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Tian YY, Bi LL, Chen WW, Zheng SX, Cao Y, Xie YH, Tang HF, Lu YY, Wang SW. Two previously undescribed cholestanol saponins from the rhizomes of Paris fargesii var. petiolata. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105881. [PMID: 38438054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Two previously undescribed cholestanol saponins, parpetiosides F - G (1-2), and six known analogs (3-8) were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris fargesii var. petiolata. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis and chemical methods. Compound 1 was a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol saponin with disaccharide moiety linked at C-26 of aglycone which was hardly seen in genus Paris. All of these compounds were discovered in this plant for the first time. In addition, the cytotoxicities of saponins (1-8) against three human cancer cell lines (U87, HepG2 and SGC-7901) were evaluated by CCK-8 method, and saponins 5-8 displayed certain cytotoxicities. The strong interactions between saponins 5-8 and SCUBE3, an oncogene for glioma cells, were displayed by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yuan Tian
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bi
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wen-Wen Chen
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shu-Xian Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan-Hua Xie
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hai-Feng Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yun-Yang Lu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Si-Wang Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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2
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Wang F, Liang L, Yu M, Wang W, Badar IH, Bao Y, Zhu K, Li Y, Shafi S, Li D, Diao Y, Efferth T, Xue Z, Hua X. Advances in antitumor activity and mechanism of natural steroidal saponins: A review of advances, challenges, and future prospects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155432. [PMID: 38518645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, the second leading cause of death worldwide following cardiovascular diseases, presents a formidable challenge in clinical settings due to the extensive toxic side effects associated with primary chemotherapy drugs employed for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the emergence of drug resistance against specific chemotherapeutic agents has further complicated the situation. Consequently, there exists an urgent imperative to investigate novel anticancer drugs. Steroidal saponins, a class of natural compounds, have demonstrated notable antitumor efficacy. Nonetheless, their translation into clinical applications has remained unrealized thus far. In light of this, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review elucidating the antitumor activity, underlying mechanisms, and inherent limitations of steroidal saponins. Additionally, we propose a series of strategic approaches and recommendations to augment the antitumor potential of steroidal saponin compounds, thereby offering prospective insights for their eventual clinical implementation. PURPOSE This review summarizes steroidal saponins' antitumor activity, mechanisms, and limitations. METHODS The data included in this review are sourced from authoritative databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and others. RESULTS A comprehensive summary of over 40 steroidal saponin compounds with proven antitumor activity, including their applicable tumor types and structural characteristics, has been compiled. These steroidal saponins can be primarily classified into five categories: spirostanol, isospirostanol, furostanol, steroidal alkaloids, and cholestanol. The isospirostanol and cholestanol saponins are found to have more potent antitumor activity. The primary antitumor mechanisms of these saponins include tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy induction, inhibition of tumor migration, overcoming drug resistance, and cell cycle arrest. However, steroidal saponins have limitations, such as higher cytotoxicity and lower bioavailability. Furthermore, strategies to address these drawbacks have been proposed. CONCLUSION In summary, isospirostanol and cholestanol steroidal saponins demonstrate notable antitumor activity and different structural categories of steroidal saponins exhibit variations in their antitumor signaling pathways. However, the clinical application of steroidal saponins in cancer treatment still faces limitations, and further research and development are necessary to advance their potential in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Lu Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR, PR China
| | - Ma Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Badar
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, PR China; Department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Saba Shafi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Dangdang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Yongchao Diao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
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Jolly A, Hour Y, Lee YC. An outlook on the versatility of plant saponins: A review. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105858. [PMID: 38365071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The abundance of saponin-rich plants across different ecosystems indicates their great potential as a replacement for harmful synthetic surfactants in modern commercial products. These organic saponins have remarkable biological and surface-active properties and align with sustainable and eco-friendly practices. This article examines and discusses the structure and properties of plant saponins with high yield of saponin concentrations and their exploitable applications. This highlights the potential of saponins as ethical substitutes for traditional synthetic surfactants and pharmacological agents, with favorable effects on the economy and environment. For this purpose, studies on the relevant capabilities, structure, and yield of selected plants were thoroughly examined. Studies on the possible uses of the selected saponins have also been conducted. This in-depth analysis highlights the potential of saponins as workable and ethical replacements for traditional synthetic medications and surfactants, thus emphasizing their favorable effects on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Jolly
- Department of BioNanotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Youl Hour
