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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Shi S, Marcelissen T, Alharbi RA, Mobarki M, Almalki SSR, van Roermund J, zur Hausen A, Samarska I. Human polyomaviruses JCPyV and MCPyV in urothelial cell carcinoma: a single institution experience. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1251244. [PMID: 38192628 PMCID: PMC10773619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1251244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is the most common type of urinary bladder. JCPyV and BKPyV have been detected in the urine and tissue of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC) in immunocompetent patients. Here, we investigated the presence of several HPyVs in UCC samples using diverse molecular techniques to study the prevalence of HPyVs in UCC. Methods A large single-institution database of urine cytology specimens (UCS; n = 22.867 UCS) has previously been searched for decoy cells (n = 30), suggesting polyomavirus infection. The available urine sediments and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of UCC patients were tested for the presence of JCPyV-LTAg expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) labeled with SV40-LTAg antibody (clone: PAb416) and subsequent PCR followed by sequencing. In addition, the presence of the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the presence of human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and 7 (HPyV7) DNA were tested with DNA PCR or IHC. Results Of the 30 patients harboring decoy cells, 14 were diagnosed with UCC of the urinary bladder (14/30; 46.6%) before presenting with decoy cells in the urine. The SV40-LTAg IHC was positive in all 14 UCC urine sediments and negative in the FFPE tissues. JCPyV-DNA was identified in all five available UCS and in three FFPE samples of UCC (three of 14; 21.4%). Two UCC cases were positive for MCPyV-DNA (two of 14; 14.3%), and one of them showed protein expression by IHC (one of 14; 7.1%). All specimens were HPyV6 and HPyV7 negative. Conclusion Our findings show the presence of JCPyV in the urine and UCC of immunocompetent patients. Moreover, MCPyV was detected in two UCC cases. In total, five UCC cases showed the presence of either JCPyV or MCPyV. The evidence here supports the hypothesis that these viruses might sporadically be associated with UCC. Further studies are needed to confirm the relevance of JCPyV or MCPyV as a possible risk factor for UCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tom Marcelissen
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Raed A. Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Mobarki
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaia Saleh R. Almalki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joep van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Kimla LJ, Clark TG, Banerjee S, Campino S. JC Polyomavirus T-antigen protein expression and the risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283642. [PMID: 37000859 PMCID: PMC10065230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
JC Polyomavirus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus encoding T-antigen protein, which is implicated in carcinogenesis. JCV is prevalent in the upper and lower gastrointestinal track. Several studies have reported JCV associations with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), however, these findings remain controversial. Since JCV DNA may be present in healthy tissues as well as transformed tissues, JCV T-antigen expression could be a more useful measure of JCV's association with cancer development. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of case-control studies to investigate if there is a significant association between JCV T-antigen protein expression and risk of CRC. A systematic review was performed to identify studies reporting JCV DNA prevalence in CRC and JCV T-antigen expression. The strength of the association was estimated by odds ratios (ORs). Five (of 66) studies satisfied analysis inclusion criteria, and spanned years 1999 to 2022. Random effects meta-analysis of CRC cases versus controls showed an 11-fold increased risk of CRC development in JCV DNA positive samples with JCV T-antigen expression versus normal tissues (OR 10.95; 95% CI: 2.48-48.24; P = 0.0016). The results of this meta-analysis of JCV infection followed by JCV T-antigen protein expression for the risk of CRC support the argument that JCV infection significantly increases the risk of colorectal cancer in tissues where the JCV T-antigen protein is expressed. Further research with JCV T-antigen expression in relation to CRC development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka J. Kimla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sri Banerjee
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976577. [PMID: 36212474 PMCID: PMC9537617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) belongs to the human polyomavirus family. Based on alternative splicing, the early region encodes the large and small T antigens, while the late region encodes the capsid structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) and the agnoprotein. The regulatory transcription factors for JCPyV include Sp1, TCF-4, DDX1, YB-1, LCP-1, Purα, GF-1, and NF-1. JCPyV enters tonsillar tissue through the intake of raw sewage, inhalation of air droplets, or parent-to-child transmission. It persists quiescently in lymphoid and renal tissues during latency. Both TGF-β1 and TNF-α stimulates JCPyV multiplication, while interferon-γ suppresses the process. The distinct distribution of caspid receptors (α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans, and serotonin) determines the infection capabilities of JCPyV virions, and JCPyV entry is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In permissive cells, JCPyV undergoes lytic proliferation and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, while its DNA is inserted into genomic DNA and leads to carcinogenesis in non-permissive cells. T antigen targets p53, β-catenin, IRS, Rb, TGF-β1, PI3K/Akt and AMPK signal pathways in cancer cells. Intracranial injection of T antigen into animals results in neural tumors, and transgenic mice develop neural tumors, lens tumor, breast cancer, gastric, Vater’s, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, insulinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, JCPyV DNA and its encoded products can be detected in the brain tissues of PML patients and brain, oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and hepatocellular cancer tissues. Therefore, JCPyV might represent an etiological risk factor for carcinogenesis and should be evaluated for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Broecker F, Moelling K. The Roles of the Virome in Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122538. [PMID: 34946139 PMCID: PMC8706120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections as well as changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and virome have been linked to cancer. Moreover, the success of cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been correlated with the intestinal microbial composition of patients. The transfer of feces-which contain mainly bacteria and their viruses (phages)-from immunotherapy responders to non-responders, known as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), has been shown to be able to convert some non-responders to responders. Since phages may also increase the response to immunotherapy, for example by inducing T cells cross-reacting with cancer antigens, modulating phage populations may provide a new avenue to improve immunotherapy responsiveness. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the human virome and its links to cancer, and discuss the potential utility of bacteriophages in increasing the responder rate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Karin Moelling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastr. 30, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
