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Tennant KM, Jordan BR, Strader NL, Varadharajan Idhaiam KS, Jerabek M, Wilhelm J, Reynolds DS, Sabolsky EM. Wireless Passive Ceramic Sensor for Far-Field Temperature Measurement at High Temperatures. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1407. [PMID: 38474943 DOI: 10.3390/s24051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A passive wireless high-temperature sensor for far-field applications was developed for stable temperature sensing up to 1000 °C. The goal is to leverage the properties of electroceramic materials, including adequate electrical conductivity, high-temperature resilience, and chemical stability in harsh environments. Initial sensors were fabricated using Ag for operation to 600 °C to achieve a baseline understanding of temperature sensing principles using patch antenna designs. Fabrication then followed with higher temperature sensors made from (In, Sn) O2 (ITO) for evaluation up to 1000 °C. A patch antenna was modeled in ANSYS HFSS to operate in a high-frequency region (2.5-3.5 GHz) within a 50 × 50 mm2 confined geometric area using characteristic material properties. The sensor was fabricated on Al2O3 using screen printing methods and then sintered at 700 °C for Ag and 1200 °C for ITO in an ambient atmosphere. Sensors were evaluated at 600 °C for Ag and 1000 °C for ITO and analyzed at set interrogating distances up to 0.75 m using ultra-wideband slot antennas to collect scattering parameters. The sensitivity (average change in resonant frequency with respect to temperature) from 50 to 1000 °C was between 22 and 62 kHz/°C which decreased as interrogating distances reached 0.75 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tennant
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Noah L Strader
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | - Mark Jerabek
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jay Wilhelm
- Stocker Center, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Daryl S Reynolds
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Edward M Sabolsky
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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2
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Davies KM, Jibran R, Zhou Y, Albert NW, Brummell DA, Jordan BR, Bowman JL, Schwinn KE. The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32117358 PMCID: PMC7010833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is one of the best characterized specialized metabolite pathways of plants. In angiosperms, the flavonoids have varied roles in assisting with tolerance to abiotic stress and are also key for signaling to pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The pathway is thought to be specific to land plants and to have arisen during the period of land colonization around 550-470 million years ago. In this review we consider current knowledge of the flavonoid pathway in the bryophytes, consisting of the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The pathway is less characterized for bryophytes than angiosperms, and the first genetic and molecular studies on bryophytes are finding both commonalities and significant differences in flavonoid biosynthesis and pathway regulation between angiosperms and bryophytes. This includes biosynthetic pathway branches specific to each plant group and the apparent complete absence of flavonoids from the hornworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A. Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brian R. Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John L. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Berland H, Albert NW, Stavland A, Jordheim M, McGhie TK, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Deroles SC, Schwinn KE, Jordan BR, Davies KM, Andersen ØM. Auronidins are a previously unreported class of flavonoid pigments that challenges when anthocyanin biosynthesis evolved in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20232-20239. [PMID: 31527265 PMCID: PMC6778211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912741116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are key pigments of plants, providing color to flowers, fruit, and foliage and helping to counter the harmful effects of environmental stresses. It is generally assumed that anthocyanin biosynthesis arose during the evolutionary transition of plants from aquatic to land environments. Liverworts, which may be the closest living relatives to the first land plants, have been reported to produce red cell wall-bound riccionidin pigments in response to stresses such as UV-B light, drought, and nutrient deprivation, and these have been proposed to correspond to the first anthocyanidins present in early land plant ancestors. Taking advantage of the liverwort model species Marchantia polymorpha, we show that the red pigments of Marchantia are formed by a phenylpropanoid biosynthetic branch distinct from that leading to anthocyanins. They constitute a previously unreported flavonoid class, for which we propose the name "auronidin," with similar colors as anthocyanin but different chemistry, including strong fluorescence. Auronidins might contribute to the remarkable ability of liverworts to survive in extreme environments on land, and their discovery calls into question the possible pigment status of the first land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Berland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nick W Albert
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Anne Stavland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Jordheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tony K McGhie
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Huaibi Zhang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Deroles
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
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Clayton WA, Albert NW, Thrimawithana AH, McGhie TK, Deroles SC, Schwinn KE, Warren BA, McLachlan ARG, Bowman JL, Jordan BR, Davies KM. UVR8-mediated induction of flavonoid biosynthesis for UVB tolerance is conserved between the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and flowering plants. Plant J 2018; 96:503-517. [PMID: 30044520 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Damaging UVB radiation is a major abiotic stress facing land plants. In angiosperms the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) photoreceptor coordinates UVB responses, including inducing biosynthesis of protective flavonoids. We characterised the UVB responses of Marchantia polymorpha (marchantia), the model species for the liverwort group of basal plants. Physiological, chemical and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on wild-type marchantia exposed to three different UVB regimes. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to obtain plant lines with mutations for components of the UVB signal pathway or the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, and transgenics overexpressing the marchantia UVR8 sequence were generated. The mutant and transgenic lines were analysed for changes in flavonoid content, their response to UVB exposure, and transcript abundance of a set of 48 genes that included components of the UVB response pathway characterised for angiosperms. The marchantia UVB response included many components in common with Arabidopsis, including production of UVB-absorbing flavonoids, the central activator role of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), and negative feedback regulation by REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (RUP1). Notable differences included the greater importance of CHALCONE ISOMERASE-LIKE (CHIL). Mutants disrupted in the response pathway (hy5) or flavonoid production (chalcone isomerase, chil) were more easily damaged by UVB. Mutants (rup1) or transgenics (35S:MpMYB14) with increased flavonoid content had increased UVB tolerance. The results suggest that UVR8-mediated flavonoid induction is a UVB tolerance character conserved across land plants and may have been an early adaptation to life on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Clayton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Deroles
