1
|
Magyar M, Akhtar P, Sipka G, Domonkos I, Han W, Li X, Han G, Shen JR, Lambrev PH, Garab G. Effects of lipids on the rate-limiting steps in the dark-to-light transition of Photosystem II core complex of Thermostichus vulcanus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1381040. [PMID: 38576791 PMCID: PMC10991767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1381040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In our earlier works, we have shown that the rate-limiting steps, associated with the dark-to-light transition of Photosystem II (PSII), reflecting the photochemical activity and structural dynamics of the reaction center complex, depend largely on the lipidic environment of the protein matrix. Using chlorophyll-a fluorescence transients (ChlF) elicited by single-turnover saturating flashes, it was shown that the half-waiting time (Δτ 1/2) between consecutive excitations, at which 50% of the fluorescence increment was reached, was considerably larger in isolated PSII complexes of Thermostichus (T.) vulcanus than in the native thylakoid membrane (TM). Further, it was shown that the addition of a TM lipid extract shortened Δτ 1/2 of isolated PSII, indicating that at least a fraction of the 'missing' lipid molecules, replaced by detergent molecules, caused the elongation of Δτ 1/2. Here, we performed systematic experiments to obtain information on the nature of TM lipids that are capable of decreasing Δτ 1/2. Our data show that while all lipid species shorten Δτ 1/2, the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylglycerol appears to be the most efficient species - suggesting its prominent role in determining the structural dynamics of PSII reaction center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Sipka
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wenhui Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kobayashi K, Yoshihara A, Kubota-Kawai H. Evolutionary implications from lipids in membrane bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. J Biochem 2023; 174:399-408. [PMID: 37500078 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomembranes, lipids form bilayer structures that serve as the fluid matrix for membrane proteins and other hydrophobic compounds. Additionally, lipid molecules associate with membrane proteins and impact their structures and functions. In both cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae, the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane consists of four distinct glycerolipid classes: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. These lipids are also integral components of photosynthetic complexes such as photosystem II and photosystem I. The lipid-binding sites within the photosystems, as well as the lipid composition in the thylakoid membrane, are highly conserved between cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes, and each lipid class has specific roles in oxygenic photosynthesis. This review aims to shed light on the potential evolutionary implications of lipid utilization in membrane lipid bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Science and Global Education, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisako Kubota-Kawai
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giardi MT, Antonacci A, Touloupakis E, Mattoo AK. Investigation of Photosystem II Functional Size in Higher Plants under Physiological and Stress Conditions Using Radiation Target Analysis and Sucrose Gradient Ultracentrifugation. Molecules 2022; 27:5708. [PMID: 36080475 PMCID: PMC9457868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre is the critical supramolecular pigment-protein complex in the chloroplast which catalyses the light-induced transfer of electrons from water to plastoquinone. Structural studies have demonstrated the existence of an oligomeric PSII. We carried out radiation inactivation target analysis (RTA), together with sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation (SGU) of PSII, to study the functional size of PSII in diverse plant species under physiological and stress conditions. Two PSII populations, made of dimeric and monomeric core particles, were revealed in Pisum sativum, Spinacea oleracea, Phaseulus vulgaris, Medicago sativa, Zea mais and Triticum durum. However, this core pattern was not ubiquitous in the higher plants since we found one monomeric core population in Vicia faba and a dimeric core in the Triticum durum yellow-green strain, respectively. The PSII functional sizes measured in the plant seedlings in vivo, as a decay of the maximum quantum yield of PSII for primary photochemistry, were in the range of 75-101 ± 18 kDa, 2 to 3 times lower than those determined in vitro. Two abiotic stresses, heat and drought, imposed individually on Pisum sativum, increased the content of the dimeric core in SGU and the minimum functional size determined by RTA in vivo. These data suggest that PSII can also function as a monomer in vivo, while under heat and drought stress conditions, the dimeric PSII structure is predominant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Giardi
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.3, 00016 Monterotondo, Italy