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5
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Marongiu L, Allgayer H. Viruses in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1423-1450. [PMID: 34514694 PMCID: PMC8978519 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microorganisms might represent at least highly interesting cofactors in colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenesis and progression. Still, associated mechanisms, specifically in colonocytes and their microenvironmental interactions, are still poorly understood. Although, currently, at least seven viruses are being recognized as human carcinogens, only three of these – Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) – have been described, with varying levels of evidence, in CRC. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with CRC in some publications, albeit not being a fully acknowledged oncovirus. Moreover, recent microbiome studies set increasing grounds for new hypotheses on bacteriophages as interesting additional modulators in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. The present Review summarizes how particular groups of viruses, including bacteriophages, affect cells and the cellular and microbial microenvironment, thereby putatively contributing to foster CRC. This could be achieved, for example, by promoting several processes – such as DNA damage, chromosomal instability, or molecular aspects of cell proliferation, CRC progression and metastasis – not necessarily by direct infection of epithelial cells only, but also by interaction with the microenvironment of infected cells. In this context, there are striking common features of EBV, CMV, HPV and JCV that are able to promote oncogenesis, in terms of establishing latent infections and affecting p53‐/pRb‐driven, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐/EGFR‐associated and especially Wnt/β‐catenin‐driven pathways. We speculate that, at least in part, such viral impacts on particular pathways might be reflected in lasting (e.g. mutational or further genomic) fingerprints of viruses in cells. Also, the complex interplay between several species within the intestinal microbiome, involving a direct or indirect impact on colorectal and microenvironmental cells but also between, for example, phages and bacterial and viral pathogens, and further novel species certainly might, in part, explain ongoing difficulties to establish unequivocal monocausal links between specific viral infections and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Mormando R, Wolfe AJ, Putonti C. Discriminating between JCPyV and BKPyV in Urinary Virome Data Sets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061041. [PMID: 34072839 PMCID: PMC8230216 DOI: 10.3390/v13061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are abundant in the human body. The polyomaviruses JC virus (JCPyV) and BK virus (BKPyV) are common viruses in the human urinary tract. Prior studies have estimated that JCPyV infects between 20 and 80% of adults and that BKPyV infects between 65 and 90% of individuals by age 10. However, these two viruses encode for the same six genes and share 75% nucleotide sequence identity across their genomes. While prior urinary virome studies have repeatedly reported the presence of JCPyV, we were interested in seeing how JCPyV prevalence compares to BKPyV. We retrieved all publicly available shotgun metagenomic sequencing reads from urinary microbiome and virome studies (n = 165). While one third of the data sets produced hits to JCPyV, upon further investigation were we able to determine that the majority of these were in fact BKPyV. This distinction was made by specifically mining for JCPyV and BKPyV and considering uniform coverage across the genome. This approach provides confidence in taxon calls, even between closely related viruses with significant sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mormando
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stitch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
| | - Catherine Putonti
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stitch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Liu D, Alharbi RA, Kurz AK, Speel EJM, Winnepenninckx V, Zur Hausen A. Emerging role of human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in human cancers. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:35. [PMID: 34001216 PMCID: PMC8130262 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently 12 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified, 6 of which have been associated with human diseases, including cancer. The discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and its role in the etiopathogenesis in the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas has drawn significant attention, also to other novel HPyVs. In 2010, HPyV6 and HPyV7 were identified in healthy skin swabs. Ever since it has been speculated that they might contribute to the etiopathogenesis of skin and non-cutaneous human cancers. MAIN BODY Here we comprehensively reviewed and summarized the current evidence potentially indicating an involvement of HPyV6 and HPyV7 in the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic human diseases. The seroprevalence of both HPyV6 and 7 is high in a normal population and increases with age. In skin cancer tissues, HPyV6- DNA was far more often prevalent than HPyV7 in contrast to cancers of other anatomic sites, in which HPyV7 DNA was more frequently detected. CONCLUSION It is remarkable to find that the detection rate of HPyV6-DNA in tissues of skin malignancies is higher than HPyV7-DNA and may indicate a role of HPyV6 in the etiopathogenesis of the respected skin cancers. However, the sheer presence of viral DNA is not enough to prove a role in the etiopathogenesis of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raed A Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Kordelia Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ernst Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Palrasu M, Zaika E, El-Rifai W, Que J, Zaika AI. Role of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081878. [PMID: 33919876 PMCID: PMC8070847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with over one million new cases diagnosed in 2020. Despite recent advances in cancer treatments, gastric cancer remains a serious clinical problem. This disease is tightly linked to gastric infections with Helicobacter pylori bacterium, Epstein–Barr virus, and some other less known pathogens. Here, we discuss how gastric pathogens induce tumorigenic changes in the stomach. Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. In contrast to many other tumor types, gastric carcinogenesis is tightly linked to infectious events. Infections with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are the two most investigated risk factors for GC. These pathogens infect more than half of the world’s population. Fortunately, only a small fraction of infected individuals develops GC, suggesting high complexity of tumorigenic processes in the human stomach. Recent studies suggest that the multifaceted interplay between microbial, environmental, and host genetic factors underlies gastric tumorigenesis. Many aspects of these interactions still remain unclear. In this review, we update on recent discoveries, focusing on the roles of various gastric pathogens and gastric microbiome in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
