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Hu S, Chen Y, Qian C, Ren H, Liang X, Tao W, Chen Y, Wang J, Dong Y, Han J, Ouyang X, Huang X. Nuclear accumulation of rice UV-B photoreceptors is UV-B- and OsCOP1-independent for UV-B responses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6396. [PMID: 39080288 PMCID: PMC11289442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In plants, the conserved plant-specific photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) perceives ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light and mediates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation. In this study, we reveal that UV-B light treatment shortens seedlings, increases stem thickness, and enhances UV-B stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) via its two UV-B photoreceptors OsUVR8a and OsUVR8b. Although the rice and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) UVR8 (AtUVR8) photoreceptors all form monomers in response to UV-B light, OsUVR8a, and OsUVR8b function is only partially conserved with respect to AtUVR8 in UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation. UV-B light and CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) promote the nuclear accumulation of AtUVR8; by contrast, OsUVR8a and OsUVR8b constitutively localize to the nucleus via their own nuclear localization signals, independently of UV-B light and the RING-finger mutation of OsCOP1. We show that OsCOP1 negatively regulates UV-B responses, and shows weak interaction with OsUVR8s, which is ascribed to the N terminus of OsCOP1, which is conserved in several monocots. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis demonstrates that UV-B-responsive gene expression differs globally between Arabidopsis and rice, illuminating the evolutionary divergence of UV-B light signaling pathways between monocot and dicot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chongzhen Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiupan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Mmbando GS. The recent possible strategies for breeding ultraviolet-B-resistant crops. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27806. [PMID: 38509919 PMCID: PMC10950674 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of crops to ultraviolet B (UVB, 280-315 nm) radiation varies significantly. Plants' sensitivity to UVB is heavily influenced by the activity of the enzyme cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase, which fixes UVB-induced CPDs. Crops grown in tropical areas with high level of UVB radiation, like O. glaberrima from Africa and O. sativa ssp. indica rice from Bengal, are more sensitive to UVB radiation and could suffer more as a result of rising UVB levels on the earth's surface. Therefore, creating crops that can withstand high UVB is crucial in tropical regions. There is, however, little information on current techniques for breeding UVB-resistant plants. The most recent techniques for producing UVB-resistant crops are presented in this review. The use of DNA methylation, boosting the antioxidant system, regulating the expression of micro-RNA396, and overexpressing CPD photolyase in transgenic plants are some of the methods that are discussed. CPD photolyase overexpression in transgenic plants is the most popular technique for producing UVB-resistant rice. The study also offers several strategies for creating UVB-resistant plants using gene editing techniques. To feed the world's rapidly expanding population, researchers can use the information from this study to improve food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Sadikiel Mmbando
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma P. O. BOX 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
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3
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Chen Z, Dong Y, Huang X. Plant responses to UV-B radiation: signaling, acclimation and stress tolerance. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:51. [PMID: 37676395 PMCID: PMC10441900 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light is an intrinsic part of sunlight that reaches the earth's surface, and affects plant survival and adaptation. How plants respond to UV-B light is regulated by the wavelength, intensity and duration of UV-B radiation, and is also regulated by photosynthetically active radiation perceived by phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors. Non-damaging UV-B light promotes plant photomorphogenesis and UV-B acclimation which enhances plant tolerance against UV-B stress. However, high-level UV-B radiation induces DNA damage, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs photosynthesis. Plants have evolved efficient mechanisms to utilize informational UV-B signal, and protect themselves from UV-B stress. UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) is a conserved plant-specific UV-B photoreceptor. It interacts with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) to initiate UV-B-specific light signaling and regulate UV-B responsive gene expression. A set of transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) function downstream of the UVR8-COP1 module to promote seedling de-etiolation for photomorphogenic development and biosynthesis of sunscreen flavonoids for UV-B stress tolerance. In addition to UVR8 signaling pathways, plants subjected to damaging UV-B radiation initiate stress protection and repair mechanisms through UVR8-independent pathways. In this review, we summarize the emerging mechanisms underlying UV-B stress acclimation and protection in plants, primarily revealed in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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4
