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Garza-Garcia JJO, Qu Y. Chemical, pharmacological properties and biosynthesis of opioid mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom). CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102600. [PMID: 39002353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Mitragynine, an alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), shows promise as a potential alternative to opioids owing to its distinctive indole alkaloid structure and its capacity for pain relief, alleviation of opioid withdrawal symptoms, and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently the intricate process of mitragynine biosynthesis from the precursor strictosidine was elucidated, providing insights into the complex pathways responsible for synthesizing this opioid compound and its related diastereomers. As the search continues for the authentic hydroxylase and methyltransferase crucial for mitragynine formation, leveraging enzymes from other species and exploiting enzyme promiscuity has facilitated heterologous mitragynine biosynthesis in microbes. This highlights the extraordinary flexibility of enzymes in generating a spectrum of variations and analogs of kratom opioids within alternative biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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2
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Geissler M, Neubauer C, Sheludko YV, Brückner A, Warzecha H. Nepeta cataria L. (catnip) can serve as a chassis for the engineering of secondary metabolic pathways. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:843-850. [PMID: 38717662 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of Nepeta cataria as a host with specific endogenous metabolite background for transient expression and metabolic engineering of secondary biosynthetic sequences. RESULTS The reporter gene gfp::licBM3 as well as three biosynthetic genes leading to the formation of the cannabinoid precursor olivetolic acid were adopted to the modular cloning standard GoldenBraid, transiently expressed in two chemotypes of N. cataria and compared to Nicotiana benthamiana. To estimate the expression efficiency in both hosts, quantification of the reporter activity was carried out with a sensitive and specific lichenase assay. While N. benthamiana exhibited lichenase activity of 676 ± 94 μmol g-1 s-1, N. cataria cultivar '1000', and the cultivar 'Citriodora' showed an activity of 37 ± 8 μmol g-1 s-1 and 18 ± 4 μmol g-1 s-1, respectively. Further, combinatorial expression of genes involved in cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway acyl-activating enzyme 1 (aae1), olivetol synthase (ols) and olivetolic acid cyclase (oac) in N. cataria cv. resulted presumably in the in vivo production of olivetolic acid glycosides. CONCLUSION Nepeta cataria is amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and could serve as a novel chassis for the engineering of secondary metabolic pathways and transient evaluation of heterologous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Geissler
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Neubauer
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yuriy V Sheludko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Brückner
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Invizyne Technologies Inc, 750 Royal Oaks Drive, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Lezin E, Carqueijeiro I, Cuello C, Durand M, Jansen HJ, Vergès V, Birer Williams C, Oudin A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Petrignet J, Celton N, St-Pierre B, Papon N, Sun C, Dirks RP, O'Connor SE, Jensen MK, Besseau S, Courdavault V. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Rauvolfia tetraphylla facilitates identification of the complete ajmaline biosynthetic pathway. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100784. [PMID: 38155576 PMCID: PMC11009098 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lezin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Clément Cuello
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Hans J Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Valentin Vergès
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Audrey Oudin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Julien Petrignet
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA, EA 7502), Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Noémie Celton
- Laboratoire de Cytogénetique Constitutionnelle, CHRU de Tours - Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- University Angers, University Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 2800, China
| | - Chao Sun
- University Angers, University Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 2800, China
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ellen O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Krogh Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 100193 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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Guo J, Gao D, Lian J, Qu Y. De novo biosynthesis of antiarrhythmic alkaloid ajmaline. Nat Commun 2024; 15:457. [PMID: 38212296 PMCID: PMC10784492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The antiarrhythmic drug ajmaline is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) isolated from the Ayurvedic plant Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot). Research into the biosynthesis of ajmaline and another renowned MIA chemotherapeutic drug vinblastine has yielded pivotal advancements in the fields of plant specialized metabolism and engineering over recent decades. While the majority of vinblastine biosynthesis has been recently elucidated, the quest for comprehending ajmaline biosynthesis remains incomplete, marked by the absence of two critical enzymes. Here, we show the discovery and characterization of these two elusive reductases, alongside the identification of two physiologically relevant esterases that complete the biosynthesis of ajmaline. We show that ajmaline biosynthesis proceeds with vomilenine 1,2(R)-reduction followed by its 19,20(S)-reduction. This process is further modulated by two root-expressing esterases that deacetylate 17-O-acetylnorajmaline. Expanding upon the successful completion of the ajmaline biosynthetic pathway, we engineer the de novo biosynthesis of ajmaline in