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Hao DL, Zhou JY, Huang YN, Wang HR, Li XH, Guo HL, Liu JX. Roles of plastid-located phosphate transporters in carotenoid accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059536. [PMID: 36589064 PMCID: PMC9798012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced carotenoid accumulation in plants is crucial for the nutritional and health demands of the human body since these beneficial substances are acquired through dietary intake. Plastids are the major organelles to accumulate carotenoids in plants and it is reported that manipulation of a single plastid phosphate transporter gene enhances carotenoid accumulation. Amongst all phosphate transport proteins including phosphate transporters (PHTs), plastidial phosphate translocators (pPTs), PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1), vacuolar phosphate efflux transporter (VPE), and Sulfate transporter [SULTR]-like phosphorus distribution transporter (SPDT) in plants, plastidic PHTs (PHT2 & PHT4) are found as the only clade that is plastid located, and manipulation of which affects carotenoid accumulation. Manipulation of a single chromoplast PHT (PHT4;2) enhances carotenoid accumulation, whereas manipulation of a single chloroplast PHT has no impact on carotenoid accumulation. The underlying mechanism is mainly attributed to their different effects on plastid orthophosphate (Pi) concentration. PHT4;2 is the only chromoplast Pi efflux transporter, and manipulating this single chromoplast PHT significantly regulates chromoplast Pi concentration. This variation subsequently modulates the carotenoid accumulation by affecting the supply of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a substrate for carotenoid biosynthesis, by modulating the transcript abundances of carotenoid biosynthesis limited enzyme genes, and by regulating chromoplast biogenesis (facilitating carotenoid storage). However, at least five orthophosphate influx PHTs are identified in the chloroplast, and manipulating one of the five does not substantially modulate the chloroplast Pi concentration in a long term due to their functional redundancy. This stable chloroplast Pi concentration upon one chloroplast PHT absence, therefore, is unable to modulate Pi-involved carotenoid accumulation processes and finally does affect carotenoid accumulation in photosynthetic tissues. Despite these advances, several cases including the precise location of plastid PHTs, the phosphate transport direction mediated by these plastid PHTs, the plastid PHTs participating in carotenoid accumulation signal pathway, the potential roles of these plastid PHTs in leaf carotenoid accumulation, and the roles of these plastid PHTs in other secondary metabolites are waiting for further research. The clarification of the above-mentioned cases is beneficial for breeding high-carotenoid accumulation plants (either in photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic edible parts of plants) through the gene engineering of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Hao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhou
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, China
| | - Ya-Nan Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Guo
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Liu
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
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Kim I, Kim HU. The mysterious role of fibrillin in plastid metabolism: current advances in understanding. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2751-2764. [PMID: 35560204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillins (FBNs) are a family of genes in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The proteins they encode possess a lipid-binding motif, exist in various types of plastids, and are associated with lipid bodies called plastoglobules, implicating them in lipid metabolism. FBNs present in the thylakoid and stroma are involved in the storage, transport, and synthesis of lipid molecules for photoprotective functions against high-light stress. In this review, the diversity of subplastid locations in the evolution of FBNs, regulation of FBNs expression by various stresses, and the role of FBNs in plastid lipid metabolism are comprehensively summarized and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Karniel U, Adler Berke N, Mann V, Hirschberg J. Perturbations in the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Tomato Fruit Reactivate the Leaf-Specific Phytoene Synthase 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844748. [PMID: 35283915 PMCID: PMC8914173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the red carotenoid pigment lycopene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit is achieved by increased carotenoid synthesis during ripening. The first committed step that determines the flux in the carotenoid pathway is the synthesis of phytoene catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY). Tomato has three PSY genes that are differentially expressed. PSY1 is exclusively expressed in fruits, while PSY2 mostly functions in green tissues. It has been established that PSY1 is mostly responsible for phytoene synthesis in fruits. Although PSY2 is found in the chromoplasts, it is inactive because loss-of-function mutations in PSY1 in the locus yellow flesh (r) eliminate carotenoid biosynthesis in the fruit. Here we demonstrate that specific perturbations of carotenoid biosynthesis downstream to phytoene prior and during the transition from chloroplast to chromoplast cause the recovery of phytoene synthesis in yellow flesh (r) fruits without significant transcriptional changes of PSY1 and PSY2. The recovery of carotenoid biosynthesis was abolished when the expression of PSY2 was silenced, indicating that the perturbations of carotenoid biosynthesis reactivated the chloroplast-specific PSY2 in fruit chromoplasts. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that PSY2 can function in fruit chromoplasts under certain conditions, possibly due to alterations in the plastidial sub-organelle organization that affect its association with the carotenoid biosynthesis metabolon. This finding provides a plausible molecular explanation to the epistasis of the mutation tangerine in the gene carotenoid isomerase over yellow flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lu S, Ye J, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Xu Q, Deng X. A Citrus Phosphate Starvation Response Factor CsPHL3 Negatively Regulates Carotenoid Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:482-493. [PMID: 33493291 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids provide precursors for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, which are a new class of hormones that are essential in phosphate (Pi) signaling during plant development. Carotenoid metabolism is a finely tuned pathway, but our understanding of the regulation mechanisms is still limited. In this study, we isolated a protein designated as CsPHL3 from citrus. CsPHL3 belonged to the Pi starvation response factor (PHR)-like subclade and was upregulated by low Pi. Acting as a nucleus-localized protein with transactivation activity, CsPHL3 bound directly to activate the promoter of a key metabolic gene, lycopene β-cyclase1 (LCYb1). Transgenic analysis revealed that the CsPHL3-overexpressing tomato plants exhibited abnormal growth, like the plants grew under limited Pi conditions. The transgenic lines showed reduced carotenoid contents and elevated expression of LCYb genes but downregulation of other key carotenogenic genes, including phytoene synthase (PSY). Moreover, CsPHL3 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and affected Pi signaling in the transgenic plants. We further demonstrated that the expression of PSY was negatively regulated by CsPHL3 and high Pi. It is concluded that CsPHL3 is a Pi starvation response factor that negatively regulates carotenoid metabolism by modulating the expression of carotenogenic genes. Establishment of the CsPHL3-CsLCYb1 network provides new valuable knowledge of the function and underlying mechanism of PHR transcription factors and expands our understanding of the complex regulation mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wen X, Heller A, Wang K, Han Q, Ni Y, Carle R, Schweiggert R. Carotenogenesis and chromoplast development during ripening of yellow, orange and red colored Physalis fruit. PLANTA 2020; 251:95. [PMID: 32274590 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of specific ultrastructural chromoplastidal elements during ripening of fruits of three different colored Physalis spp. is closely related to their distinct carotenoid profiles. The accumulation of color-determining carotenoids within the chromoplasts of ripening yellow, orange, and red fruit of Physalis pubescens L., Physalis peruviana L., and Physalis alkekengi L., respectively, was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) as well as light and transmission electron microscopy. Both yellow and orange fruit gradually accumulated mainly β-carotene and lutein esters at variable levels, explaining their different colors at full ripeness. Upon commencing β-carotene biosynthesis, large crystals appeared in their chromoplasts, while large filaments protruding from plastoglobules were characteristic elements of chromoplasts of orange fruit. In contrast to yellow and orange fruit, fully ripe red fruit contained almost no β-carotene, but esters of both β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at very high levels. Tubule bundles and unusual disc-like crystallites were predominant carotenoid-bearing elements in red fruit. Our study supports the earlier hypothesis that the predominant carotenoid type might shape the ultrastructural carotenoid deposition form, which is considered important for color, stability and bioavailability of the contained carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kunli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qianyun Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanying Ni
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80257, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Institute of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
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Yang J, Zhou J, Zhou HJ, Wang MM, Liu MM, Ke YZ, Li PF, Li JN, Du H. Global Survey and Expressions of the Phosphate Transporter Gene Families in Brassica napus and Their Roles in Phosphorus Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1752. [PMID: 32143436 PMCID: PMC7084545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) transporters play critical roles in Pi acquisition and homeostasis. However, currently little is known about these genes in oil crops. In this study, we aimed to characterize the five Pi transporter gene families (PHT1-5) in allotetraploid Brassica napus. We identified and characterized 81 putative PHT genes in B. napus (BnaPHTs), including 45 genes in PHT1 family (BnaPHT1s), four BnaPHT2s, 10 BnaPHT3s, 13 BnaPHT4s and nine BnaPHT5s. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the largest PHT1 family could be divided into two groups (Group I and II), while PHT4 may be classified into five, Groups I-V. Gene structure analysis revealed that the exon-intron pattern was conservative within the same family or group. The sequence characteristics of these five families were quite different, which may contribute to their functional divergence. Transcription factor (TF) binding network analyses identified many potential TF binding sites in the promoter regions of candidates, implying their possible regulating patterns. Collinearity analysis demonstrated that most BnaPHTs were derived from an allopolyploidization event (~40.7%) between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea ancestors, and small-scale segmental duplication events (~39.5%) in the descendant. RNA-Seq analyses proved that many BnaPHTs were preferentially expressed in leaf and flower tissues. The expression profiles of most colinearity-pairs in B. napus are highly correlated, implying functional redundancy, while a few pairs may have undergone neo-functionalization or sub-functionalization during evolution. The expression levels of many BnaPHTs tend to be up-regulated by different hormones inductions, especially for IAA, ABA and 6-BA treatments. qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that six BnaPHT1s (BnaPHT1.11, BnaPHT1.14, BnaPHT1.20, BnaPHT1.35, BnaPHT1.41, BnaPHT1.44) were significantly up-regulated under low- and/or rich- Pi conditions in B. napus roots. This work analyzes the evolution and expression of the PHT family in Brassica napus, which will help further research on their role in Pi transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hong-Jun Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mang-Mang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yun-Zhuo Ke
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Feng Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jia-Na Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); (M.-M.W.); (M.-M.L.); (Y.-Z.K.); (P.-F.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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