- Biosensor Srl, Via Olmetti 44, 00060 Formello, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.3, 00016 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoshihara A, Kobayashi K. Lipids in photosynthetic protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2735-2750. [PMID: 35560200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, many proteins involved in photosynthesis are associated with or integrated into the fluid bilayer matrix formed by four unique glycerolipid classes, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. Biochemical and molecular genetic studies have revealed that these glycerolipids play essential roles not only in the formation of thylakoid lipid bilayers but also in the assembly and functions of photosynthetic complexes. Moreover, considerable advances in structural biology have identified a number of lipid molecules within the photosynthetic complexes such as PSI and PSII. These data have provided important insights into the association of lipids with protein subunits in photosynthetic complexes and the distribution of lipids in the thylakoid membrane. Here, we summarize recent high-resolution observations of lipid molecules in the structures of photosynthetic complexes from plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and evaluate the distribution of lipids among photosynthetic protein complexes and thylakoid lipid bilayers. By integrating the structural information into the findings from biochemical and molecular genetic studies, we highlight the conserved and differentiated roles of lipids in the assembly and functions of photosynthetic complexes among plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, OsakaJapan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, OsakaJapan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, OsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perlikowski D, Lechowicz K, Skirycz A, Michaelis Ä, Pawłowicz I, Kosmala A. The Role of Triacylglycerol in the Protection of Cells against Lipotoxicity under Drought in Lolium multiflorum/Festucaarundinacea Introgression Forms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:353-368. [PMID: 34994787 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol is a key lipid compound involved in maintaining homeostasis of both membrane lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) in plant cells under adverse environmental conditions. However, its role in the process of lipid remodeling has not been fully recognized, especially in monocots, including grass species. For our study, two closely related introgression forms of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), distinct in their level of drought tolerance, were selected as plant models to study rearrangements in plant lipidome under water deficit and further re-watering. The low drought tolerant (LDT) form revealed an elevated level of cellular membrane damage accompanied by an increased content of polyunsaturated FFA and triacylglycerol under water deficit, compared with the high drought tolerant (HDT) form. However, the LDT introgression form demonstrated also the ability to regenerate its membranes after stress cessation. The obtained results clearly indicated that accumulation of triacylglycerol under advanced drought in the LDT form could serve as a cellular protective mechanism against overaccumulation of toxic polyunsaturated FFA and other lipid intermediates. Furthermore, accumulation of triacylglycerol under drought conditions could serve also as storage of substrates required for further regeneration of membranes after stress cessation. The rearrangements in triacylglycerol metabolism were supported by the upregulation of several genes, involved in a biosynthesis of triacylglycerol. With respect to this process, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase DGAT2 seems to play the most important role in the analyzed grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Änna Michaelis
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernández ML, Cejudo FJ. Chloroplast Lipids Metabolism and Function. A Redox Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712022. [PMID: 34421962 PMCID: PMC8375268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant productivity is determined by the conversion of solar energy into biomass through oxygenic photosynthesis, a process performed by protein-cofactor complexes including photosystems (PS) II and I, and ATP synthase. These complexes are embedded in chloroplast thylakoid membrane lipids, which thus function as structural support of the photosynthetic machinery and provide the lipid matrix to avoid free ion diffusion. The lipid and fatty acid composition of thylakoid membranes are unique in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, which implies that these molecules are specifically required in oxygenic photosynthesis. Indeed, there is extensive evidence supporting a relevant function of glycerolipids in chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic efficiency in response to environmental stimuli, such as light and temperature. The rapid acclimation of higher plants to environmental changes is largely based on thiol-based redox regulation and the disulphide reductase activity thioredoxins (Trxs), which are reduced by ferredoxin (Fdx) via an Fdx-dependent Trx reductase. In addition, chloroplasts harbour an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase C, which allows the use of NADPH to maintain the redox homeostasis of the organelle. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of chloroplast lipid metabolism and the function of these molecules as structural basis of the complex membrane network of the organelle. Furthermore, we discuss evidence supporting the relevant role of lipids in chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic performance in response to environmental cues in which the redox state of the organelle plays a relevant role.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Yu LJ, Wang W, Yan Q, Kuang T, Qin X, Shen JR. Structure of plant photosystem I-light harvesting complex I supercomplex at 2.4 Å resolution. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1367-1381. [PMID: 33788400 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two photosystems in photosynthesis, and performs a series of electron transfer reactions leading to the reduction of ferredoxin. In higher plants, PSI is surrounded by four light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) subunits, which harvest and transfer energy efficiently to the PSI core. The crystal structure of PSI-LHCI supercomplex has been analyzed up to 2.6 Å resolution, providing much information on the arrangement of proteins and cofactors in this complicated supercomplex. Here we have optimized crystallization conditions, and analyzed the crystal structure of PSI-LHCI at 2.4 Å resolution. Our structure showed some shift of the LHCI, especially the Lhca4 subunit, away from the PSI core, suggesting the indirect connection and inefficiency of energy transfer from this Lhca subunit to the PSI core. We identified five new lipids in the structure, most of them are located in the gap region between the Lhca subunits and the PSI core. These lipid molecules may play important roles in binding of the Lhca subunits to the core, as well as in the assembly of the supercomplex. The present results thus provide novel information for the elucidation of the mechanisms for the light-energy harvesting, transfer and assembly of this supercomplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long-Jiang Yu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qiujing Yan
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilhelm C, Goss R, Garab G. The fluid-mosaic membrane theory in the context of photosynthetic membranes: Is the thylakoid membrane more like a mixed crystal or like a fluid? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153246. [PMID: 32777580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the fluid-mosaic membrane theory by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 generations of scientists have adopted this fascinating concept for all biological membranes. Assuming the membrane as a fluid implies that the components embedded in the lipid bilayer can freely diffuse like swimmers in a water body. During the detailed biochemical analysis of the thylakoid protein components of chloroplasts from higher plants and algae, in the '80 s and '90 s it became clear that photosynthetic membranes are not homogeneous either in the vertical or the lateral directions. The lateral heterogeneity became obvious by the differentiation of grana and stroma thylakoids, but also the margins have been identified with a highly specific protein pattern. Further refinement of the fluid mosaic model was needed to take into account the presence of non-bilayer lipids, which are the most abundant lipids in all energy-converting membranes, and the polymorphism of lipid phases, which has also been documented in thylakoid membranes. These observations lead to the question, how mobile the components are in the lipid phase and how this ordering is made and maintained and how these features might be correlated with the non-bilayer propensity of the membrane lipids. Assuming instead of free diffusion, a "controlled neighborhood" replaced the model of fluidity by the model of a "mixed crystal structure". In this review we describe why basic photosynthetic regulation mechanisms depend on arrays of crystal-like lipid-protein macro-assemblies. The mechanisms which define the ordering in macrodomains are still not completely clear, but some recent experiments give an idea how this fascinating order is produced, adopted and maintained. We use the operation of the xanthophyll cycle as a rather well understood model challenging and complementing the standard Singer-Nicolson model via assigning special roles to non-bilayer lipids and non-lamellar lipid phases in the structure and function of thylakoid membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wilhelm
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, SenProf Algal Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04315, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reimund Goss
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gyözö Garab
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári körút 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; University of Ostrava, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00, Ostrava, Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Goss R, Latowski D. Lipid Dependence of Xanthophyll Cycling in Higher Plants and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:455. [PMID: 32425962 PMCID: PMC7212465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll cycles of higher plants and algae represent an important photoprotection mechanism. Two main xanthophyll cycles are known, the violaxanthin cycle of higher plants, green and brown algae and the diadinoxanthin cycle of Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. The forward reaction of the xanthophyll cycles consists of the enzymatic de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin or diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin during periods of high light illumination. It is catalyzed by the enzymes violaxanthin or diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase. During low light or darkness the back reaction of the cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzymes zeaxanthin or diatoxanthin epoxidase, restores the epoxidized xanthophylls by a re-introduction of the epoxy groups. The de-epoxidation reaction takes place in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane and thus, depends on the nature, three dimensional structure and function of the thylakoid lipids. As the xanthophyll cycle pigments are usually associated with the photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins, structural re-arrangements of the proteins and changes in the protein-lipid interactions play an additional role for the operation of the xanthophyll cycles. In the present review we give an introduction to the lipid and fatty acid composition of thylakoid membranes of higher plants and algae. We