Baker's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Di Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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Guedes JG, Ribeiro R, Carqueijeiro I, Guimarães AL, Bispo C, Archer J, Azevedo H, Fonseca NA, Sottomayor M. The leaf idioblastome of the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus is associated with stress resistance and alkaloid metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:274-299. [PMID: 37804484 PMCID: PMC10735432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus leaves produce a range of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) that include low levels of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. The MIA pathway displays a complex architecture spanning different subcellular and cell type localizations, and is under complex regulation. As a result, the development of strategies to increase the levels of the anticancer MIAs has remained elusive. The pathway involves mesophyll specialized idioblasts where the late unsolved biosynthetic steps are thought to occur. Here, protoplasts of C. roseus leaf idioblasts were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their differential alkaloid and transcriptomic profiles were characterized. This involved the assembly of an improved C. roseus transcriptome from short- and long-read data, IDIO+. It was observed that C. roseus mesophyll idioblasts possess a distinctive transcriptomic profile associated with protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, and indicative that this cell type is a carbon sink, in contrast to surrounding mesophyll cells. Moreover, it is shown that idioblasts are a hotspot of alkaloid accumulation, suggesting that their transcriptome may hold the key to the in-depth understanding of the MIA pathway and the success of strategies leading to higher levels of the anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana G Guedes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rogério Ribeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Bispo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - John Archer
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mariana Sottomayor
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Langley C, Tatsis E, Hong B, Nakamura Y, Paetz C, Stevenson CEM, Basquin J, Lawson DM, Caputi L, O'Connor SE. Expansion of the Catalytic Repertoire of Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Plant Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210934. [PMID: 36198083 PMCID: PMC9828224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) comprise a highly conserved enzyme family that catalyse the reversible reduction of aldehydes. However, recent discoveries in plant natural product biosynthesis suggest that the catalytic repertoire of ADHs has been expanded. Here we report the crystal structure of dihydroprecondylocarpine acetate synthase (DPAS), an ADH that catalyses the non-canonical 1,4-reduction of an α,β-unsaturated iminium moiety. Comparison with structures of plant-derived ADHs suggest the 1,4-iminium reduction does not require a proton relay or the presence of a catalytic zinc ion in contrast to canonical 1,2-aldehyde reducing ADHs that require the catalytic zinc and a proton relay. Furthermore, ADHs that catalysed 1,2-iminium reduction required the presence of the catalytic zinc and the loss of the proton relay. This suggests how the ADH active site can be modified to perform atypical carbonyl reductions, providing insight into how chemical reactions are diversified in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Langley
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Evangelos Tatsis
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology300 Feng Lin RoadShanghai200032China
| | - Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany,Research Group Biosynthesis and NMRMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis and NMRMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Clare E. M. Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jerome Basquin
- Department of Structural Cell BiologyMax-Planck Institute for BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried82152PlaneggGermany
| | - David M. Lawson
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll Straße 8Jena07745Germany
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Kumar S, Kumari D, Singh B. Genus Rauvolfia: A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control/quality assurance, pharmacological activities and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115327. [PMID: 35504505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plants are from the genus Rauvolfia Plum. ex L. (Apocynaceae), which is represented by 74 species with many synonyms, and distributed worldwide, especially in the Asian, and African continents. Traditionally, some of them are used for the treatment of various disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and as an antidote due to the presence of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as ajmaline (144), ajmalicine (164) serpentine (182), yohimbine (190) and reserpine (214). AIM The present review provides comprehensive summarization and critical analysis of the traditional to modern applications of Rauvolfia species, and the major focus was to include traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological properties, as well as clinical evidence that may be useful in the drug discovery process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to traditional uses, chemical constituents, separation techniques/analytical methods, and pharmacological properties of the genus Rauvolfia were obtained using electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, PubMed, PubChem, ChemSpider, and Google Scholar between the years 1949-2021. The scientific name of the species and its synonyms were checked with the information of The Plant List. RESULTS A total of seventeen Rauvolfia species have been traditionally explored for various therapeutic applications, out of which the roots of R. serpentina and R. vomitoria are used most commonly for the treatment of many diseases. About 287 alkaloids, seven terpenoids, nine flavonoids, and four phenolic acids have been reported in different parts of the forty-three species. Quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) of extracts/herbal formulations