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Bowman JL, Arteaga-Vazquez M, Berger F, Briginshaw LN, Carella P, Aguilar-Cruz A, Davies KM, Dierschke T, Dolan L, Dorantes-Acosta AE, Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E, Futagami K, Ishizaki K, Jibran R, Kanazawa T, Kato H, Kohchi T, Levins J, Lin SS, Nakagami H, Nishihama R, Romani F, Schornack S, Tanizawa Y, Tsuzuki M, Ueda T, Watanabe Y, Yamato KT, Zachgo S. The renaissance and enlightenment of Marchantia as a model system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3512-3542. [PMID: 35976122 PMCID: PMC9516144 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has been utilized as a model for biological studies since the 18th century. In the past few decades, there has been a Renaissance in its utilization in genomic and genetic approaches to investigating physiological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects of land plant biology. The reasons for its adoption are similar to those of other genetic models, e.g. simple cultivation, ready access via its worldwide distribution, ease of crossing, facile genetics, and more recently, efficient transformation, genome editing, and genomic resources. The haploid gametophyte dominant life cycle of M. polymorpha is conducive to forward genetic approaches. The lack of ancient whole-genome duplications within liverworts facilitates reverse genetic approaches, and possibly related to this genomic stability, liverworts possess sex chromosomes that evolved in the ancestral liverwort. As a representative of one of the three bryophyte lineages, its phylogenetic position allows comparative approaches to provide insights into ancestral land plants. Given the karyotype and genome stability within liverworts, the resources developed for M. polymorpha have facilitated the development of related species as models for biological processes lacking in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Arteaga-Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Frederic Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Liam N Briginshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adolfo Aguilar-Cruz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ana E Dorantes-Acosta
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kazutaka Futagami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Facundo Romani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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5
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Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Bryophyte ultraviolet-omics: from genes to the environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4412-4426. [PMID: 35274697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has contributed to the evolution of organisms since the origins of life. Bryophytes also have evolutionary importance as the first clearly identified lineage of land plants (embryophytes) colonizing the terrestrial environment, thus facing high UV and water scarcity, among other new challenges. Here we review bryophyte UV-omics, the discipline relating bryophytes and UV, with an integrative perspective from genes to the environment. We consider species and habitats investigated, methodology, response variables, protection mechanisms, environmental interactions, UV biomonitoring, molecular and evolutionary aspects, and applications. Bryophyte UV-omics shows convergences and divergences with the UV-omics of other photosynthetic organisms, from algae to tracheophytes. All these organisms converge in that UV damage may be limited under realistic UV levels, due to structural protection and/or physiological acclimation capacity. Nevertheless, bryophytes diverge because they have a unique combination of vegetative and reproductive characteristics to cope with high UV and other concomitant adverse processes, such as desiccation. This interaction has both evolutionary and ecological implications. In addition, UV effects on bryophytes depend on the species and the evolutionary lineage considered, with mosses more UV-tolerant than liverworts. Thus, bryophytes do not constitute a homogeneous functional type with respect to their UV tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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6
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Kulshrestha S, Jibran R, van Klink JW, Zhou Y, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Schwinn KE, Chagné D, Landi M, Bowman JL, Davies KM. Stress, senescence, and specialized metabolites in bryophytes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4396-4411. [PMID: 35259256 PMCID: PMC9291361 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Life on land exposes plants to varied abiotic and biotic environmental stresses. These environmental drivers contributed to a large expansion of metabolic capabilities during land plant evolution and species diversification. In this review we summarize knowledge on how the specialized metabolite pathways of bryophytes may contribute to stress tolerance capabilities. Bryophytes are the non-tracheophyte land plant group (comprising the hornworts, liverworts, and mosses) and rapidly diversified following the colonization of land. Mosses and liverworts have as wide a distribution as flowering plants with regard to available environments, able to grow in polar regions through to hot desert landscapes. Yet in contrast to flowering plants, for which the biosynthetic pathways, transcriptional regulation, and compound function of stress tolerance-related metabolite pathways have been extensively characterized, it is only recently that similar data have become available for bryophytes. The bryophyte data are compared with those available for angiosperms, including examining how the differing plant forms of bryophytes and angiosperms may influence specialized metabolite diversity and function. The involvement of stress-induced specialized metabolites in senescence and nutrient response pathways is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Wang QH, Zhang J, Liu Y, Jia Y, Jiao YN, Xu B, Chen ZD. Diversity, phylogeny, and adaptation of bryophytes: insights from genomic and transcriptomic data. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4306-4322. [PMID: 35437589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are among the earliest land plants, and occupy a crucial phylogenetic position to aid in the understanding of plant terrestrialization. Despite their small size and simple structure, bryophytes are the second largest group of extant land plants. They live ubiquitously in various habitats and are highly diversified, with adaptive strategies to modern ecosystems on Earth. More and more genomes and transcriptomes have been assembled to address fundamental questions in plant biology. Here, we review recent advances in bryophytes associated with diversity, phylogeny, and ecological adaptation. Phylogenomic studies have provided increasing supports for the monophyly of bryophytes, with hornworts sister to the Setaphyta clade including liverworts and mosses. Further comparative genomic analyses revealed that multiple whole-genome duplications might have contributed to the species richness and morphological diversity in mosses. We highlight that the biological changes through gene gain or neofunctionalization that primarily