| | - Elena Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Alexander I. Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence:
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Turkington CJR, Varadan AC, Grenier SF, Grasis JA. The Viral Janus: Viruses as Aetiological Agents and Treatment Options in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:601573. [PMID: 33489934 PMCID: PMC7817644 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the importance of microorganisms on and within our bodies has been revolutionized by the ability to characterize entire microbial communities. No more so is this true than in cases of disease. Community studies have revealed strong associations between microbial populations and disease states where such concomitance was previously absent from aetiology: including in cancers. The study of viruses, in particular, has benefited from the development of new community profiling techniques and we are now realising that their prominence within our physiology is nearly as broad as the diversity of the organisms themselves. Here, we examine the relationship between viruses and colorectal cancer (CRC), the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer-related death worldwide. In CRC, viruses have been suggested to be involved in oncogenesis both directly, through infection of our cells, and indirectly, through modulating the composition of bacterial communities. Interestingly though, these characteristics have also led to their examination from another perspective—as options for treatment. Advances in our understanding of molecular and viral biology have caused many to look at viruses as potential modular biotherapeutics, where deleterious characteristics can be tamed and desirable characteristics exploited. In this article, we will explore both of these perspectives, covering how viral infections and involvement in microbiome dynamics may contribute to CRC, and examine ways in which viruses themselves could be harnessed to treat the very condition their contemporaries may have had a hand in creating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambarish C Varadan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Juris A Grasis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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Marônek M, Link R, Monteleone G, Gardlík R, Stolfi C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218133. [PMID: 33143318 PMCID: PMC7663754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human virome, which is a collection of all the viruses that are present in the human body, is increasingly being recognized as an essential part of the human microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract and related organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)-composing the gastrointestinal (or digestive) system-contain a huge number of viral particles which contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and keeping our body healthy. However, perturbations of the virome steady-state may, both directly and indirectly, ignite/sustain oncogenic mechanisms contributing to the initiation of a dysplastic process and/or cancer progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available evidence on the association and role of viruses in the development of cancers of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Marônek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - René Link
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roman Gardlík
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-72596163
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Temporal Control of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System in a Mongolian Gerbil Model of Gastric Carcinogenesis. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01296-20. [PMID: 32605987 PMCID: PMC7327173 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01296-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) translocates the effector protein CagA and nonprotein bacterial constituents into host cells. In this study, we infected Mongolian gerbils with an H. pylori strain in which expression of the cagUT operon (required for Cag T4SS activity) is controlled by a TetR/tetO system. Transcript levels of cagU were significantly higher in gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected animals receiving doxycycline-containing chow (to derepress Cag T4SS activity) than in tissue from infected control animals receiving drug-free chow. At 3 months postinfection, infected animals receiving doxycycline had significantly increased gastric inflammation compared to infected control animals. Dysplasia (a premalignant histologic lesion) and/or invasive gastric adenocarcinoma were detected only in infected gerbils receiving doxycycline, not in infected control animals. We then conducted experiments in which Cag T4SS activity was derepressed during defined stages of infection. Continuous Cag T4SS activity throughout a 3-month time period resulted in higher rates of dysplasia and/or gastric cancer than observed when Cag T4SS activity was limited to early or late stages of infection. Cag T4SS activity for the initial 6 weeks of infection was sufficient for the development of gastric inflammation at the 3-month time point, with gastric cancer detected in a small proportion of animals. These experimental results, together with previous studies of cag mutant strains, provide strong evidence that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis and help to define the stages of H. pylori infection during which Cag T4SS activity causes gastric alterations relevant for cancer pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE The "hit-and-run model" of carcinogenesis proposes that an infectious agent triggers carcinogenesis during initial stages of infection and that the ongoing presence of the infectious agent is not required for development of cancer. H. pylori infection and actions of CagA (an effector protein designated a bacterial oncoprotein, secreted by the Cag T4SS) are proposed to constitute a paradigm for hit-and-run carcinogenesis. In this study, we report the development of methods for controlling H. pylori Cag T4SS activity in vivo and demonstrate that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. We also show that Cag T4SS activity during an early stage of infection is sufficient to initiate a cascade of cellular alterations leading to gastric inflammation and gastric cancer at later time points.