of Rauvolfia species was analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods based on the major MIAs such as compounds 144, 164, 182, 190, and 214 using HPTLC, HPLC, and HPLC-MS. The various extracts of different plant parts of thirteen Rauvolfia species are explored for their pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, antitrypanosomal, antipsychotic, cardioprotective, cholinesterase inhibitory, and hepatoprotective. Of which, clinical trials of herbal formulations/extracts of R. serpentina and MIAs have been reported for CVD, CNS, antihypertensive therapy, antidiabetic effects, and psoriasis therapy, while the extracts and phytoconstituents of remaining Rauvolfia species are predominantly significant, owning them to be additional attention for further investigation under clinical trials and QC/QA. CONCLUSION The present communication has provided a comprehensive, systematic, and critically analyzed vision into the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and modern therapeutic applications of the genus Rauvolfia are validated by scientific evidence. In addition, different plant parts from this genus, especially raw and finished herbal products of the roots of R. serpentina have been demonstrated for the QC/QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Ma. Kanshiram Government Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad, 209602, India; Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (CSJM) Kanpur, Kalyanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cheng L, Wang D, Wang Y, Xue H, Zhang F. An integrative overview of physiological and proteomic changes of cytokinin-induced potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber development in vitro. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:675-693. [PMID: 31343748 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potato tuberization is a complicated biological process regulated by multiple phytohormones, in particular cytokinins (CKs). The information available on the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development by CKs remains largely unclear. Physiological results initially indicated that low 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration (3 mg l-1 ) advanced the tuberization beginning time and promoted tuber formation. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to investigate the proteome change of tuber development by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in vitro, subjected to exogenous BAP treatments (0, 3, 6 and 13 mg l-1 ). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 83 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>2.5-fold, P < 0.05), and 55 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Among these proteins, 22 proteins exhibited up-regulation with the increase of exogenous BAP concentration, and 31 proteins were upregulated at 3 mg l-1 BAP whereas being downregulated at higher BAP concentrations. These proteins were involved in metabolism and bioenergy, storage, redox homeostasis, cell defense and rescue, transcription and translation, chaperones, signaling and transport. The favorable effects of low BAP concentrations on tuber development were found in various cellular processes, mainly including the stimulation of starch and storage protein accumulation, the enhancement of the glycolysis pathway and ATP synthesis, the cellular homeostasis maintenance, the activation of pathogen defense, the higher efficiency of transcription and translation, as well as the enhanced metabolite transport. However, higher BAP concentration, especially 13 mg l-1 , showed disadvantageous effects. The proposed hypothetical model would explain the interaction of these proteins associated with CK-induced tuber development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Cheng
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Liu J, Xu C, Zhang H, Liu F, Ma D, Liu Z. Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis for Gene Mining and Identification of a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Involved in Methyleugenol Biosynthesis from Asarum sieboldii Miq. Molecules 2018; 23:E3184. [PMID: 30513938 PMCID: PMC6321292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Asarum sieboldii Miq., one of the three original plants of TCM ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA, is a perennial herb distributed in central and eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. Methyleugenol has been considered as the most important constituent of Asarum volatile oil, meanwhile asarinin is also employed as the quality control standard of ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA in Chinese Pharmacopeia. They both have shown wide range of biological activities. However, little was known about genes involved in biosynthesis pathways of either methyleugenol or asarinin in Asarum plants. In the present study, we performed de novo transcriptome analysis of plant tissues (e.g., roots, rhizomes, and leaves) at different developmental stages. The sequence assembly resulted in 311,597 transcripts from these plant materials, among which 925 transcripts participated in 'secondary metabolism' with particularly up to 20.22% of them falling into phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. The corresponding enzymes belong to seven families potentially encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and eugenol synthase (EGS). Moreover, 5 unigenes of DIR (dirigent protein) and 11 unigenes of CYP719A (719A subfamily of cytochrome P450 oxygenases) were speculated to be involved in asarinin pathway. Of the 15 candidate CADs, four unigenes that possessed high FPKM (fragments per transcript kilobase per million fragments mapped) value in roots were cloned and characterized. Only the recombinant AsCAD5 protein efficiently converted p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which are key intermediates employed not only in biosynthesis of lignin but also in that of methyleugenol and asarinin. qRT-PCR revealed that AsCAD5 had a high expression level in roots at three developmental stages. Our study will provide insight into the potential application of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering for improving the quality of TCM ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Jiusan administration of Heilongjiang farms & land reclamation, Harbin 161441, China.