introduce the readers to the reaction sequences, enzymes and function of the different xanthophyll cycles. The main focus of the review lies on the lipid dependence of xanthophyll cycling. We summarize the current knowledge about the role of lipids in the solubilization of xanthophyll cycle pigments. We address the importance of the three-dimensional lipid structures for the enzymatic xanthophyll conversion, with a special focus on non-bilayer lipid phases which are formed by the main thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. We additionally describe how lipids and light-harvesting complexes interact in the thylakoid membrane and how these interactions can affect the structure of the thylakoids. In a dedicated chapter we offer a short overview of current membrane models, including the concept of membrane domains. We then use these concepts to present a model of the operative xanthophyll cycle as a transient thylakoid membrane domain which is formed during high light illumination of plants or algal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reimund Goss
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Espinoza-Corral R, Heinz S, Klingl A, Jahns P, Lehmann M, Meurer J, Nickelsen J, Soll J, Schwenkert S. Plastoglobular protein 18 is involved in chloroplast function and thylakoid formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3981-3993. [PMID: 30976809 PMCID: PMC6685665 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastoglobules are lipoprotein particles that are found in different types of plastids. They contain a very specific and specialized set of lipids and proteins. Plastoglobules are highly dynamic in size and shape, and are therefore thought to participate in adaptation processes during either abiotic or biotic stresses or transitions between developmental stages. They are suggested to function in thylakoid biogenesis, isoprenoid metabolism, and chlorophyll degradation. While several plastoglobular proteins contain identifiable domains, others provide no structural clues to their function. In this study, we investigate the role of plastoglobular protein 18 (PG18), which is conserved from cyanobacteria to higher plants. Analysis of a PG18 loss-of-function mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that PG18 plays an important role in thylakoid formation; the loss of PG18 results in impaired accumulation, assembly, and function of thylakoid membrane complexes. Interestingly, the mutant accumulated less chlorophyll and carotenoids, whereas xanthophyll cycle pigments were increased. Accumulation of photosynthetic complexes is similarly affected in both a Synechocystis and an Arabidopsis PG18 mutant. However, the ultrastructure of cyanobacterial thylakoids is not compromised by the lack of PG18, probably due to its less complex architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Heinz
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the effects of ultraviolet radiation deprivation on Isochrysis galbana at high temperature. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
van Rooijen R, Harbinson J, Aarts MGM. Photosynthetic response to increased irradiance correlates to variation in transcriptional response of lipid-remodeling and heat-shock genes. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00069. [PMID: 31245733 PMCID: PMC6508758 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved several mechanisms for sensing increased irradiance, involving signal perception by photoreceptors (cryptochromes), and subsequent biochemical (reactive oxygen species, ROS) and metabolic clues to transmit the signals. This results in the increased expression of heat-shock response genes and of the transcription factor LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5, mediated by the cryptochrome photoreceptor 1, CRY1). Here, we show the existence of another response pathway in Arabidopsis. This pathway evokes the SPX1-mediated expression activation of the transcription factor PHR1 and leads to the expression of several galactolipid biosynthesis genes. Gene expression analysis of accessions Col-0, Ga-0, and Ts-1, showed activated expression of the SPX1/PHR1-mediated gene expression activation pathway acting on galactolipids biosynthesis genes in both Ga-0 and Col-0, but not in Ts-1. The activation of the SPX1/PHR1-mediated response pathway can be associated with lower photosynthesis efficiency in Ts-1, compared to Col-0 and Ga-0. Besides the accession-associated activation of the SPX1/PHR1-mediated response pathway, comparing gene expression in the accessions showed stronger activation of several heat responsive genes in Ga-0, and the opposite in Ts-1, when compared to Col-0, in line with the differences in their efficiency of photosynthesis. We conclude that natural variation in activation of both heat responsive genes and of galactolipids biosynthesis genes contribute to the variation in photosynthesis efficiency in response to irradiance increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne van Rooijen
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Cluster of Excellence on Plant ScienceHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. M. Aarts