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Shoraka HR, Aboubakri O, Naghibzadeh-Tahami A, Mollaei HR, Bagherinezhad Z, Malekpour Afshar R, Shahesmaeili A. Prevalence of JC and BK viruses in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1499-1509. [PMID: 32592342 PMCID: PMC7568898 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyomaviruses including BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) are widespread in human and have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in some studies. The aim of present systematic review and meta-analysis article is to calculate the pooled prevalence of BKV and JCV in patients with CRC and assessing their association with this malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Domestic databases and Sciences Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Sciences and Scopus were searched for relevant articles up to 2nd June 2019Two independent reviewers extracted the related data from eligible articles. The pooled prevalence and pooled odds ratio (POR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using "metaprop" and "metan" commands in Stata 14. Where I2 statistics were >50%, the random effect model was used. RESULTS From 1461 relevant studies, 24 articles were eligible and included in the qualitative while 19 articles included in quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence based on diagnostic methods varies from 29% using immunohistochemistry to 52% using nested-PCR method. The likelihood of being infected with JCV was significantly higher in CRC patients compared to healthy (POR: 4.41, 95% CI: 2.13 - 9.13) controls, normal adjacent mucosa (POR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.3-5.9) and colorectal adenoma (POR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.5) but was not significant when non-CRC patients used as control group. CONCLUSION The prevalence of JCV in colorectal patients was substantially variable by different methods and targets. The significant association between JCV and CRC that was observed in the present study is not indicative of causation and should be studied more in large-scale prospective designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shoraka
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Omid Aboubakri
- Faculty of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Naghibzadeh-Tahami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Mollaei
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman. Iran.
| | - Zohreh Bagherinezhad
- Librarian, Health faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Malekpour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institue of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Armita Shahesmaeili
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating center for HIV surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both the USA and the world. Recent research has demonstrated the involvement of the gut microbiota in CRC development and progression. Microbial biomarkers of disease have focused primarily on the bacterial component of the microbiome; however, the viral portion of the microbiome, consisting of both bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses, together known as the virome, has been lesser studied. Here we review the recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and bioinformatics, which have enabled scientists to better understand how viruses might influence the development of colorectal cancer. We discuss the contemporary findings revealing modulations in the virome and their correlation with CRC development and progression. While a variety of challenges still face viral HTS detection in clinical specimens, we consider herein numerous next steps for future basic and clinical research. Clinicians need to move away from a single infectious agent model for disease etiology by grasping new, more encompassing etiological paradigms, in which communities of various microbial components interact with each other and the host. The reporting and indexing of patient health information, socioeconomic data, and other relevant metadata will enable identification of predictive variables and covariates of viral presence and CRC development. Altogether, the virome has a more profound role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression than once thought, and viruses, specific for either human cells or bacteria, are clinically relevant in understanding CRC pathology, patient prognosis, and treatment development.