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ben A Warren
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew R G McLachlan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Albert NW, Thrimawithana AH, McGhie TK, Clayton WA, Deroles SC, Schwinn KE, Bowman JL, Jordan BR, Davies KM. Genetic analysis of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha reveals that R2R3MYB activation of flavonoid production in response to abiotic stress is an ancient character in land plants. New Phytol 2018; 218:554-566. [PMID: 29363139 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is hypothesized to have evolved during land colonization by plants c. 450 Myr ago for protection against abiotic stresses. In angiosperms, R2R3MYB transcription factors are key for environmental regulation of flavonoid production. However, angiosperm R2R3MYB gene families are larger than those of basal plants, and it is not known whether the regulatory system is conserved across land plants. We examined whether R2R3MYBs regulate the flavonoid pathway in liverworts, one of the earliest diverging land plant lineages. We characterized MpMyb14 from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha using genetic mutagenesis, transgenic overexpression, gene promoter analysis, and transcriptomic and chemical analysis. MpMyb14 is phylogenetically basal to characterized angiosperm R2R3MYB flavonoid regulators. Mpmyb14 knockout lines lost all red pigmentation from the flavonoid riccionidin A, whereas overexpression conferred production of large amounts of flavones and riccionidin A, activation of associated biosynthetic genes, and constitutive red pigmentation. MpMyb14 expression and flavonoid pigmentation were induced by light- and nutrient-deprivation stress in M. polymorpha as for anthocyanins in angiosperms. MpMyb14 regulates stress-induced flavonoid production in M. polymorpha, and is essential for red pigmentation. This suggests that R2R3MYB regulated flavonoid production is a conserved character across land plants which arose early during land colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - William A Clayton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Deroles
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Wargent JJ, Jordan BR. From ozone depletion to agriculture: understanding the role of UV radiation in sustainable crop production. New Phytol 2013; 197:1058-1076. [PMID: 23363481 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Largely because of concerns regarding global climate change, there is a burgeoning interest in the application of fundamental scientific knowledge in order to better exploit environmental cues in the achievement of desirable endpoints in crop production. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an energetic driver of a diverse range of plant responses and, despite historical concerns regarding the damaging consequences of UV-B radiation for global plant productivity as related to stratospheric ozone depletion, current developments representative of a range of organizational scales suggest that key plant responses to UV-B radiation may be exploitable in the context of a sustainable contribution towards the strengthening of global crop production, including alterations in secondary metabolism, enhanced photoprotection, up-regulation of the antioxidative response and modified resistance to pest and disease attack. Here, we discuss the prospect of this paradigm shift in photobiology, and consider the linkages between fundamental plant biology and crop-level outcomes that can be applied to the plant UV-B response, in addition to the consequences for related biota and many other facets of agro-ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ryan KG, Markham KR, Bloor SJ, Bradley JM, Mitchell KA, Jordan BR. UVB Radiation Induced Increase in Quercetin: Kaempferol Ratio in Wild-Type and Transgenic Lines of Petunia. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Catanach AS, Erasmuson SK, Podivinsky E, Jordan BR, Bicknell R. Deletion mapping of genetic regions associated with apomixis in Hieracium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18650-5. [PMID: 17047034 PMCID: PMC1693717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605588103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although apomixis has been quoted as a technology with the potential to deliver benefits similar in scale to those achieved with the Green Revolution, very little is currently known of the genetic mechanisms that control this trait in plants. To address this issue, we developed Hieracium, a genus of daisies native to Eurasia and North America, as a genetic model to study apomixis. In a molecular mapping study, we defined the number of genetic loci involved in apomixis, and we explored dominance and linkage relationships between these loci. To avoid difficulties often encountered with inheritance studies of apomicts, we based our mapping effort on the use of deletion mutagenesis, coupled with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as a genomic fingerprinting tool. The results indicate that apomixis in Hieracium caespitosum is controlled at two principal loci, one of which regulates events associated with the avoidance of meiosis (apomeiosis) and the other, an unlinked locus that controls events associated with the avoidance of fertilization (parthenogenesis). AFLP bands identified as central to both loci were isolated, sequenced, and used to develop sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. The validity of the AFLP markers was verified by using a segregating population generated by hybridization. The validity of the SCAR markers was verified by their pattern of presence/absence in specific mutants. The mutants, markers, and genetic data derived from this work are now being used to isolate genes controlling apomixis in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Catanach
- *Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Sylvia K. Erasmuson
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and
| | - Ellen Podivinsky
- Environmental Science and Research Ltd., P.O. Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brian R. Jordan
- *Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Ross Bicknell
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
UV-B radiation (UV-B: 280-320 nm) can cause a wide range of responses in plant cells. These responses depend on the perception of the UV-B radiation, signal transduction mechanisms, and modification of gene expression. Studies over the last ten years have revealed a complex molecular response of plant cells to UV-B radiation. A number of signal transduction pathways are established and specific changes in gene activity take place. In addition, other environmental parameters strongly influence the UV-B-induced response. Although molecular studies have advanced our knowledge, our understanding of UV-B-induced cellular changes remains limited compared with other areas of plant photobiology / molecular biology. This review will focus on UV-B-induced signal transduction, gene expression and defence mechanisms. Comparisons will be made with other light-regulated systems to provide an insight into UV-B responses. This review will also attempt to identify present limitations to our understanding of molecular responses of plant cells to UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Jordan
- Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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Abstract
