in turgid cells, we could fit the model to both turgor pressure and cell wall elasticity. This allowed us to interpret apparent stiffness values in terms of meaningful physical parameters that are relevant for morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Weber
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siobhan Braybrook
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Michal Huflejt
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 1050829 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 1050829 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 1050829 Köln, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Kamal KY, Hemmersbach R, Medina FJ, Herranz R. Proper selection of 1 g controls in simulated microgravity research as illustrated with clinorotated plant cell suspension cultures. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 5:47-52. [PMID: 26177849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physical and biological effects of the absence of gravity is necessary to conduct operations on space environments. It has been previously shown that the microgravity environment induces the dissociation of cell proliferation from cell growth in young seedling root meristems, but this source material is limited to few cells in each row of meristematic layers. Plant cell cultures, composed by a large and homogeneous population of proliferating cells, are an ideal model to study the effects of altered gravity on cellular mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and associated cell growth. Cell suspension cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana cell line (MM2d) were exposed to 2D-clinorotation in a pipette clinostat for 3.5 or 14 h, respectively, and were then processed either by quick freezing, to be used in flow cytometry, or by chemical fixation, for microscopy techniques. After long-term clinorotation, the proportion of cells in G1 phase was increased and the nucleolus area, as revealed by immunofluorescence staining with anti-nucleolin, was decreased. Despite the compatibility of these results with those obtained in real microgravity on seedling meristems, we provide a technical discussion in the context of clinorotation and proper 1 g controls with respect to suspension cultures. Standard 1 g procedure of sustaining the cell suspension is achieved by continuously shaking. Thus, we compare the mechanical forces acting on cells in clinorotated samples, in a control static sample and in the standard 1 g conditions of suspension cultures in order to define the conditions of a complete and reliable experiment in simulated microgravity with corresponding 1 g controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Y Kamal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, DLR (German Aerospace Center), Köln, Germany
| | | | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Chebli Y, Geitmann A. Live cell and immuno-labeling techniques to study gravitational effects on single plant cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1309:209-226. [PMID: 25981778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The constant force of gravity plays a primordial role in the ontogeny of all living organisms. Plants, for example, develop their roots and shoots in accordance with the direction of the gravitational vector. Any change in the magnitude and/or the direction of gravity has an important impact on the development of tissues and cells. In order to understand how the gravitational force affects plant cell growth and differentiation, we established two complementary experimental procedures with which the effect of hyper-gravity on single plant cell development can be assessed. The single model cell system we used is the pollen tube or male gametophyte which, because of its rapid growth behavior, is known for its instant response to external stresses. The physiological response of the pollen tube can be assessed in a quantitative manner based on changes in the composition and spatial distribution of its cell wall components and in the precisely defined pattern of its very dynamic cytoplasmic streaming. Here, we provide a detailed description of the steps required for the immuno-localization of various cell wall components using microwave-assisted techniques and we explain how live imaging of the intracellular traffic can be achieved under hyper-gravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Chebli
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, QC, Canada, H1X 2B2
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11
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Herranz R, Valbuena MA, Manzano A, Kamal KY, Medina FJ. Use of microgravity simulators for plant biological studies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1309:239-54. [PMID: 25981780 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simulated microgravity and partial gravity research on Earth is highly convenient for every space biology researcher due to limitations of access to spaceflight. However, the use of ground-based facilities for microgravity simulation is far from simple. Microgravity simulation usually results in the need to consider additional environmental parameters which appear as secondary effects in the generation of altered gravity. These secondary effects may interfere with gravity alteration in the changes observed in the biological processes under study. Furthermore, ground-based facilities are also capable of generating hypergravity or fractional gravity conditions, which are worth being tested and compared with the results of microgravity exposure. Multiple technologies (2D clinorotation, random positioning machines, magnetic levitators or centrifuges), experimental hardware (proper use of containers and substrates for the seedlings or cell cultures), and experimental requirements (some life support/environmental parameters are more difficult to provide in certain facilities) should be collectively considered in defining the optimal experimental design that will allow us to anticipate, modify, or redefine the findings provided by the scarce spaceflight opportunities that have been (and will be) available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain,
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12