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Multiple Signatures of the JC Polyomavirus in Paired Normal and Altered Colorectal Mucosa Indicate a Link with Human Colorectal Cancer, but Not with Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235965. [PMID: 31783512 PMCID: PMC6928985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The JC polyomavirus (JCV) has been repeatedly but discordantly detected in healthy colonic mucosa, adenomatous polyps, and colorectal cancer (CRC), and proposed to contribute to oncogenesis. The controversies may derive from differences in JCV targets, patient’s cohorts, and methods. Studies of simultaneous detection, quantification, and characterization of JCV presence/expression in paired samples of normal/altered tissues of the same patient are lacking. Therefore, we simultaneously quantified JCV presence (DNA) and expression (mRNA and protein) of T-antigen (T-Ag), Viral Protein 1 (Vp1), and miR-J1-5p in paired normal/altered tissues of CRC or polyps, and from controls. JCV signatures were found in most samples. They increased in patients, but were higher in normal mucosa than in corresponding polyp or CRC lesions. JCV non-coding control region (NCCR) DNA rearrangements increased in CRC patients, also in normal mucosa, thus before the onset of the lesion. A new ∆98bp NCCR DNA rearrangement was detected. T-Ag levels were higher in normal mucosa than in adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions, but decreased to levels of controls in established CRC lesions. In CRC, miR-J1-5p expression decreased with CRC progression. Vp1 expression was not detected. The data indicate a JCV link with the disease, but possible JCV contributes to oncogenesis should occur at pre-polyp stages.
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15
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Shavaleh R, Kamandi M, Feiz Disfani H, Mansori K, Naseri SN, Rahmani K, Ahmadi Kanrash F. Association between JC virus and colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:152-160. [PMID: 31766929 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1692145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Given the probable role of JC virus in associate with increasing the odds of colorectal cancer, this study was conducted systematically to evaluate the association between JC virus and colorectal cancer.Materials and methods: Systematic reviews of the articles published prior to January 1, 2019 without time and place limitations were done independently through the PubMed, ISI, EMBASE and Medline main databases. The heterogeneity rate was assessed through I2, Chi2 and Tau2, and the sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate the source of heterogeneity among the studies.Results: 24 studies with a sample size of 2576 were finally entered into the meta-analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of JC virus in colorectal cancer tissues was about 43% (95% CI: 29% -58%). The meta-analysis results also showed that the presence of JCV in colorectal tissues increased the odds of colorectal cancer 4.70 times as much (OR Pooled = 4.70; 95% CI: 2.95-7.50). Also, the results of the sub-group analysis indicated that the presence of JC virus, compared with the tissues adjacent to the tumour and the healthy control tissues, increased the odds of colorectal cancer (OR Pooled = 4.50, 95% CI: 2.09-9.65 and OR Pooled = 4.70, 95% CI: 2.95-7.50) respectively.Conclusion: The meta-analysis showed that as an oncogene virus, JC could increase the odds of colorectal cancer, reinforcing the hypothesis on the role of viral factors in the pathogenesis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Shavaleh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kamandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Feiz Disfani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamyar Mansori
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyede Nafiseh Naseri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhradin Ahmadi Kanrash
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Esmailzadeh N, Ranaee M, Alizadeh A, Khademian A, Saber Amoli S, Sadeghi F. Presence of JC Polyomavirus in Nonneoplastic Inflamed Colon Mucosa and Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2019; 7:30-40. [PMID: 32399463 DOI: 10.1159/000504293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite decades of epidemiologic and histopathologic investigations, the association between JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infection and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. Objective This study tested the presence of JCPyV sequences and determined the viral load in a series of colorectal samples from Iranian patients. In total, 223 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from patients diagnosed with primary and metastatic CRC as well as with nonneoplastic inflamed colon mucosa were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR for the presence of JCPyV large tumor antigen (LT-Ag) sequences. Results JCPyV LT-Ag sequences were detected in 18.6% of the CRC tissues and in 15.5% of the nonneoplastic control group. Viral LT-Ag was quantified in 18/100 primary colon adenocarcinomas, 2/10 metastatic adenocarcinomas, and 1/3 primary adenocarcinomas of the rectum. Two JCPyV-positive metastatic tumors presented a negative test result for JCPyV in the corresponding primary tumor. The median JCPyV LT-Ag copy number was 64 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell and 14 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell in the CRC cases and the nonneoplastic samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two study groups regarding median LT-Ag DNA load (p = 0.059). Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the LT-Ag DNA load was higher in 2 metastatic tumors (from a patient with lung metastasis: 232 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell; from a patient with liver metastasis: 121 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell). Conclusions The detection of JCPyV DNA at low copy numbers (lower than 1 viral copy per cell equivalent) and the absence of viral sequences in the corresponding primary tumors of the JCPyV-positive metastatic samples weaken the hypothesis of an etiological role of JCPyV in primary CRC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Esmailzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aynaz Khademian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saghar Saber Amoli
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Del Valle L, Piña-Oviedo S. Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and Its Role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:711. [PMID: 31440465 PMCID: PMC6694743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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18
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Molecular epidemiology of JC polyomavirus in HIV-infected patients and healthy individuals from Iran. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:37-43. [PMID: 31364012 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised patients. More than 40% of healthy population excretes JCPyV particles in their urine. As JCPyV is ubiquitous in human, the definition of genotype distribution can help trace population migration. In this study, to define the frequency of JCPyV in southwest of Iran, urine samples of 161 volunteers including 80 healthy individuals and 81 HIV-infected patients were collected. PCR assays and sequence analysis were performed using JCPyV-specific primers designed against VP1 coding region. JCPyV DNA was detected in 65 out of 81 urine samples (80.2%) of HIV-infected, and in 43 out of 80 urine samples (53.8%) of healthy individuals (P = 0.001). The shedding of JCPyV among HIV-infected patients revealed an age-related pattern while such relationship was not observed in healthy individuals group. The most common genotype found in this region was genotype 3A (80.8%), followed by genotype 2D (11.5%), 4 (3.8%), and 7 (3.8%). The frequency of JCPyV in the urine of HIV-infected patients was found significantly higher than in the healthy individuals (P = 0.001).