evolved in bryophytes have facilitated the adaptation to early land environments; among the strategies to adapt to modern ecosystems in bryophytes, desiccation tolerance is the most remarkable. More genomic information for bryophytes would shed light on key mechanisms for the ecological success of these 'dwarfs' in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Nian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Hu Y, Feng C, Yang L, Edger PP, Kang M. Genomic population structure and local adaptation of the wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab059. [PMID: 35043184 PMCID: PMC8993681 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The crop wild relative, Fragaria nilgerrensis, is adapted to a variety of diverse habitats across its native range in China. Thus, discoveries made in this species could serve useful to guide the development of new superior strawberry cultivars that are resilient to new or variable environments. However, the genetic diversity and genetic architecture of traits in this species underlying important adaptive traits remain poorly understood. Here, we used whole-genome resequencing data from 193 F. nilgerrensis individuals spanning the distribution range in China to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and the genomic basis of local adaptation. We identified four genetic groups, with the western group located in Hengduan Mountains exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Redundancy analysis suggests that both environment and geographic variables shaped a significant proportion of genomic variation. Our analyses revealed that the environmental difference explains more of the observed genetic variation than geographic distance. This suggests that adaptation to distinct habitats, unique combination of abiotic factors, likely drove genetic differentiation. Lastly, by implementing selective sweeps scans and genome-environment association analysis throughout the genome, we identified the genetic variation associated with local adaptation and investigated the functions of putative candidate genes in F. nilgerrensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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9
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Liu S, Fang S, Liu C, Zhao L, Cong B, Zhang Z. Transcriptomics Integrated With Metabolomics Reveal the Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Antarctic Moss. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788377. [PMID: 34956286 PMCID: PMC8692278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are the dominant vegetation in the Antarctic continent. They have suffered more unpleasant ultraviolet radiation due to the Antarctic ozone layer destruction. However, it remains unclear about the molecular mechanism of Antarctic moss acclimation to UV-B light. Here, the transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches were conducted to uncover transcriptional and metabolic profiling of the Antarctic moss Leptobryum pyriforme under UV-B radiation. Totally, 67,290 unigenes with N50 length of 2,055 bp were assembled. Of them, 1,594 unigenes were significantly up-regulated and 3353 unigenes were markedly down-regulated under UV-B radiation. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in UV-B signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, ROS scavenging, and DNA repair. In addition, a total of 531 metabolites were detected, while flavonoids and anthocyanins accounted for 10.36% of the total compounds. There were 49 upregulated metabolites and 41 downregulated metabolites under UV-B radiation. Flavonoids were the most significantly changed metabolites. qPCR analysis showed that UVR8-COP1-HY5 signaling pathway genes and photolyase genes (i.e., LpUVR3, LpPHR1, and LpDPL) were significantly up-regulated under UV-B light. In addition, the expression levels of JA signaling pathway-related genes (i.e., OPR and JAZ) and flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes were also significantly increased under UV-B radiation. The integrative data analysis showed that UVR8-mediated signaling, jasmonate signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and DNA repair system might contribute to L. pyriforme acclimating to UV-B radiation. Therefore, these findings present a novel knowledge for understanding the adaption of Antarctic moss to polar environments and provide a foundation for assessing the impact of global climate change on Antarctic land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
- Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
- Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bailin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Science, First Institute of Oceanography, Natural Resources Ministry, Qingdao, China
- Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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10
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Podolec R, Demarsy E, Ulm R. Perception and Signaling of Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:793-822. [PMID: 33636992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is an intrinsic fraction of sunlight that plants perceive through the UVR8 photoreceptor. UVR8 is a homodimer in its ground state that monomerizes upon UV-B photon absorption via distinct tryptophan residues. Monomeric UVR8 competitively binds to the substrate binding site of COP1, thus inhibiting its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity against target proteins, which include transcriptional regulators such as HY5. The UVR8-COP1 interaction also leads to the destabilization of PIF bHLH factor family members. Additionally, UVR8 directly interacts with and inhibits the DNA binding of a different set of transcription factors. Each of these UVR8 signaling mechanisms initiates nuclear gene expression changes leading to UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and acclimation. The two WD40-repeat proteins RUP1 and RUP2 provide negative feedback regulation and inactivate UVR8 by facilitating redimerization. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of the UVR8 pathway from UV-B perception and signal transduction to gene expression changes and physiological UV-B responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Podolec