DNA arrays allow the simultaneous analysis of expression levels for thousands of genes in normal and pathological tissues and hold great promise in molecular medicine, notably in cancer research. The great biological and clinical diversity present in human tumours is poorly characterised by the current classification systems. DNA arrays can provide a better understanding of oncogenesis, leading to improvements in cancer management. First, the identification of new target genes and pathways will allow the development of specific molecular-based anticancer drugs. Secondly, expression profiles will permit tumour classification in more homogeneous diagnostic and prognostic groups, as well as the identification of new clinically and biologically relevant tumour subclasses. Here, we review the technology and present some cancer studies with promising results. Finally, we discuss some of the issues that must be resolved in the near future, so that DNA arrays can fulfil the aims mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, TAGC, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
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John CF, Morris K, Jordan BR, Thomas B, A-H-Mackerness S. Ultraviolet-B exposure leads to up-regulation of senescence-associated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2001; 52:1367-1373. [PMID: 11432956 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.359.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in a loss of chlorophyll and an increase in lipid damage in a similar manner to that induced during natural senescence. In addition, exposure to UV-B led to the induction of a number of genes associated with senescence (SAG12, 13, 14, and 17). These results show, for the first time, that exposure to UV-B can lead to cellular decline through active and regulated processes involving many genes also associated with natural senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F John
- Department of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
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Wurbel MA, Philippe JM, Nguyen C, Victorero G, Freeman T, Wooding P, Miazek A, Mattei MG, Malissen M, Jordan BR, Malissen B, Carrier A, Naquet P. The chemokine TECK is expressed by thymic and intestinal epithelial cells and attracts double- and single-positive thymocytes expressing the TECK receptor CCR9. Eur J Immunol 2000. [PMID: 10602049 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200001)30:1<262::aid-immu262>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of migration in lymphoid tissues. In the thymus, maturing thymocytes move from the outer capsule to the inner medulla and thereby interact with different types of stromal cells that control their maturation and selection. In the process of searching for molecules specifically expressed at different stages of mouse thymic differentiation, we have characterized the cDNA coding for the thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) and its receptor CCR9. The TECK receptor gene was isolated and shown to be localized on the mouse chromosome 9F1-F4. Thymic dendritic cells have been initially thought to be a prevalent source of TECK. In contrast, our results indicate that thymic epithelial cells constitute the predominant source of TECK. Consistent with the latter distribution, the TECK receptor is highly expressed by double-positive thymocytes, and TECK can chemoattract both double-positive and single-positive thymocytes. The TECK transcript is also abundantly expressed in the epithelial cells lining the small intestine. In conclusion, the interplay of TECK and its receptor CCR9 is likely to have a significant role in the recruitment of developing thymocytes to discrete compartments of the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wurbel
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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15
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Wurbel MA, Philippe JM, Nguyen C, Victorero G, Freeman T, Wooding P, Miazek A, Mattei MG, Malissen M, Jordan BR, Malissen B, Carrier A, Naquet P. The chemokine TECK is expressed by thymic and intestinal epithelial cells and attracts double- and single-positive thymocytes expressing the TECK receptor CCR9. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:262-71. [PMID: 10602049 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200001)30:1<262::aid-immu262>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of migration in lymphoid tissues. In the thymus, maturing thymocytes move from the outer capsule to the inner medulla and thereby interact with different types of stromal cells that control their maturation and selection. In the process of searching for molecules specifically expressed at different stages of mouse thymic differentiation, we have characterized the cDNA coding for the thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) and its receptor CCR9. The TECK receptor gene was isolated and shown to be localized on the mouse chromosome 9F1-F4. Thymic dendritic cells have been initially thought to be a prevalent source of TECK. In contrast, our results indicate that thymic epithelial cells constitute the predominant source of TECK. Consistent with the latter distribution, the TECK receptor is highly expressed by double-positive thymocytes, and TECK can chemoattract both double-positive and single-positive thymocytes. The TECK transcript is also abundantly expressed in the epithelial cells lining the small intestine. In conclusion, the interplay of TECK and its receptor CCR9 is likely to have a significant role in the recruitment of developing thymocytes to discrete compartments of the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wurbel
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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Carrier A, Nguyen C, Victorero G, Granjeaud S, Rocha D, Bernard K, Miazek A, Ferrier P, Malissen M, Naquet P, Malissen B, Jordan BR. Differential gene expression in CD3epsilon- and RAG1-deficient thymuses: definition of a set of genes potentially involved in thymocyte maturation. Immunogenetics 1999; 50:255-70. [PMID: 10630289 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A set of 3000 mouse thymus cDNAs was analyzed by extensive measurement of expression using complex-probe hybridization of DNA arrays ("quantitative differential screening"). The complex probes were initially prepared using total thymus RNA isolated from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), CD3epsilon- and RAG1-deficient mice. Over 100 clones displaying over- or under-expression by at least a factor of two between WT and knockout (KO) thymuses were further analyzed by measuring hybridization signatures with probes from a wide range of KO thymuses, cell types, organs, and embryonic thymuses. A restricted set of clones was selected by virtue of their expression spectra (modulation in KO thymuses and thymocytes, lymphoid cell specificity, and differential expression during embryonic thymus development), sequenced at one extremity, and compared to sequences in databases. Clones corresponding to previously identified genes (e.g., Tcrbeta, Tcf1 or CD25) showed expression patterns that were consistent with existing data. Ten distinct clones corresponding to new genes were subjected to further study: Northern blot hybridization, in situ hybridization on thymus sections, and partial or complete mRNA sequence determination. Among these genes, we report a new serine peptidase highly expressed in cortical epithelial cells that we have named thymus-specific serine peptidase (TSSP), and an acidic protein expressed in thymocytes and of unknown function that we have named thymus-expressed acidic protein (TEAP). This approach identifies new molecules likely to be involved in thymocyte differentiation and function.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carrier
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, Marseille, France.