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19
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Nakatsu G, Zhou H, Wu WKK, Wong SH, Coker OO, Dai Z, Li X, Szeto CH, Sugimura N, Lam TYT, Yu ACS, Wang X, Chen Z, Wong MCS, Ng SC, Chan MTV, Chan PKS, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. Alterations in Enteric Virome Are Associated With Colorectal Cancer and Survival Outcomes. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:529-541.e5. [PMID: 29689266 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a different gut microbiome signature than individuals without CRC. Little is known about the viral component of CRC-associated microbiome. We aimed to identify and validate viral taxonomic markers of CRC that might be used in detection of the disease or predicting outcome. METHODS We performed shotgun metagenomic analyses of viromes of fecal samples from 74 patients with CRC (cases) and 92 individuals without CRC (controls) in Hong Kong (discovery cohort). Viral sequences were classified by taxonomic alignment against an integrated microbial reference genome database. Viral markers associated with CRC were validated using fecal samples from 3 separate cohorts: 111 patients with CRC and 112 controls in Hong Kong, 46 patients with CRC and 63 controls in Austria, and 91 patients with CRC and 66 controls in France and Germany. Using abundance profiles of CRC-associated virome genera, we constructed random survival forest models to identify those associated with patient survival times. RESULTS The diversity of the gut bacteriophage community was significantly increased in patients with CRC compared with controls. Twenty-two viral taxa discriminated cases from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.802 in the discovery cohort. The viral markers were validated in 3 cohorts, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.763, 0.736, and 0.715, respectively. Clinical subgroup analysis showed that dysbiosis of the gut virome was associated with early- and late-stage CRC. A combination of 4 taxonomic markers associated with reduced survival of patients with CRC (log-rank test, P = 8.1 × 10-6) independently of tumor stage, lymph node metastases, or clinical parameters. We found altered interactions between bacteriophages and oral bacterial commensals in fecal samples from patients with CRC compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS In a metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients and controls, we identified virome signatures associated with CRC. These data might be used to develop tools to identify individuals with CRC or predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geicho Nakatsu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haokui Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenwei Dai
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ho Szeto
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naoki Sugimura
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Yuen-Tung Lam
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Allen Chi-Shing Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Chi-Sang Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siew Chien Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis Ka Leung Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Yazdani Cherati A, Yahyapour Y, Ranaee M, Rajabnia M, Shokri Shirvani J, Hajiahmadi M, Sadeghi F. No Evidence for an Association between JC Polyomavirus Infection and Gastroduodenal Diseases. Gastrointest Tumors 2018; 5:47-53. [PMID: 30574481 DOI: 10.1159/000489928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the hypothesized infectious etiologies of gastric cancer (GC) and other gastroduodenal diseases. It was suggested that other infectious agents, including oncogenic viruses, may increase the risk of gastroduodenal diseases. A number of reports regarding JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) have shown that JCPyV could be implicated in colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Objective The current investigation aimed to investigate whether JCPyV could have any association with the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases either alone or together with HP. Methods A total of 237 fresh or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gastroduodenal samples were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the JCPyV large tumor antigen (LTag) oncogene, and viral load was determined as viral copy number/cell. Results In total, 2 out of 237 samples (0.8%) were positive for JCPyV LTag DNA. One positive sample derived from diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (6.8 × 10-3 copies/cell) and other JCPyV-positive sample obtained from a patient with gastritis (2.5 × 10-3 copies/cell) were recorded. Both JCPyV-positive samples were negative for HP infection. Conclusion This study suggests no association between JCPyV infection and GC or other gastroduodenal diseases. The very low frequency of JCPyV LTag sequences in GC is an important aspect that weakens the hypothesis of the pathogenic role of JCPyV in gastric tumor induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Javad Shokri Shirvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hajiahmadi