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Idris M, Seo N, Jiang L, Kiyota S, Hidema J, Iino M. UV-B signalling in rice: Response identification, gene expression profiling and mutant isolation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1468-1485. [PMID: 33377203 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Responses of rice seedlings to UV-B radiation (UV-B) were investigated, aiming to establish rice as a model plant for UV-B signalling studies. The growth of japonica rice coleoptiles, grown under red light, was inhibited by brief irradiation with UV-B, but not with blue light. The effective UV-B fluences (10-1 -103 μmol m-2 ) were much lower than those reported in Arabidopsis. The response was much less in indica rice cultivars and its extent varied among Oryza species. We next identified UV-B-specific anthocyanin accumulation in the first leaf of purple rice and used this visible phenotype to isolate mutants. Some isolated mutants were further characterized, and one was found to have a defect in the growth response. Using microarrays, we identified a number of genes that are regulated by low-fluence-rate UV-B in japonica coleoptiles. Some up-regulated genes were analysed by real-time PCR for UV-B specificity and the difference between japonica and indica. More than 70% of UV-B-regulated rice genes had no homologs in UV-B-regulated Arabidopsis genes. Many UV-B-regulated rice genes are related to plant hormones and especially to jasmonate biosynthetic and responsive genes in apparent agreement with the growth response. Possible involvement of two rice homologs of UVR8, a UV-B photoreceptor, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idris
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobu Seo
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lei Jiang
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Kiyota
- Office of General Administration, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Iino
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Soriano G, Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Monforte L, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Developmental Stage Determines the Accumulation Pattern of UV-Absorbing Compounds in the Model Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis under Controlled Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030473. [PMID: 33802248 PMCID: PMC7998775 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis is an emerging model plant, and some data are available on its responses to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, it is unknown if the developmental stage of the thalli modulates the effects of UV radiation on the contents of potentially protecting phenolic compounds. To fill this gap, liverwort samples were exposed or non-exposed to UV radiation for 38 days under controlled conditions, using three developmental stages: gemmae (G), one-month thalli (T1), and two-month thalli (T2). Then, the bulk level of methanol-soluble UV-absorbing compounds and the contents of six flavones (apigenin and luteolin derivatives) were measured. The UV responsiveness decreased with thallus age: G and T1 plants were the most UV-responsive and showed a strong increase in all the variables, with G plants more responsive than T1 plants. In UV-exposed T2 plants, only apigenin derivatives increased and more modestly, probably due to a lower acclimation capacity. Nevertheless, the thalli became progressively tougher due to a decreasing water content, representing a possible structural protection against UV. In UV-exposed plants, the temporal patterns of the accumulation of phenolic compounds were compound-specific. Most compounds decreased with thallus age, but di-glucuronide derivatives showed a bell-shaped pattern, with T1 plants showing the highest contents. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) ordination of the different samples summarized the results found. The patterns described above should be taken into account to select thalli of an adequate developmental stage for experiments investigating the induction of phenolic compounds by UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Soriano
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Del-Castillo-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Laura Monforte
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Rafael Tomás-Las-Heras
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-941299754
| | - Encarnación Núñez-Olivera
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (G.S.); (M.-Á.D.-C.-A.); (L.M.); (R.T.-L.-H.); (E.N.-O.)
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13
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A constitutively monomeric UVR8 photoreceptor confers enhanced UV-B photomorphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017284118. [PMID: 33542100 PMCID: PMC8017708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017284118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Coping with UV-B is crucial for plant survival in sunlight. The UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 regulates gene expression associated with photomorphogenesis, acclimation, and UV-B stress tolerance. UV-B photon reception by UVR8 homodimers results in monomerization, followed by interaction with the key signaling protein COP1. We have discovered a UV-B hypersensitive UVR8 photoreceptor that confers strongly enhanced UV-B tolerance and generated a UVR8 variant based on the underlying mutation that shows extremely enhanced constitutive signaling activity. Our findings provide key mechanistic insight into how plants respond and acclimate to UV-B radiation. The plant ultraviolet-B (UV-B) photoreceptor UVR8 plays an important role in UV-B acclimation and survival. UV-B absorption by homodimeric UVR8 induces its monomerization and interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1, leading ultimately to gene expression changes. UVR8 is inactivated through redimerization, facilitated by RUP1 and RUP2. Here, we describe a semidominant, hyperactive allele, namely uvr8-17D, that harbors a glycine-101 to serine mutation. UVR8G101S overexpression led to weak constitutive photomorphogenesis and extreme UV-B responsiveness. UVR8G101S was observed to be predominantly monomeric in vivo and, once activated by UV-B, was not efficiently inactivated. Analysis of a UVR8 crystal structure containing the G101S mutation revealed the distortion of a loop region normally involved in stabilization of the UVR8 homodimer. Plants expressing a UVR8 variant combining G101S with the previously described W285A mutation exhibited robust constitutive photomorphogenesis. This work provides further insight into UVR8 activation and inactivation mechanisms and describes a genetic tool for the manipulation of photomorphogenic responses.