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17
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Bertucci F, Bernard K, Loriod B, Chang YC, Granjeaud S, Birnbaum D, Nguyen C, Peck K, Jordan BR. Sensitivity issues in DNA array-based expression measurements and performance of nylon microarrays for small samples. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:1715-22. [PMID: 10441335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.9.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA or oligonucleotide arrays are widely used for large-scale expression measurements, using various implementations: macroarrays in which DNA is spotted onto nylon membranes of relatively large dimensions (with radioactive detection) on the one hand; microarrays on glass slides and oligonucleotide chips, both used with fluorescent probes, on the other hand. Nylon micro-arrays with colourimetric detection have also been described recently. The small physical dimensions of miniaturized systems allow small hybridization volumes (2-100 microl) and provide high probe concentrations, in contrast to macroarrays. We show, however, that actual sensitivity (defined as the amount of sample necessary for detection of a given mRNA species) is in fact similar for all these systems and that this is mostly due to the very different amounts of target material present on the respective arrays. We then demonstrate that the combination of nylon microarrays with(33)P-labelled radioactive probes provides 100-fold better sensitivity, making it possible to perform expression profiling experiments using submicrogram amounts of unamplified total RNA from small biological samples. This has important implications in basic and clinical research and makes this alternative approach particularly suitable for groups operating in an academic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bertucci
- TAGC, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, France
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18
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Abstract
DNA arrays have become the preferred method for large-scale expression measurement. Such data are needed in view of the large amounts of sequence data available: expression levels in a number of different tissues or situations provide a first step toward functional characterisation of new entities revealed by DNA sequencing. Although the basic principle of measurement is in all cases based on hybridisation of a mixed probe derived from tissue RNA to large sets of DNA fragments representing many genes, a number of different forms of implementation of this principle are at hand. They are briefly described and compared, emphasizing the important issue of sensitivity and sample requirements and the accessibility of the methods to academic scientists. When these factors are taken into account, it appears that, contrary to a largely prevalent impression, the "best" approach is not necessarily always provided by the widely advertised glass microarrays or oligonucleotide chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Granjeaud
- TAGC Group, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, CIML INSERM/CNRS, Marseille, France
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19
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Jordan BR. 'Genomics': buzzword or reality? J Biomed Sci 1999; 6:145-50. [PMID: 10343163 DOI: 10.1007/bf02255898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
'Genomics' has become a widely used term, covering a range of approaches that make use of the newly acquired wealth of genome data (both on man and on a number of model organisms) to gain new insights and accelerate research. This review attempts to present a clear and balanced view of developments in this field, to describe the four major approaches that contribute to genomics (bioinformatics, genetic analysis of extended populations, large-scale expression studies, functional approaches), and to indicate applications in basic and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- TAGC Group, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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20
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Bernard K, Cambiaggi A, Guia S, Bertucci F, Granjeaud S, Tagett R, N'Guyen C, Jordan BR, Vivier E. Engagement of natural cytotoxicity programs regulates AP-1 expression in the NKL human NK cell line. J Immunol 1999; 162:4062-8. [PMID: 10201929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
NK cell cytotoxicity is a fast and efficient mechanism of target cell lysis. Using transcription analysis, such as multiplex messenger assays, we show here that natural cytotoxicity exerted by the human NKL cell line correlates with mRNA accumulation of very early activator protein (AP)-1 transcription factor genes such as JunB, FosB and c-Fos. In addition, DNA-binding activities of Jun-Fos heterodimers were observed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays during the course of natural cytotoxicity. Interaction between immunoglobulin-like transcript-2/leukocyte Ig-like receptor 1 on NKL cells and HLA-B27 on target cells leads to an impairment of NKL natural cytotoxicity, which correlates with an absence of JunB, FosB, and c-Fos transcription, as well as an absence of their DNA-binding activity. Our studies thus indicate that, despite the rapidity of NK cell-mediated lysis, AP-1 transcription factor is activated during the early stage of NK cell cytolytic programs and that engagement of NK cell inhibitory receptors for MHC class I molecules impairs the very early activation of AP-1.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, fos/genetics
- Genes, jun/genetics
- HLA-B Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bernard
- Centre d'Immunologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) de Marseille-Luminy, France
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21
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Imbert MC, Nguyen VK, Granjeaud S, Nguyen C, Jordan BR. 'LABNOTE', a laboratory notebook system designed for academic genomics groups. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:601-7. [PMID: 9862986 PMCID: PMC148221 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.2.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a relational laboratory database system, adapted to the daily book-keeping needs of laboratories that must keep track of information acquired on hundreds or thousands of clones in an effective and user-friendly fashion. Data, whether final or related to experiments in progress, can be accessed in many different ways, e.g. by clone name, by gene, by experiment or through DNA sequence. Updating, import and export of results is made easier by specially developed tools. This system, in network version, serves several groups in our Institute and (over the Internet) elsewhere, and is instrumental in collaborative studies based on expression profiling. It can be used in many similar situations involving progressiveaccumulation of information on sets of clones or related objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Imbert
- TAGC group, ICIM, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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22
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Abstract
The vast amount of sequence information becoming available on genes from man and from other species calls for corresponding increases in the rate of collection for data of a more functional nature. Expression measurements often constitute a first step in this direction, and can be performed on a reasonably large scale using highly parallel hybridization methods. Large sets of targets (clones, inserts, oligonucleotides) are hybridized with labeled complex probes prepared from total cell or organ mRNA; under the proper conditions, signals measure the relative abundance of each sequence species, and can be acquired quantitatively. These techniques are presently available in three formats: high-density membranes to be hybridized with radioactive complex probes, microarrays of DNA spots (a miniaturized version of the former technique) using fluorescent complex probes, and oligonucleotide chips that, although developed originally for mutation detection, can be adapted to perform expression measurements. The miniaturized formats clearly represent the future, since they allow higher sensitivity, assay of large numbers of entities and hopefully provide the opportunity to use small amounts of starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- TAGC Group, ICIM, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS, Marseille, France.