- Department of Community Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Costa NR, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. A viral map of gastrointestinal cancers. Life Sci 2018; 199:188-200. [PMID: 29476768 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are expected to account for approximately 20% of all cancers in 2017. Apart from their high incidence, GIT cancers show high mortality rates, placing these malignancies among the most prominent public health issues of our time. Cancers of the GIT are the result of a complex interplay between host genetic factors and environmental factors and frequently arise in the context of a continued active inflammatory response. Several tumor viruses are able to elicit such chronic inflammatory responses. In fact, several viruses have an impact on GIT tumor initiation and progression, as well as on patients' response to therapy and prognosis, through direct and indirect mechanisms. In this review, we have gathered information on different viruses' rates of infection, viral-driven specific carcinogenesis mechanisms and viral-related impact on the prognosis of cancers of the GIT (specifically in organs that have an interface with the environment - esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus). Overall, while some viral infections show a strong causal relation with specific gastrointestinal cancers, these represent a relatively small fraction of GIT malignancies. Other types of cancer, like Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, require further studies to confirm the carcinogenic role of some viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Porto, Portugal
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Baez CF, Brandão Varella R, Villani S, Delbue S. Human Polyomaviruses: The Battle of Large and Small Tumor Antigens. Virology (Auckl) 2017; 8:1178122X17744785. [PMID: 29238174 PMCID: PMC5721967 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x17744785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 40 years ago, the large and small tumor antigens (LT-Ag and sT-Ag) of the polyomavirus (PyVs) simian vacuolating virus 40 have been identified and characterized. To date, it is well known that all the discovered human PyVs (HPyVs) encode these 2 multifunctional and tumorigenic proteins, expressed at viral replication early stage. The 2 T-Ags are able to transform cells both in vitro and in vivo and seem to play a distinct role in the pathogenesis of some tumors in humans. In addition, they are involved in viral DNA replication, transcription, and virion assembly. This short review focuses on the structural and functional features of the HPyVs’ LT-Ag and sT-Ag, with special attention to their transforming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Freze Baez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia Villani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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Malhotra J, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Michel A, Cai Q, Zheng W, Gao YT, Lan Q, Rothman N, Langseth H, Grimsrud TK, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Wang R, Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Boffetta P. Serum biomarkers of polyomavirus infection and risk of lung cancer in never smokers. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1131-1139. [PMID: 27632373 PMCID: PMC5117783 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer in never smokers is a significant contributor of cancer mortality worldwide. In this analysis, we explored the role of nine human polyomaviruses, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and Merkel cell virus (MCV), in lung cancer development in never smokers as there are data to support that polyomaviruses are potentially carcinogenic in the human lung. METHODS We used multiplex serology to detect serum antibodies to polyomaviruses in a nested case-control design combining lung cancer cases and controls from four cohort studies - NYU Women's Health Study (NYU-WHS), Janus Serum Bank, Shanghai Women's Health Study and Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). RESULTS The final analyses included 511 cases and 508 controls. Seroprevalence for each polyomavirus showed significant heterogeneity by study, but overall there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. In total, 69.1% of the cases and 68.7% of the controls were seropositive for JCV VP1 antibody. Seropositivity for BKV was higher at 89.0% in cases and 89.8% in controls and lower for MCV at 59.3% in cases and 61.6% in controls. Similar results were obtained after adding an additional retrospective case-control study (Xuanwei study) to the analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that seropositivity for polyomaviruses is associated with increased lung cancer risk in never smokers. Future research to evaluate relationship between polyomavirus infection and lung carcinogenesis should focus more on evaluating the presence of virus or viral nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) in lung tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Qing Lan
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Hilde Langseth
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom K Grimsrud
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan A Arslan
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA
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Huang JL, Lin CS, Chang CC, Lu YN, Hsu YL, Wong TY, Wang YF. Human JC virus small tumour antigen inhibits nucleotide excision repair and sensitises cells to DNA-damaging agents. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:475-85. [PMID: 25744060 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human JC virus (JCV) is potentially carcinogenic to humans as a Group 2B carcinogen, and it is ubiquitous in human populations. To investigate whether the small tumour (ST) antigen of the JCV contributes to genomic instability, we established cell lines stably expressing the JCV ST and examined its role in DNA repair. Results from host cell reactivation (HCR) assay revealed that the established cell lines exhibited lower nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity than the vector control cells did. The presence of γ-H2AX, a marker of DNA damage, indicated that the established cell line contained more DNA damage foci compared with vector control cells. Furthermore, the results of clonogenic analyses indicated that the JCV ST-expressing cells were more sensitive than the vector control cells to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cisplatin treatment. Micronuclei formation assay revealed that the JCV ST-positive cells presented more chromosomal breakages than did the JCV ST-negative cells, particularly after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. The xeroderma pigmentosum Group D protein, a DNA helicase involved in NER, was downregulated in the JCV ST-positive cells in response to UV irradiation. The effect of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid on NER was similar to that of the ST, which is a PP2A-binding protein. Therefore, the deactivation of the PP2A might underlie ST-mediated NER inhibition. The results of this study indicate that exposing JCV ST-positive cells to DNA-damaging agents causes genomic instability, which contributes to carcinogenesis. Our data provide further evidence on the association between the JCV ST and human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Ling Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Lu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Hsu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Yue Wong