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Eerden FJ, Melo MN, Frederix PWJM, Marrink SJ. Prediction of Thylakoid Lipid Binding Sites on Photosystem II. Biophys J 2018; 113:2669-2681. [PMID: 29262360 PMCID: PMC5770566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane has a unique lipid composition, consisting mostly of galactolipids. These thylakoid lipids have important roles in photosynthesis. Here, we investigate to what extent these lipids bind specifically to the Photosystem II complex. To this end, we performed coarse-grain MD simulations of the Photosystem II complex embedded in a thylakoid membrane with realistic composition. Based on >85 μs simulation time, we find that monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol lipids are enriched in the annular shell around the protein, and form distinct binding sites. From the analysis of residue contacts, we conclude that electrostatic interactions play an important role in stabilizing these binding sites. Furthermore, we find that chlorophyll a has a prevalent role in the coordination of the lipids. In addition, we observe lipids to diffuse in and out of the plastoquinone exchange cavities, allowing exchange of cocrystallized lipids with the bulk membrane and suggesting a more open nature of the plastoquinone exchange cavity. Together, our data provide a wealth of information on protein-lipid interactions for a key protein in photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris J Van Eerden
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pim W J M Frederix
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Flori S, Jouneau PH, Bailleul B, Gallet B, Estrozi LF, Moriscot C, Bastien O, Eicke S, Schober A, Bártulos CR, Maréchal E, Kroth PG, Petroutsos D, Zeeman S, Breyton C, Schoehn G, Falconet D, Finazzi G. Plastid thylakoid architecture optimizes photosynthesis in diatoms. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28631733 PMCID: PMC5481826 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a unique process that allows independent colonization of the land by plants and of the oceans by phytoplankton. Although the photosynthesis process is well understood in plants, we are still unlocking the mechanisms evolved by phytoplankton to achieve extremely efficient photosynthesis. Here, we combine biochemical, structural and in vivo physiological studies to unravel the structure of the plastid in diatoms, prominent marine eukaryotes. Biochemical and immunolocalization analyses reveal segregation of photosynthetic complexes in the loosely stacked thylakoid membranes typical of diatoms. Separation of photosystems within subdomains minimizes their physical contacts, as required for improved light utilization. Chloroplast 3D reconstruction and in vivo spectroscopy show that these subdomains are interconnected, ensuring fast equilibration of electron carriers for efficient optimum photosynthesis. Thus, diatoms and plants have converged towards a similar functional distribution of the photosystems although via different thylakoid architectures, which likely evolved independently in the land and the ocean. Phytoplankton and plant plastids have distinct evolutionary origins and membrane organization. Here Flori et al. show that diatom photosynthetic complexes spatially segregate into interconnected subdomains within loose thylakoid stacks enabling fast diffusion of electron carriers and efficient photosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Flori
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Jouneau
- Laboratoire d'Etudes des Matériaux par Microscopie Avancée, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, Service de Physique des Matériaux et Microstructures, CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR 7141, CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Gallet
- CNRS, UMR 5075 CNRS, CEA, UGA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leandro F Estrozi
- CNRS, UMR 5075 CNRS, CEA, UGA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Moriscot
- CNRS, UMR 5075 CNRS, CEA, UGA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Simona Eicke
- Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schober
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Eric Maréchal
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter G Kroth
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Zeeman
- Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Breyton
- CNRS, UMR 5075 CNRS, CEA, UGA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- CNRS, UMR 5075 CNRS, CEA, UGA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dueñas ME, Klein AT, Alexander LE, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Nikolau BJ, Lee YJ. High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging reveals the genetically programmed, developmental modification of the distribution of thylakoid membrane lipids among individual cells of maize leaf. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:825-838. [PMID: 27859865 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism in plants is compartmentalized among different tissues, cells and subcellular organelles. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has recently advanced to allow for the visualization of metabolites at single-cell resolution. Here we applied 5- and 10 μm high spatial resolution MALDI-MSI to the asymmetric Kranz anatomy of Zea mays (maize) leaves to study the differential localization of two major anionic lipids in thylakoid membranes, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerols (PG). The quantification and localization of SQDG and PG molecular species, among mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, are compared across the leaf developmental gradient from four maize genotypes (the inbreds B73 and Mo17, and the reciprocal hybrids B73 × Mo17 and Mo17 × B73). SQDG species are uniformly distributed in both photosynthetic cell types, regardless of leaf development or genotype; however, PG shows photosynthetic cell-specific differential localization depending on the genotype and the fatty acyl chain constituent. Overall, 16:1-containing PGs primarily contribute to the thylakoid membranes of M cells, whereas BS chloroplasts are mostly composed of 16:0-containing PGs. Furthermore, PG 32:0 shows genotype-specific differences in cellular distribution, with preferential localization in BS cells for B73, but more uniform distribution between BS and M cells in Mo17. Maternal inheritance is exhibited within the hybrids, such that the localization of PG 32:0 in B73 × Mo17 is similar to the distribution in the B73 parental inbred, whereas that of Mo17 × B73 resembles the Mo17 parent. This study demonstrates the power of MALDI-MSI to reveal unprecedented insights on metabolic outcomes in multicellular organisms at single-cell resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adam T Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Liza E Alexander