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23
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Jordan BR, James PE, A-H-Mackerness S. Factors affecting UV-B-induced changes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. gene expression: the role of development, protective pigments and the chloroplast signal. Plant Cell Physiol 1998; 39:769-78. [PMID: 9729900 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is known to change in response to UV-B radiation. In this paper, we have investigated three factors in Arabidopsis leaves that are likely to influence these changes: development, protective pigments and the 'chloroplast signal'. During late leaf development the major change in pigment composition, after exposure to UV-B radiation, is an increase in UV-absorbing pigments. Chl and Chl a/b ratio do not change substantially. Similarly Chl fluorescence is not altered. In contrast, RNA transcripts for photosynthetic proteins are reduced more in older leaves than in young leaves. To determine the role of flavonoids in UV-B protection, plants of Arabidopsis mutant tt-5, which have reduced flavonoids and sinapic esters, were exposed to UV-B and RNA transcript levels determined. The tt-mutants were more sensitive to UV-B radiation than wild-type. To examine the role of the chloroplast signal in regulating UV-B-induced changes in gene expression, Arabidopsis gun mutants (genome uncoupled) have been used. The results show that UV-B-induced down-regulation still takes place in gun mutants and strongly suggests that the chloroplast signal is not required. Overall, this study clearly demonstrates that UV-B-induced changes in gene expression are influenced by both developmental and cellular factors but not chloroplastic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, New Zealand
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24
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Ryan KG, Markham KR, Bloor SJ, Bradley JM, Mitchell KA, Jordan BR. UVB Radiation Induced Increase in Quercetin:Kaempferol Ratio in Wild-Type and Transgenic Lines of Petunia. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(1998)068<0323:uriiiq>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Mallo GV, Rechreche H, Frigerio JM, Rocha D, Zweibaum A, Lacasa M, Jordan BR, Dusetti NJ, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of the mRNA encoding human Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox. Down-regulation of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA expression during colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1997. [PMID: 9036867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970220)74: 1<35: : aid-ijc7>3.0.co; 2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Defining the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer formation and progression is still a major challenge in colorectal-cancer research. Our strategy was to characterize genes whose expression is altered during colorectal carcinogenesis. To this end, the phenotype of a colorectal tumour was previously established by partial sequencing of a large number of its transcripts and the genes of interest were selected by differential screening on high-density filters with mRNA of colorectal cancer and normal adjacent mucosa. Fifty-one clones were found over-expressed and 23 were underexpressed in the colorectal-cancer tissues of the 5 analyzed patients. Among the latter, clones 6G2 and 32D6 were found of particular interest, since they had significant homology with several homeodomain-containing genes. The highest degree of similarity was with the murine Cdx1 for 6G2, and with the murine Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3 for 32D6. Using a RT-PCR approach, complete sequence of both types of homeobox-containing cDNA was obtained. The amino-acid sequence of the human Cdx1 is 85% identical to the mouse protein, and human Cdx2 has 94% identity with the mouse Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3. Tissue-distribution analysis of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA showed that both transcripts were specifically expressed in small intestine, in colon and rectum. Twelve tissue samples from colorectal adenocarcinomas and the corresponding normal mucosa were analyzed by Northern blot. Expression of the 2 types of mRNA was either reduced or absent in 10 of them. Several colon-cancer cell lines were also analyzed. Cdx2 mRNA was absent from LS174T cells and Cdx1 mRNA was absent in PF11, TC7 and SW480 cells; none was detected in HT29 cells. It was concluded that decrease in human Cdx1 and/or Cdx2 expression is associated with colorectal tumorigenesis.
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26
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Mallo GV, Rechreche H, Frigerio JM, Rocha D, Zweibaum A, Lacasa M, Jordan BR, Dusetti NJ, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of the mRNA encoding human Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox. Down-regulation of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA expression during colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1997. [PMID: 9036867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970220)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Defining the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer formation and progression is still a major challenge in colorectal-cancer research. Our strategy was to characterize genes whose expression is altered during colorectal carcinogenesis. To this end, the phenotype of a colorectal tumour was previously established by partial sequencing of a large number of its transcripts and the genes of interest were selected by differential screening on high-density filters with mRNA of colorectal cancer and normal adjacent mucosa. Fifty-one clones were found over-expressed and 23 were underexpressed in the colorectal-cancer tissues of the 5 analyzed patients. Among the latter, clones 6G2 and 32D6 were found of particular interest, since they had significant homology with several homeodomain-containing genes. The highest degree of similarity was with the murine Cdx1 for 6G2, and with the murine Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3 for 32D6. Using a RT-PCR approach, complete sequence of both types of homeobox-containing cDNA was obtained. The amino-acid sequence of the human Cdx1 is 85% identical to the mouse protein, and human Cdx2 has 94% identity with the mouse Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3. Tissue-distribution analysis of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA showed that both transcripts were specifically expressed in small intestine, in colon and rectum. Twelve tissue samples from colorectal adenocarcinomas and the corresponding normal mucosa were analyzed by Northern blot. Expression of the 2 types of mRNA was either reduced or absent in 10 of them. Several colon-cancer cell lines were also analyzed. Cdx2 mRNA was absent from LS174T cells and Cdx1 mRNA was absent in PF11, TC7 and SW480 cells; none was detected in HT29 cells. It was concluded that decrease in human Cdx1 and/or Cdx2 expression is associated with colorectal tumorigenesis.
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27
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Mallo GV, Rechreche H, Frigerio JM, Rocha D, Zweibaum A, Lacasa M, Jordan BR, Dusetti NJ, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of the mRNA encoding human Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox. Down-regulation of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA expression during colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1997; 74:35-44. [PMID: 9036867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970220)74:1<35::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Defining the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer formation and progression is still a major challenge in colorectal-cancer research. Our strategy was to characterize genes whose expression is altered during colorectal carcinogenesis. To this end, the phenotype of a colorectal tumour was previously established by partial sequencing of a large number of its transcripts and the genes of interest were selected by differential screening on high-density filters with mRNA of colorectal cancer and normal adjacent mucosa. Fifty-one clones were found over-expressed and 23 were underexpressed in the colorectal-cancer tissues of the 5 analyzed patients. Among the latter, clones 6G2 and 32D6 were found of particular interest, since they had significant homology with several homeodomain-containing genes. The highest degree of similarity was with the murine Cdx1 for 6G2, and with the murine Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3 for 32D6. Using a RT-PCR approach, complete sequence of both types of homeobox-containing cDNA was obtained. The amino-acid sequence of the human Cdx1 is 85% identical to the mouse protein, and human Cdx2 has 94% identity with the mouse Cdx2 and hamster Cdx3. Tissue-distribution analysis of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA showed that both transcripts were specifically expressed in small intestine, in colon and rectum. Twelve tissue samples from colorectal adenocarcinomas and the corresponding normal mucosa were analyzed by Northern blot. Expression of the 2 types of mRNA was either reduced or absent in 10 of them. Several colon-cancer cell lines were also analyzed. Cdx2 mRNA was absent from LS174T cells and Cdx1 mRNA was absent in PF11, TC7 and SW480 cells; none was detected in HT29 cells. It was concluded that decrease in human Cdx1 and/or Cdx2 expression is associated with colorectal tumorigenesis.