- 125-6, Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34024, BTGin co., Ltd., Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNanotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Lu J, Yao J, Pu J, Wang D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zha L. Transcriptome analysis of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum: identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and steroidal saponins biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293411. [PMID: 38046616 PMCID: PMC10691381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides and saponins are the main active components of Polygonati Rhizoma. Studying the molecular mechanism of their synthesis pathway is helpful in improving the content of active components at the molecular level. At present, transcriptome analysis of three Polygonatum species (Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.) has been reported, but no comparative study has been found on the transcriptome data of the three species. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the rhizomes of three Polygonatum species based on high-throughput sequencing technology, and all transcripts were assembled. A total of 168,108 unigenes were generated after the removal of redundancy, of which 121,642 were annotated in seven databases. Through differential analysis and expression analysis of key enzyme genes in the synthesis pathway of three Polygonatum polysaccharides and steroidal saponins, 135 differentially expressed genes encoding 18 enzymes and 128 differentially expressed genes encoding 28 enzymes were identified, respectively. Numerous transcription factors are involved in the carbohydrate synthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further verify the gene expression level. In this paper, we present a public transcriptome dataset of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum, and analyze the key enzyme genes of polysaccharide and steroidal saponins synthesis pathway, which lays a foundation for improving the active component content of Polygonati Rhizoma by molecular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchen Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingzhe Pu
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Duomei Wang
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Zhang
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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He M, Zhang G, Huo D, Yang S. Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Creamy Yellow and Purple Colored Panax notoginseng Roots. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2100. [PMID: 37895482 PMCID: PMC10607970 DOI: 10.3390/life13102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a species of the Araliaceae family that inhabits southwestern China, Burma, and Nepal. It is cultivated on a commercial scale in Yunnan province, China, owing to its significance in traditional Chinese medicine. Panax notoginseng roots are usually yellow-white (HS); however, purple roots (ZS) have also been reported. The majority of P. notoginseng research has concentrated on the identification and production of natural chemicals in HS; however, there is little to no information about the composition of ZS. Using UPLC-MS/MS, we investigated the global metabolome profile of both ZS- and HS-type roots and discovered 834 metabolites from 11 chemical groups. There were 123 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) in the HS and ZS roots, which were classified as lipids and lipid-like molecules, polyketides, organoheterocyclic chemicals, and organooxygen compounds. We investigated the associated compounds in the DAMs because of the importance of anthocyanins in color and saponins and ginsenosides in health benefits. In general, we discovered that pigment compounds such as petunidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-beta-galactoside were more abundant in ZS. The saponin (eight compounds) and ginsenoside (26 compounds) content of the two varieties of roots differed as well. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that flavonoid and anthocyanin production genes were more abundant in ZS than in HS. Similarly, we found differences in gene expression in genes involved in terpenoid production and related pathways. Overall, these findings suggest that the purple roots of P. notoginseng contain varying amounts of ginsenosides and anthocyanins compared to roots with a creamy yellow color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhan He
- Office of Academic Affairs, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming 650224, China; (M.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Dongfang Huo
- Office of Academic Affairs, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming 650224, China; (M.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
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Xu C, Xia B, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Li C, Lin L. Research progress in steroidal saponins from the genus Polygonatum: Chemical components, biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological effects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 213:113731. [PMID: 37245687 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The genus Polygonatum Mill. belongs to the Liliaceae family, which is widely distributed all over the world. Modern studies have found that Polygonatum plants are very rich in chemical compounds such as saponins, polysaccharides and flavonoids. Steroidal saponins are the most commonly studied saponins in the genus Polygonatum and a total of 156 compounds have been isolated from 10 species of the genus. These molecules possess antitumor, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and anti-osteoporotic activities. In this review, we summarize recent advances in studies of the chemical constituents of steroidal saponins from Polygonatum, including their structural characteristics, possible biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological effects. Then, the relationship between the structure and some physiological activities is considered. This review aims to provide reference for further exploitation and utilization of the genus Polygonatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Bohou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
| | - Limei Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China.
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Wei R, Qin X, Li Z. Comparison of the inedible parts of white and green asparagus based on metabolomics and network pharmacology. Food Funct 2023; 14:7478-7488. [PMID: 37497633 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01797d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Asparagus is a perennial herb and is widely used as food and medicine in China. In this study, untargeted metabolomics analysis was applied to compare the chemical differences between the edible and inedible parts of asparagus, as well as the inedible parts of white and green asparagus. A total of 342 compounds were identified in the asparagus extracts, and 24 steroid saponins, 31 oxylipins and 36 LysoGPLs were identified for the first time in asparagus. Metabolomics analysis showed that the inedible part of white asparagus is rich in steroidal saponins, oxylipins and alkaloids, while the inedible part of green asparagus is rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, LysoGPLs and amino acids. The inedible part of white asparagus showed significantly higher inhibitory effects on breast cancer 4T-1 cells than that of green asparagus. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking showed that the biological difference is related to higher levels of steroidal saponins and oxylipins in the inedible part of white asparagus. This study is useful for the wasted resource utilization of inedible parts of asparagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China.