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De Micco V, De Pascale S, Paradiso R, Aronne G. Microgravity effects on different stages of higher plant life cycle and completion of the seed-to-seed cycle. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:31-8. [PMID: 24015754 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human inhabitation of Space requires the efficient realisation of crop cultivation in bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS). It is well known that plants can grow under Space conditions; however, perturbations of many biological phenomena have been highlighted due to the effect of altered gravity and its possible interactions with other factors. The mechanisms priming plant responses to Space factors, as well as the consequences of such alterations on crop productivity, have not been completely elucidated. These perturbations can occur at different stages of plant life and are potentially responsible for failure of the completion of the seed-to-seed cycle. After brief consideration of the main constraints found in the most recent experiments aiming to produce seeds in Space, we focus on two developmental phases in which the plant life cycle can be interrupted more easily than in others also on Earth. The first regards seedling development and establishment; we discuss reasons for slow development at the seedling stage that often occurs under microgravity conditions and can reduce successful establishment. The second stage comprises gametogenesis and pollination; we focus on male gamete formation, also identifying potential constraints to subsequent fertilisation. We finally highlight how similar alterations at cytological level can not only be common to different processes occurring at different life stages, but can be primed by different stress factors; such alterations can be interpreted within the model of 'stress-induced morphogenic response' (SIMR). We conclude by suggesting that a systematic analysis of all growth and reproductive phases during the plant life cycle is needed to optimise resource use in plant-based BLSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Micco
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
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13
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Ruyters G, Braun M. Plant biology in space: recent accomplishments and recommendations for future research. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:4-11. [PMID: 24373009 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gravity has shaped the evolution of life since its origin. However, experiments in the absence of this overriding force, necessary to precisely analyse its role, e.g. for growth, development, and orientation of plants and single cells, only became possible with the advent of spaceflight. Consequently, this research has been supported especially by space agencies around the world for decades, mainly for two reasons: first, to enable fundamental research on gravity perception and transduction during growth and development of plants; and second, to successfully grow plants under microgravity conditions with the goal of establishing a bioregenerative life support system providing oxygen and food for astronauts in long-term exploratory missions. For the second time, the International Space Life Sciences Working Group (ISLSWG), comprised of space agencies with substantial life sciences programmes in the world, organised a workshop on plant biology research in space. The present contribution summarises the outcome of this workshop. In the first part, an analysis is undertaken, if and how the recommendations of the first workshop held in Bad Honnef, Germany, in 1996 have been implemented. A chapter summarising major scientific breakthroughs obtained in the last 15 years from plant research in space concludes this first part. In the second part, recommendations for future research in plant biology in space are put together that have been elaborated in the various discussion sessions during the workshop, as well as provided in written statements from the session chairs. The present paper clearly shows that plant biology in space has contributed significantly to progress in plant gravity perception, transduction and responses - processes also relevant for general plant biology, including agricultural aspects. In addition, the interplay between light and gravity effects has increasingly received attention. It also became evident that plants will play a major role as components of bioregenerative life support and energy systems that are necessary to complement physico-chemical systems in upcoming long-term exploratory missions. In order to achieve major progress in the future, however, standardised experimental conditions and more advanced analytical tools, such as state-of-the-art onboard analysis, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruyters
- German Space Administration (DLR), Bonn, Germany
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14
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Paul AL, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Ferl RJ. Fundamental plant biology enabled by the space shuttle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:226-34. [PMID: 23281389 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between fundamental plant biology and space biology was especially synergistic in the era of the Space Shuttle. While all terrestrial organisms are influenced by gravity, the impact of gravity as a tropic stimulus in plants has been a topic of formal study for more than a century. And while plants were parts of early space biology payloads, it was not until the advent of the Space Shuttle that the science of plant space biology enjoyed expansion that truly enabled controlled, fundamental experiments that removed gravity from the equation. The Space Shuttle presented a science platform that provided regular science flights with dedicated plant growth hardware and crew trained in inflight plant manipulations. Part of the impetus for plant biology experiments in space was the realization that plants could be important parts of bioregenerative life support on long missions, recycling water, air, and nutrients for the human crew. However, a large part of the impetus was that the Space Shuttle enabled fundamental plant science essentially in a microgravity environment. Experiments during the Space Shuttle era produced key science insights on biological adaptation to spaceflight and especially plant growth and tropisms. In this review, we present an overview of plant science in the Space Shuttle era with an emphasis on experiments dealing with fundamental plant growth in microgravity. This review discusses general conclusions from the study of plant spaceflight biology enabled by the Space Shuttle by providing historical context and reviews of select experiments that exemplify plant space biology science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Paul
- Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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On the nature and shape of tubulin trails: implications on microtubule self-organization. Acta Biotheor 2012; 60:55-82. [PMID: 22331498 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-012-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules, major elements of the cell skeleton are, most of the time, well organized in vivo, but they can also show self-organizing behaviors in time and/or space in purified solutions in vitro. Theoretical studies and models based on the concepts of collective dynamics in complex systems, reaction-diffusion processes and emergent phenomena were proposed to explain some of these behaviors. In the particular case of microtubule spatial self-organization, it has been advanced that microtubules could behave like ants, self-organizing by 'talking to each other' by way of hypothetic (because never observed) concentrated chemical trails of tubulin that are expected to be released by their disassembling ends. Deterministic models based on this idea yielded indeed like-looking spatio-temporal self-organizing behaviors. Nevertheless the question remains of whether microscopic tubulin trails produced by individual or bundles of several microtubules are intense enough to allow microtubule self-organization at a macroscopic level. In the present work, by simulating the diffusion of tubulin in microtubule solutions at the microscopic scale, we measure the shape and intensity of tubulin trails and discuss about the assumption of microtubule self-organization due to the production of chemical trails by disassembling microtubules. We show that the tubulin trails produced by individual microtubules or small microtubule arrays are very weak and not elongated even at very high reactive rates. Although the variations of concentration due to such trails are not significant compared to natural fluctuations of the concentration of tubuline in the chemical environment, the study shows that heterogeneities of biochemical composition can form due to microtubule disassembly. They could become significant when produced by numerous microtubule ends located in the same place. Their possible formation could play a role in certain conditions of reaction. In particular, it gives a mesoscopic basis to explain the collective dynamics observed in excitable microtubule solutions showing the propagation of concentration waves of microtubules at the millimeter scale, although we doubt that individual microtubules or bundles can behave like molecular ants.
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CHAN J. Microtubule and cellulose microfibril orientation during plant cell and organ growth. J Microsc 2011; 247:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chebli Y, Geitmann A. Gravity research on plants: use of single-cell experimental models. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:56. [PMID: 22639598 PMCID: PMC3355640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Future space missions and implementation of permanent bases on Moon and Mars will greatly depend on the availability of ambient air and sustainable food supply. Therefore, understanding the effects of altered gravity conditions on plant metabolism and growth is vital for space missions and extra-terrestrial human existence. In this mini-review we summarize how plant cells are thought to perceive changes in magnitude and orientation of the gravity vector. The particular advantages of several single-celled model systems for gravity research are explored and an overview over recent advancements and potential use of these systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Chebli
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
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Cifuentes C, Bulone V, Emons AMC. Biosynthesis of callose and cellulose by detergent extracts of tobacco cell membranes and quantification of the polymers synthesized in vitro. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:221-33. [PMID: 20377683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The conditions that favor the in vitro synthesis of cellulose from tobacco BY-2 cell extracts were determined. The procedure leading to the highest yield of cellulose consisted of incubating digitonin extracts of membranes from 11-day-old tobacco BY-2 cells in the presence of 1 mM UDP-glucose, 8 mM Ca(2+) and 8 mM Mg(2+). Under these conditions, up to nearly 40% of the polysaccharides synthesized in vitro corresponded to cellulose, the other polymer synthesized being callose. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the occurrence of two types of structures in the synthetic reactions. The first type consisted of small aggregates with a diameter between 3 and 5 nm that associated to form fibrillar strings of a maximum length of 400 nm. These structures were sensitive to the acetic/nitric acid treatment of Updegraff and corresponded to callose. The second type of structures was resistant to the Updegraff reagent and corresponded to straight cellulose microfibrils of 2-3 nm in diameter and 200 nm to up to 5 microm in length. In vitro reactions performed on electron microscopy grids indicated that the minimal rate of microfibril elongation in vitro is 120 nm/min. Measurements of retardance by liquid crystal polarization microscopy as a function of time showed that small groups of microfibrils increased in retardance by up to 0.047 nm/min per pixel, confirming the formation of organized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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