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28
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Rocha D, Carrier A, Naspetti M, Victorero G, Anderson E, Botcherby M, Guénet JL, Nguyen C, Naquet P, Jordan BR. Modulation of mRNA levels in the presence of thymocytes and genome mapping for a set of genes expressed in mouse thymic epithelial cells. Immunogenetics 1997; 46:142-51. [PMID: 9162101 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of gene expression in mouse thymic epithelium upon culture in the presence of thymocytes (coculture) was studied by comparison of hybridization signatures on a set of nearly 5000 mouse thymus cDNA clones. Forty-nine differentially expressed clones (usually down-regulated in coculture) were characterized by tag sequencing. Many of them corresponded to entities that had not been described previously in the mouse, and were further characterized by genome mapping. This set of genes appears to be involved in growth regulation and differentiation within the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rocha
- Genome Structure and Immune Functions Laboratory, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Case 906, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
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29
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Rovere P, Trucy J, Zimmermann VS, Granjeaud S, Rocha D, Nguyen C, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Jordan BR, Davoust J. Differential mRNA expression in untreated and TNF-alpha elicited murine dendritic cells precursors. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 417:467-73. [PMID: 9286405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the pattern of gene expression in long term cultured precursor dendritic cells (DC), either untreated (immature) or cultured for two days in the presence of recombinant murine (rm)-TNF alpha (mature). The hybridization signature of complex cDNA probes prepared from total RNA extracted from immature and mature DC were analyzed using a mouse thymic cDNA library, gridded on high density filters. For each clone spotted on the filters, we have measured using an imaging plate device the hybridization signals of the complex probe obtained from immature or mature DC. Comparative analysis of these values allowed us to identify differentially expressed gene products. Our goal is to identify a new set of genes induced or repressed during DC maturation elicited by rmTNF alpha treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rovere
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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30
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Bernard K, Auphan N, Granjeaud S, Victorero G, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Jordan BR, Nguyen C. Multiplex messenger assay: simultaneous, quantitative measurement of expression of many genes in the context of T cell activation. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1435-42. [PMID: 8628675 PMCID: PMC145825 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.8.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hybridization signature approach, using colony filters and labeled complex probes, can provide high throughput measurement of gene activity. We describe here the implementation of this method to follow the expression levels of 47 genes in resting and activated T cells, as well as in epithelial cells. Using 4-fold spotting of colonies, imaging plate detection and various correction and normalization procedures, the technique is sensitive enough to quantify expression levels for sequences present at 0.005% abundance in the probe. Comparison with Northern blotting shows good consistency between the two methods. Upon activation of a T cell clone by an anti-CD3 antibody variations ranging from 2- to 20-fold are measured, some of which had not been reported previously. This 'multiplex messenger assay' method, performed using available commercial apparatus, can be used in many cases where simultaneous assessment of mRNA levels for many genes is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bernard
- Genome Structure and Immune Functions laboratory, Marseille, France
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31
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Granjeaud S, Nguyen C, Rocha D, Luton R, Jordan BR. From hybridization image to numerical values: a practical, high throughput quantification system for high density filter hybridizations. Genet Anal 1996; 12:151-62. [PMID: 8673741 DOI: 10.1016/1050-3862(95)00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization to sets of bacterial colonies or PCR products arrayed on high density filters is used in a number of experimental schemes. In many cases it is desirable to collect quantitative information ('hybridization signatures') rather than indications on 'positive' and 'negative' colonies. We present a practical system, based on an imaging plate analyser and a customized version of commercial software, that makes such quantification feasible, and define its performance in terms of reproducibility and linearity. The system is far superior to methods based on autoradiography and should be useful in many projects that involve the increasingly popular high density filter format.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Granjeaud
- Genome Structure and Immunological Functions Laboratory, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS, Marseille, France
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32
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Jordan BR. Très grand séquençage: trompe-l'oeil politique, ou nécessité scientifique ? Med Sci (Paris) 1996. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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33
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Nguyen C, Rocha D, Granjeaud S, Baldit M, Bernard K, Naquet P, Jordan BR. Differential gene expression in the murine thymus assayed by quantitative hybridization of arrayed cDNA clones. Genomics 1995; 29:207-16. [PMID: 8530073 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1995.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput measurement of hybridization signatures obtained using complex probes prepared from poly(A)+ RNA and high-density cDNA colony filters is described. The performance of the system, elimination of artifacts, and verification of the validity of the data are discussed. cDNAs corresponding to sequences present at levels of approximately 0.01% in the complex probe can be detected. Good correlation is observed between expression profiles determined by this method and by Northern blotting. The method is applied to a preliminary investigation of differential expression in three cell types present in the murine thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nguyen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, (CIML), France
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Anthony
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Physiology, Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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35
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Jordan BR. Genome programmes: an opportunity for biology. Biomed Pharmacother 1994; 48:183-90. [PMID: 7999978 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(94)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of human molecular genetics in the eighties led to the implementation of projects aimed at a systematic study of the human genetic make-up--the so-called "Genome Projects". These have so far been mainly concerned with genome mapping, both by family studies using polymorphic markers (genetic mapping) and by direct analysis of DNA with suitable fractionation and cloning methods (physical mapping). Major progress has been made in both fields recently. Sequencing per se has remained limited because of technical constraints, although systematic cDNA sequencing has caught on in a large way. National policies are quite diverse, with the USA, the UK, France and Japan being the major players; funding sources range from governments to foundations. Many of the results, methods and concepts obtained or implemented during genome studies can be of great use to "conventional" laboratories, and efficient interfacing between these two worlds is an increasingly important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- CIML INSERM/CNRS, Luminy, Marseille, France
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36