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Marna D Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Basil J Nikolau
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leisso RS, Gapper NE, Mattheis JP, Sullivan NL, Watkins CB, Giovannoni JJ, Schaffer RJ, Johnston JW, Hanrahan I, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Rudell DR. Gene expression and metabolism preceding soft scald, a chilling injury of 'Honeycrisp' apple fruit. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:798. [PMID: 27733113 PMCID: PMC5062943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Honeycrisp' is an apple cultivar that is susceptible to soft scald, a chilling injury expressed as necrotic patches on the peel. Improved understanding of metabolism associated with the disorder would improve our understanding of soft scald and contribute to developing more effective management strategies for apple storage. It was expected that specific gene expression and specific metabolite levels in the peel would be linked with soft scald risk at harvest and/or specific time points during cold storage. RESULTS Fruit from nine 'Honeycrisp' apple orchards that would eventually develop different incidences of soft scald between 4 and 8 weeks of cold air storage were used to contrast and determine differential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes during storage. Untargeted metabolic profiling revealed changes in a number of distinct pathways preceding and concurrent with soft scald symptom development, including elevated γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA), 1-hexanol, acylated steryl glycosides, and free p-coumaryl acyl esters. At harvest, levels of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid acyl esters were relatively higher in peel of fruit that did not later develop the disorder. RNA-seq driven gene expression profiling highlighted possible involvement of genes and associated metabolic processes with soft scald development. These included elevated expression of genes involved in lipid peroxidation and phenolic metabolism in fruit with soft scald, and isoprenoid/brassinosteroid metabolism in fruit that did not develop soft scald. Expression of other stress-related genes in fruit that developed soft scald included chlorophyll catabolism, cell wall loosening, and lipid transport while superoxide dismutases were up-regulated in fruit that did not develop the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates the sequential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes preceding soft scald symptom development. Changes were differential depending on susceptibility of fruit to the disorder and could be attributed to key stress related and mediating pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Leisso
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- AgroFresh Solutions Inc. 130 Technology Center Way Wenatchee, Wenatchee, WA 98801, WA, USA
| | - James P Mattheis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nathanael L Sullivan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B Watkins
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason W Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Rudell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kobayashi K. Role of membrane glycerolipids in photosynthesis, thylakoid biogenesis and chloroplast development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:565-580. [PMID: 27114097 PMCID: PMC5897459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacterial cells is predominantly composed of four unique lipid classes; monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). MGDG and DGDG are uncharged galactolipids that constitute the bulk of thylakoid membrane lipids and provide a lipid bilayer matrix for photosynthetic complexes as the main constituents. The glycolipid SQDG and phospholipid PG are anionic lipids with a negative charge on their head groups. SQDG and PG substitute for each other to maintain the amount of total anionic lipids in the thylakoid membrane, with PG having indispensable functions in photosynthesis. In addition to biochemical studies, extensive analyses of mutants deficient in thylakoid lipids have revealed important roles of these lipids in photosynthesis and thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Moreover, recent studies of Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that thylakoid lipid biosynthesis triggers the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes in both the nucleus and plastids and activates the formation of photosynthetic machineries and chloroplast development. Meanwhile, galactolipid biosynthesis is regulated in response to chloroplast functionality and lipid metabolism at transcriptional and post-translational levels. This review summarizes the roles of thylakoid lipids with their biosynthetic pathways in plants and discusses the coordinated regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis with the development of photosynthetic machinery during chloroplast biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoyo J, Guaus E, Torrent-Burgués J. Influence of membrane galactolipids and surface pressure on plastoquinone behaviour. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 111:123-30. [PMID: 27317998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work biomimetic monolayers of a MGDG, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and DGDG, digalactosyldiacylglycerol mixture (MD), in a ratio close to that of the thylakoid membranes of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, have been prepared. The lipid mixture incorporates plastoquinone-9 (PQ), that is the electron and proton shuttle of the photosynthetic reaction centres. The MD:PQ mixtures have been firstly studied using surface pressure-area isotherms. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of those mixtures have been transferred onto a substrate forming a monolayer that mimics one of the bilayer sides of the thylakoid membranes. These monolayers have been characterized topographically and electrochemically. The results show the influence of PQ in the MD matrix and its partial expulsion when increasing the surface pressure, obtaining two main PQ positions in the MD matrix. The calculated apparent electron transfer rate constants indicate a different kinetic control for the reduction and the oxidation of the PQ/PQH2 couple, being kRapp(I)=0.7·10(-6)s(-1), kRapp(II)=2.2·10(-9)s(-1), kOapp(I)=7.4·10(-4)s(-1) and kOapp(II)=5.2·10(-5)s(-1), respectively. The comparison of the different galactolipid:PQ systems that our group has studied is also presented, concluding that the PQ position in the galactolipid matrix can be tuned according to several controlled variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hoyo
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Dpt. Chemical Engineering, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Guaus
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Dpt. Chemical Engineering, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Torrent-Burgués
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Dpt. Chemical Engineering, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hori K, Nobusawa T, Watanabe T, Madoka Y, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Tangled evolutionary processes with commonality and diversity in plastidial glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1294-1308. [PMID: 27108062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, the photosynthetic membrane constitutes a scaffold for light-harvesting complexes and photosynthetic reaction centers. Three kinds of glycolipids, namely monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, constitute approximately 80-90% of photosynthetic membrane lipids and are well conserved from tiny cyanobacteria to the leaves of huge trees. These glycolipids perform a wide variety of functions beyond biological membrane formation. In particular, the capability of adaptation to harsh environments through regulation of membrane glycolipid composition is essential for healthy growth and development of photosynthetic organisms. The genome analysis and functional genetics of the model seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana have yielded many new findings concerning the biosynthesis, regulation, and functions of glycolipids. Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified how the complex biosynthetic pathways and well-organized functions of glycolipids evolved in early and primitive photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, to yield modern photosynthetic organisms like land plants. Recently, genome data for many photosynthetic organisms have been made available as the fruit of the rapid development of sequencing technology. We also have reported the draft genome sequence of the charophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum, which is an intermediate organism between green algae and land plants. Here, we performed a comprehensive phylogenic analysis of glycolipid biosynthesis genes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms including K. flaccidum. Based on the results together with membrane lipid analysis of this alga, we discuss the evolution of glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hori
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Takashi Nobusawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Tei Watanabe
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Madoka
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan; Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wacker A, Piepho M, Harwood JL, Guschina IA, Arts MT. Light-Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles of Specific Lipid Classes in Several Freshwater Phytoplankton Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:264. [PMID: 27014290 PMCID: PMC4792871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We tested the influence of two light intensities [40 and 300 μmol PAR / (m(2)s)] on the fatty acid composition of three distinct lipid classes in four freshwater phytoplankton species. We chose species of different taxonomic classes in order to detect potentially similar reaction characteristics that might also be present in natural phytoplankton communities. From samples of the bacillariophyte Asterionella formosa, the chrysophyte Chromulina sp., the cryptophyte Cryptomonas ovata and the zygnematophyte Cosmarium botrytis we first separated glycolipids (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol), phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine) as well as non-polar lipids (triacylglycerols), before analyzing the fatty acid composition of each lipid class. High variation in the fatty acid composition existed among different species. Individual fatty acid compositions differed in their reaction to changing light intensities in the four species. Although no generalizations could be made for species across taxonomic classes, individual species showed clear but small responses in their ecologically-relevant omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in terms of proportions and of per tissue carbon quotas. Knowledge on how lipids like fatty acids change with environmental or culture conditions is of great interest in ecological food web studies, aquaculture, and biotechnology, since algal lipids are the most important sources of omega-3 long-chain PUFA for aquatic and terrestrial consumers, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wacker