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8
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Li Y, Yang H, Li Z, Li S, Li J. Advances in the Biosynthesis and Molecular Evolution of Steroidal Saponins in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032620. [PMID: 36768941 PMCID: PMC9917158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidal saponins are an important type of plant-specific metabolite that are essential for plants' responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Because of their extensive pharmacological activities, steroidal saponins are also important industrial raw materials for the production of steroidal drugs. In recent years, more and more studies have explored the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins in plants, but most of them only focused on the biosynthesis of their molecular skeleton, diosgenin, and their subsequent glycosylation modification mechanism needs to be further studied. In addition, the biosynthetic regulation mechanism of steroidal saponins, their distribution pattern, and their molecular evolution in plants remain unclear. In this review, we summarized and discussed recent studies on the biosynthesis, molecular regulation, and function of steroidal saponins. Finally, we also reviewed the distribution and molecular evolution of steroidal saponins in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthesis, regulation, and molecular evolutionary mechanisms of steroidal saponins is crucial to provide new insights and references for studying their distribution, diversity, and evolutionary history in plants. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of steroidal saponin biosynthesis will contribute to their industrial production and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jiaru Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-6875-3599
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Wang S, Lu L, Song T, Xu X, Yu J, Liu T. Optimization of Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima process and the differences of metabolites before and after fermentation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12586. [PMID: 36636205 PMCID: PMC9830164 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the interaction of factors which influenced the Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn, a Dai (a national minority of China) medicine, and the optimal fermentation conditions. The differences of C. sinensis metabolites in normal state (CN) and products of two-way liquid fermentation of C. sinensis and Marsdenia tenacissima (CM) and Marsdenia tenacissima (MT). The interactive effect of factors was analyzed and the best conditions are obtained through the box-behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). All metabolites were determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), analyzed and identified by metabonomics technology. Results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were the concentration of raw medicinal materials is 160 g/L, the fermentation time is 6 days, the inoculation volume is 9.5%, the rotating speed is 170 rpm. 197 metabolites were identified in both positive ion and negative ion. 119 metabolites were significantly different between CN and CM. 43 metabolites were significantly different between CM and MT. Differential metabolic pathways were enriched. In conclusion, this paper optimizes the bidirectional fermentation process of M. tenacissima and C. sinensis through response surface methodology, and analyzes the changes of components from the level of metabonomics, so as to provide reference for exploring medicinal fungi fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Corresponding author.
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10
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Chen Y, Yu D, Huo J, Huang N, Zhang M, Du X. Studies on biotransformation mechanism of Fusarium sp. C39 to enhance saponin content of Paridis Rhizoma. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992318. [PMID: 36590423 PMCID: PMC9800501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.992318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paridis Rhizoma is a natural medicine with strong anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Our previous research have found that Fusarium sp. C39, an endophytic fungus isolated from Dioscorea nipponica which contains the similar chemical components, significantly increased the steroidal saponins content of Paridis Rhizoma by fermentation. In this study, the inhibitory effects of fermentated Paridis Rhizoma extract (PRE) on liver cancer cells (Hepal-6), cervical cancer cells (Hela), and lung cancer cells (A549) were determined to be stronger than that of the unfermented extract. For discovering the fermentation mechanism of PRE with Fusarium sp. C39, 36 components with obviously quantitative variations were screened out by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and 53 key genes involved in the metabolic pathways of steroidal saponins were identified by transcriptome. On the basis of comprehensively analyzing information from the metabonomics and transcriptome, it can be speculated that the increase of spirostanol saponins and nuatigenin-type saponins enhanced the inhibitory effect of fermented PRE on cancer cell proliferation. Under the action of glycosidase, glycosyltransferase, oxidoreductases, and genes involved in sterol synthesis, strain C39 achieved the synthesis of diosgenin and the alteration of configurations, sugar chain and substituent of steroidal saponins. The research suggested a microbial transformation approach to increase the resource utilization and activity of Paris polyphylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhai Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Nannan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaowei Du
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Xiaowei Du,
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Hou L, Zhang F, Yuan X, Li S, Tian W, Tian W, Li J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key genes for polyphyllin difference in five Paris species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13810. [PMID: 36326141 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paris species accumulate a large amount of steroidal saponins, which have numerous pharmacological activities and have become an essential component in many patented drugs. However, only two among all Paris species. Paris are identified as official sources due to high level of bioactive compounds. To clarify the composition of steroidal saponins and the molecular basis behind the differences between species, we investigated transcriptome and metabolic profiles of leaves and rhizomes in Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC), Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY), Paris polyphylla var. stenophylla (PPS), Paris fargesii (PF), and Paris mairei (PM). Phytochemical results displayed that the accumulation of steroidal saponins was tissue- and species-specific. PF and PPS contained more steroidal saponins in leaves than rhizomes, while PPY accumulated more steroidal saponins in rhizomes than leaves. PPC and PM contained similar amounts of steroidal saponins in leaves and rhizomes. Transcriptome analysis illustrated that most differentially expressed genes related to the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins were abundantly expressed in rhizomes than leaves. Meanwhile, more biosynthetic genes had significant correlations with steroidal saponins in rhizomes than in leaves. The result of CCA indicated that ACAT, DXS, DWF1, and CYP90 constrained 97.35% of the variance in bioactive compounds in leaves, whereas CYP72, UGT73, ACAT, and GPPS constrained 98.61% of the variance in phytochemicals in rhizomes. This study provided critical information for enhancing the production of steroidal saponins by biotechnological approaches and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Furui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xincheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijun Tian
- Yunnan Baotian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Weirong Tian
- Yunnan Baotian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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