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Anthony RG, James PE, Jordan BR. Cloning and sequence analysis of a flo/lfy homologue isolated from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis). Plant Mol Biol 1993; 22:1163-1166. [PMID: 8104529 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library has been constructed from cauliflower curd in which floral development had been initiated. Two cDNAs (pBOFH3 and pBOFH8) have been isolated using the Antirrhinum flo gene as a heterologous probe. The two clones were sequenced and found to contain introns. Comparison of the deduced cDNA sequence of bofh with flo and the Arabidopsis homologue lfy reveals extensive homology. An mRNA transcript of 1.6 kb appears on northern RNA blots. This transcript can be detected, at low levels, before any obvious signs of floral differentiation, reflecting the role bofh plays in determining floral meristem identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Anthony
- Department of Molecular Biology, Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton, West Sussex, UK
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37
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Jordan BR. Des cartes en voie d'intégration ? Med Sci (Paris) 1992. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Djabali M, Nguyen C, Biunno I, Oostra BA, Mattei MG, Ikeda JE, Jordan BR. Laser microdissection of the fragile X region: identification of cosmid clones and of conserved sequences in this region. Genomics 1991; 10:1053-60. [PMID: 1916812 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90198-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Laser microdissection has been used to dissect material from the X-chromosome region involved in fragile-X-linked mental retardation. After dissection, single chromosome slices corresponding to this fragile site were subjected to DNA amplification using either a vector ligation method (to provide known anchor sequences) or primer oligonucleotides corresponding to the ubiquitous Alu sequences. Amplified material was then cloned or, alternately, used to screen a gridded cosmid library. Eight cosmid clones identified in this way were regionally mapped using a panel of hybrid cell lines and shown to originate from a narrow interval centered on the fragile X site. Two clones are included in the approximately 6-cM interval defined by probes RNI (DXS369, 5 cM proximal) and VK21 (DXS 296, 1-2 cM distal) and which includes the fragile site, and at least one clone contains sequences conserved across species suggestive of a gene. This method combines the focused approach of microdissection and the convenience of obtaining cosmid (rather than small-insert) clones; it may be useful for studies of other defined chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Djabali
- CIML INSERM-CNRS, Marseille-Luminy, France
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Rogers WJ, Jordan BR, Rawsthorne S, Tobin AK. Changes to the Stoichiometry of Glycine Decarboxylase Subunits during Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Leaf Development. Plant Physiol 1991; 96:952-6. [PMID: 16668280 PMCID: PMC1080870 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.3.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the levels of the four subunits of the mitochondrial enzyme glycine decarboxylase (EC 2.1.2.10) have been investigated during development in the 8 day old primary leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Proteins were extracted from wheat leaf sections between the basal meristem and 8.5 centimeters. The individual glycine decarboxylase subunits were detected by Western blotting, using subunit-specific polyclonal antibodies, and quantified by laser densitometry. P, T, and H subunits showed similar developmental patterns along the leaf. All were below the level of detection up to 1.5 centimeters from the meristem, but then increased over the leaf length examined. In contrast, the increase in the L protein (lipoamide dehydrogenase) was more gradual, and levels in the youngest regions of the leaf were maintained at approximately 14% of those at 8.5 centimeters. In a complementary study, levels of the four subunits in light-grown leaf tissues were compared to those in etiolated leaves from wheat and pea (Pisum sativum L.), using the activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme fumarase as the basis for comparison. For both wheat and pea, levels of P, T, and H proteins in etiolated tissues were between 25 and 30% of those in lightgrown tissue. However, in etiolated tissues L protein was present at levels of 60 to 70% of that in light-grown tissues. The results indicate that discrete mechanisms may control the synthesis of L, as compared to P, T, and H proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Rogers
- Biology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The cab and psb A RNA transcript levels have been determined in Pisum sativum leaves exposed to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation. The nuclear-encoded cab transcripts are reduced to low levels after only 4 h of UV-B treatment and are undetectable after 3 days exposure. In contrast, the chloroplast-encoded psb A transcript levels, although reduced, are present for at least 3 days. After short periods of UV-B exposure (4 h or 8 h), followed by recovery under control conditions, cab RNA transcript levels had not recovered after 1 day, but were re-established to ca. 60% of control levels after 2 more days. Increased irradiance during exposure to UV-B reduced the effect upon cab transcripts, although the decrease was still substantial. These results indicate rapid changes in the cellular regulation of gene expression in response to supplementary UV-B and suggest increased UV-B radiation may have profound consequences for future productivity of sensitive crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra ACT, Australia
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Abstract
Fragile X-linked mental retardation is an enigmatic inheritable syndrome in which severe mental retardation, a cytogenetically detectable fragile site at Xq27.3 (FraX) and a number of dysmorphic features are associated. Genetic analysis shows that the mode of inheritance is more complex than a straightforward X-linked recessive trait and probably involves a two-step process for which several models have been proposed. Early attempts at 'cloning the fragile site' provided several DNA segments lying in its general vicinity, and large scale DNA mapping methods were extensively applied in an effort to generate maps including this region. These efforts were complemented by more focussed methods such as microdissection; together these approaches have now provided a number of DNA segments within a 5 cM interval around FraX, and with the help of these new probes the site is indeed being cloned. Unravelling the nature of the sequence(s) responsible for the mental retardation syndrome will probably take some time, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, CIML INSERM-CNRS, Marseille, France
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, CIML, Marseille, France
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Nguyen C, Djabali M, Roux D, Jordan BR. Very high molecular weight DNA for pulsed field gel studies can be obtained routinely from conventional frozen blood aliquots. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:407. [PMID: 2014180 PMCID: PMC333616 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Nguyen
- Centre d'immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille Luminy, France
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Jordan BR. Ilots HTF : le gène annoncé. Med Sci (Paris) 1991. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Djabali M, Nguyen C, Roux D, Demengeot J, Yang HM, Jordan BR. A simple method for the direct use of total cosmid clones as hybridization probes. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6166. [PMID: 2235522 PMCID: PMC332451 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.20.6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Djabali
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille Luminy, France
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Djabali M, Mattei MG, Nguyen C, Roux D, Demengeot J, Denizot F, Moos M, Schachner M, Goridis C, Jordan BR. The gene encoding L1, a neural adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin family, is located on the X chromosome in mouse and man. Genomics 1990; 7:587-93. [PMID: 2387585 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The murine and human genes for the L1 neural adhesion molecule were shown to lie on conserved regions of the X chromosome to which genes responsible for several neuromuscular diseases have been mapped and which are adjacent to the fragile site (FRAXA) associated with mental retardation. By pulsed-field gel mapping we have demonstrated physical linkage between the L1 gene and other genes located in Xq28: L1 lies between the eye pigment RCP, GCP locus and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene. This location is compatible with the implication of the L1 molecule in one of the X-linked neuromuscular diseases mapped to this region.