| | - Fawang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Ma D, Xu C, Alejos-Gonzalez F, Wang H, Yang J, Judd R, Xie DY. Overexpression of Artemisia annua Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Increases Lignin and Coumarin and Reduces Artemisinin and Other Sesquiterpenes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 29971081 PMCID: PMC6018409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is the only medicinal crop that produces artemisinin for malarial treatment. Herein, we describe the cloning of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (AaCAD) from an inbred self-pollinating (SP) A. annua cultivar and its effects on lignin and artemisinin production. A recombinant AaCAD was purified via heterogeneous expression. Enzyme assays showed that the recombinant AaCAD converted p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which are key intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of lignin. Km, Vmax, and Vmax/Km values were calculated for all three substrates. To characterize its function in planta, AaCAD was overexpressed in SP plants. Quantification using acetyl bromide (AcBr) showed significantly higher lignin contents in transgenics compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, GC-MS-based profiling revealed a significant increase in coumarin contents in transgenic plants. By contrast, HPLC-MS analysis showed significantly reduced artemisinin contents in transgenics compared with WT plants. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed a decrease in the contents of arteannuin B and six other sesquiterpenes in transgenic plants. Confocal microscopy analysis showed the cytosolic localization of AaCAD. These data demonstrate that AaCAD plays a dual pathway function in the cytosol, in which it positively enhances lignin formation but negatively controls artemisinin formation. Based on these data, crosstalk between these two pathways mediated by AaCAD catalysis is discussed to understand the metabolic control of artemisinin biosynthesis in plants for high production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rika Judd
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: De-Yu Xie,
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Dang TT, Franke J, Tatsis E, O'Connor SE. Dual Catalytic Activity of a Cytochrome P450 Controls Bifurcation at a Metabolic Branch Point of Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Rauwolfia serpentina. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9440-9444. [PMID: 28654178 PMCID: PMC5582599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants create tremendous chemical diversity from a single biosynthetic intermediate. In plant-derived ajmalan alkaloid pathways, the biosynthetic intermediate vomilenine can be transformed into the anti-arrhythmic compound ajmaline, or alternatively, can isomerize to form perakine, an alkaloid with a structurally distinct scaffold. Here we report the discovery and characterization of vinorine hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that hydroxylates vinorine to form vomilenine, which was found to exist as a mixture of rapidly interconverting epimers. Surprisingly, this cytochrome P450 also catalyzes the non-oxidative isomerization of the ajmaline precursor vomilenine to perakine. This unusual dual catalytic activity of vinorine hydroxylase thereby provides a control mechanism for the bifurcation of these alkaloid pathway branches. This discovery highlights the unusual catalytic functionality that has evolved in plant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu‐Thuy T. Dang
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichUK
| | - Jakob Franke
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichUK
| | - Evangelos Tatsis
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichUK
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichUK
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Dang TTT, Franke J, Tatsis E, O'Connor SE. Dual Catalytic Activity of a Cytochrome P450 Controls Bifurcation at a Metabolic Branch Point of Alkaloid Biosynthesis inRauwolfia serpentina. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy T. Dang
- Department of Biological Chemistry; John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
| | - Jakob Franke
- Department of Biological Chemistry; John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
| | - Evangelos Tatsis
- Department of Biological Chemistry; John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry; John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Sivakumar
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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