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14
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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15
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Westermann J, Koebke E, Lentz R, Hülskamp M, Boisson-Dernier A. A Comprehensive Toolkit for Quick and Easy Visualization of Marker Proteins, Protein-Protein Interactions and Cell Morphology in Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569194. [PMID: 33178238 PMCID: PMC7593560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though stable genomic transformation of sporelings and thalli of Marchantia polymorpha is straightforward and efficient, numerous problems can arise during critical phases of the process such as efficient spore production, poor selection capacity of antibiotics or low transformation efficiency. It is therefore also desirable to establish quick methods not relying on stable transgenics to analyze the localization, interactions and functions of proteins of interest. The introduction of foreign DNA into living cells via biolistic mechanisms has been first reported roughly 30 years ago and has been commonly exploited in established plant model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we report the fast and reliable transient biolistic transformation of Marchantia thallus epidermal cells using fluorescent protein fusions. We present a catalog of fluorescent markers which can be readily used for tagging of a variety of subcellular compartments. Moreover, we report the functionality of the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in M. polymorpha with the example of the p-body markers MpDCP1/2. Finally, we provide standard staining procedures for live cell imaging in M. polymorpha, applicable to visualize cell boundaries or cellular structures, to complement or support protein localizations and to understand how results gained by transient transformations can be embedded in cell architecture and dynamics. Taken together, we offer a set of easy and quick tools for experiments that aim at understanding subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and thus functions of proteins of interest in the emerging early diverging land plant model M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Rodriguez R, Durán P. Natural Holobiome Engineering by Using Native Extreme Microbiome to Counteract the Climate Change Effects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:568. [PMID: 32582678 PMCID: PMC7287022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario of climate change, the future of agriculture is uncertain. Climate change and climate-related disasters have a direct impact on biotic and abiotic factors that govern agroecosystems compromising the global food security. In the last decade, the advances in high throughput sequencing techniques have significantly improved our understanding about the composition, function and dynamics of plant microbiome. However, despite the microbiome have been proposed as a new platform for the next green revolution, our knowledge about the mechanisms that govern microbe-microbe and microbe-plant interactions are incipient. Currently, the adaptation of plants to environmental changes not only suggests that the plants can adapt or migrate, but also can interact with their surrounding microbial communities to alleviate different stresses by natural microbiome selection of specialized strains, phenomenon recently called "Cry for Help". From this way, plants have been co-evolved with their microbiota adapting to local environmental conditions to ensuring the survival of the entire holobiome to improve plant fitness. Thus, the strong selective pressure of native extreme microbiomes could represent a remarkable microbial niche of plant stress-amelioration to counteract the negative effect of climate change in food crops. Currently, the microbiome engineering has recently emerged as an alternative to modify and promote positive interactions between microorganisms and plants to improve plant fitness. In the present review, we discuss the possible use of extreme microbiome to alleviate different stresses in crop plants under the current scenario of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rodriguez
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paola Durán
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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17
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Davies KM, Jibran R, Zhou Y, Albert NW, Brummell DA, Jordan BR, Bowman JL, Schwinn KE. The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32117358 PMCID: PMC7010833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is one of the best characterized specialized metabolite pathways of plants. In angiosperms, the flavonoids have varied roles in assisting with tolerance to abiotic stress and are also key for signaling to pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The pathway is thought to be specific to land plants and to have arisen during the period of land colonization around 550-470 million years ago. In this review we consider current knowledge of the flavonoid pathway in the bryophytes, consisting of the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The pathway is less characterized for bryophytes than angiosperms, and the first genetic and molecular studies on bryophytes are finding both commonalities and significant differences in flavonoid biosynthesis and pathway regulation between angiosperms and bryophytes. This includes biosynthetic pathway branches specific to each plant group and the apparent complete absence of flavonoids from the hornworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A. Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brian R. Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John L. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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