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Jordan BR. [The bases of genetic therapy]. J Genet Hum 1989; 37:283-8. [PMID: 2699740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B R Jordan
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS, Marseille
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Healy F, Toubert A, Gomard E, Jordan BR, Levy JP. Delineation of determinants on HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 that are necessary for cytolytic T cell recognition by using inter- and intra-domain recombinants. J Immunol 1989; 143:2357-63. [PMID: 2476507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have used bulk culture HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 specific CTL lines derived from 11 donors, and a series of rHLA-B7/HLA-B27 genes transfected into and expressed on the surface of the murine cell P815, to determine the amino acid residues on these HLA class I molecules that are critical for allospecific CTL recognition. The results obtained indicate that for four of six HLA-B7-specific CTL lines the alpha-1 domain for CTL recognition. Furthermore, we found that residues 77 and/or 80 had a critical effect on recognition for all of the CTL lines tested. The region 97-156 in the alpha-2 domain was also important for some of these CTL lines. Furthermore, by using five bulk culture HLA-B27-specific CTL lines we were able to show that residues 77 and/or 80 and residue 152 are also essential for recognition of HLA-B27 by HLA-B27-specific CTL. The strong influence exerted by these residues is discussed in terms of the three-dimensional structure of class I molecules. Finally, a selection was regularly observed in the bulk cultures such that the CTL that were preferentially influenced by either the alpha-1 or the alpha-2 domain were lost after 4 to 7 wk of culture resulting in CTL cell lines which were extremely sensitive to sequence modifications of HLA-B7 or HLA-B27. The possible reasons for this selection, which we have previously observed with both anti-HLA-A2 and anti-HLA-A3 cell lines and is therefore not unique to HLA-B7 or HLA-B27, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Healy
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Healy F, Toubert A, Gomard E, Jordan BR, Levy JP. Delineation of determinants on HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 that are necessary for cytolytic T cell recognition by using inter- and intra-domain recombinants. The Journal of Immunology 1989. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.143.7.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have used bulk culture HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 specific CTL lines derived from 11 donors, and a series of rHLA-B7/HLA-B27 genes transfected into and expressed on the surface of the murine cell P815, to determine the amino acid residues on these HLA class I molecules that are critical for allospecific CTL recognition. The results obtained indicate that for four of six HLA-B7-specific CTL lines the alpha-1 domain for CTL recognition. Furthermore, we found that residues 77 and/or 80 had a critical effect on recognition for all of the CTL lines tested. The region 97-156 in the alpha-2 domain was also important for some of these CTL lines. Furthermore, by using five bulk culture HLA-B27-specific CTL lines we were able to show that residues 77 and/or 80 and residue 152 are also essential for recognition of HLA-B27 by HLA-B27-specific CTL. The strong influence exerted by these residues is discussed in terms of the three-dimensional structure of class I molecules. Finally, a selection was regularly observed in the bulk cultures such that the CTL that were preferentially influenced by either the alpha-1 or the alpha-2 domain were lost after 4 to 7 wk of culture resulting in CTL cell lines which were extremely sensitive to sequence modifications of HLA-B7 or HLA-B27. The possible reasons for this selection, which we have previously observed with both anti-HLA-A2 and anti-HLA-A3 cell lines and is therefore not unique to HLA-B7 or HLA-B27, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Healy
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - A Toubert
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - E Gomard
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - B R Jordan
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - J P Levy
- INSERM U 152, CNRS UA 628, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Chimini G, Mattei MG, Passage E, Nguyen C, Boretto J, Mattei JF, Jordan BR. In situ hybridization and pulsed-field gel analysis define two major minisatellite loci: 1q23 for minisatellite 33.6 and 7q35-q36 for minisatellite 33.15. Genomics 1989; 5:316-24. [PMID: 2793185 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The two classical minisatellite probes, 33.6 and 33.15, were used for in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. Surprisingly, a single major hybridization peak was observed with each probe, respectively at 1q23 for 33.6 and 7q35-q36 for 33.15. Hybridization to human DNA cleaved with "rare-cutter" enzymes and fractionated on pulsed-field gels also showed a fairly simple, largely monomorphic pattern which allows chromosomal assignment using somatic cell hybrids. Differences in hybridization stringency and degree of resolution account for most of the discrepancy between these results and the accepted view of minisatellites, i.e., a large number of unlinked loci spread over the genome. Our results nevertheless indicate the existence of particularly large and homologous loci on a particular chromosome for each of these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chimini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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