- Theoretical Aquatic Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Wacker
| | - Maike Piepho
- Department for Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael T. Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacterial cells and chloroplasts of algae and higher plants are the sites of oxygenic photosynthesis. The lipid composition of the thylakoid membrane is unique and highly conserved among oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Major lipids in thylakoid membranes are glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol. The identification of almost all genes involved in the biosynthesis of each lipid class over the past decade has allowed the generation and isolation of mutants of various photosynthetic organisms incapable of synthesizing specific lipids. Numerous studies using such mutants have revealed that these lipids play important roles not only in the formation of the lipid bilayers of thylakoid membranes but also in the folding and assembly of the protein subunits in photosynthetic complexes. In addition to the studies with the mutants, recent X-ray crystallography studies of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes have also provided critical information on the association of lipids with photosynthetic complexes and their activities. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding about the structural and functional involvement of thylakoid lipids in oxygenic photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kobayashi K, Endo K, Wada H. Multiple Impacts of Loss of Plastidic Phosphatidylglycerol Biosynthesis on Photosynthesis during Seedling Growth of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:336. [PMID: 27047516 PMCID: PMC4800280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts. Although PG accounts only for ~10% of total thylakoid lipids, it plays indispensable roles in oxygenic photosynthesis. In contrast to the comprehensive analyses of PG-deprived mutants in cyanobacteria, in vivo roles of PG in photosynthesis during plant growth remain elusive. In this study, we characterized the photosynthesis of an Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertional mutant (pgp1-2), which lacks plastidic PG biosynthesis. In the pgp1-2 mutant, energy transfer from antenna pigments to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center was severely impaired, which resulted in low photochemical efficiency of PSII. Unlike in the wild type, in pgp1-2, the PSII complexes were susceptible to photodamage by red light irradiation. Manganese ions were mostly dissociated from protein systems in pgp1-2, with oxygen-evolving activity of PSII absent in the mutant thylakoids. The oxygen-evolving complex may be disrupted in pgp1-2, which may accelerate the photodamage to PSII by red light. On the acceptor side of the mutant PSII, decreased electron-accepting capacity was observed along with impaired electron transfer. Although the reaction center of PSI was relatively active in pgp1-2 compared to the severe impairment in PSII, the cyclic electron transport was dysfunctional. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis at 77K revealed that PG may not be needed for the self-organization of the macromolecular protein network in grana thylakoids but is essential for the assembly of antenna-reaction center complexes. Our data clearly show that thylakoid glycolipids cannot substitute for the role of PG in photosynthesis during plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hajime Wada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garab G, Ughy B, Goss R. Role of MGDG and Non-bilayer Lipid Phases in the Structure and Dynamics of Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes. Subcell Biochem 2016; 86:127-57. [PMID: 27023234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we focus our attention on the enigmatic structural and functional roles of the major, non-bilayer lipid monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) in the thylakoid membrane. We give an overview on the state of the art on the role of MGDG and non-bilayer lipid phases in the xanthophyll cycles in different organisms. We also discuss data on the roles of MGDG and other lipid molecules found in crystal structures of different photosynthetic protein complexes and in lipid-protein assemblies, as well as in the self-assembly of the multilamellar membrane system. Comparison and critical evaluation of different membrane models--that take into account and capitalize on the special properties of non-bilayer lipids and/or non-bilayer lipid phases, and thus to smaller or larger extents deviate from the 'standard' Singer-Nicolson model--will conclude this review. With this chapter the authors hope to further stimulate the discussion about, what we think, is perhaps the most exciting question of membrane biophysics: the why and wherefore of non-bilayer lipids and lipid phases in, or in association with, bilayer biological membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Győző Garab
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Reimund Goss
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rühle T, Leister D. Photosystem II Assembly from Scratch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1234. [PMID: 26793213 PMCID: PMC4709462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunich, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dario Leister
| |
Collapse
|