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Plantone D, Renna R, Sbardella E, Koudriavtseva T. Concurrence of multiple sclerosis and brain tumors. Front Neurol 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 25788892 PMCID: PMC4349169 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Rosaria Renna
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Tatiana Koudriavtseva
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
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Chen H, Chen XZ, Waterboer T, Castro FA, Brenner H. Viral infections and colorectal cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:12-24. [PMID: 25186851 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have found the presence of viral DNA in colorectal tumor tissues. However, whether viral infections contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still under debate. We aimed to provide an overview of published epidemiological studies on the association between viral infections and CRC. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed to find relevant studies published until 8 May 2014. Information collected included study population, sample type, laboratory method and prevalence of viral infection in cancer or precancer patients and controls. We found 41 studies that fulfilled the selection criteria, all of which had cross-sectional or case-control designs, and most of which were of small to moderate size. Viral infections included human papillomaviruses (HPV), human polyomaviruses, human herpesviruses, human bocavirus and Inoue-Melnick virus. Inconsistent results were observed across studies. Many studies reported higher viral DNA prevalence in tumor tissues than in normal noncancerous tissues either in the same patients or in CRC-free controls. However, potential contamination or temporal sequence of the infection and cancer development were often unclear. Seroprevalence studies assessing antibody titers indicative of viral infections did not find statistically significant differences between CRC cases and healthy controls. Overall published evidence on the role of viral infections in CRC etiology remains limited. Given the potential importance of viral infections and their implication for prevention, there is a strong need for large, methodologically rigorous epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Chen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Activation of c-Myc and Cyclin D1 by JCV T-Antigen and β-catenin in colon cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106257. [PMID: 25229241 PMCID: PMC4167695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, mounting evidence has implicated the human neurotropic virus JC virus in the pathology of colon cancer. However, the mechanisms of JC virus-mediated oncogenesis are still not fully determined. One candidate to mediate these effects is the viral early transcriptional product T-Antigen, which has the ability to inactivate cell cycle regulatory proteins such as p53. In medulloblastomas, T-Antigen has been shown to bind the Wnt signaling pathway protein β-catenin; however, the effects of this interaction on downstream cell cycle regulatory proteins remain unknown. In light of these observations, we investigated the association of T-Antigen and nuclear β-catenin in colon cancer cases and the effects of this complex in the activation of the transcription and cell cycle regulators c-Myc and Cyclin D1 in vitro. Gene amplification demonstrated the presence of viral sequences in 82.4% of cases and we detected expression of T-Antigen in 64.6% of cases by immunohistochemistry. Further, we found that T-Antigen and β-catenin co-localized in the nuclei of tumor cells and we confirmed the physical binding between these two proteins in vitro. The nuclear presence of T-Antigen and β-catenin resulted in the significant enhancement of TCF-dependent promoter activity and activation of the β-catenin downstream targets, c-Myc and Cyclin D1. These observations provide further evidence for a role of JCV T-Antigen in the dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
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Abstract
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous, species-specific viruses belonging to the family Papovaviridae. The two most commonly known human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus were first described in the 1970s. Newer human polyomaviruses, namely KI polyoma virus, WU polyoma virus and Merkel cell polyoma virus were identified in the last five years. Most humans encounter BK and JC virus during childhood, causing mild illness. However, when reactivated or acquired in the immunocompromised host, BK and JC virus have been implicated in a number of human clinical disease states. BK is most commonly associated with renal involvement, such as ureteral stenosis, hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy. Less commonly, it is associated with pneumonitis, retinitis, liver disease and meningoencephalitis. JC virus is most well known for its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and is possibly implicated in the development of various human neoplasms. The following chapter will outline the basic virology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of BK and JC virus and discuss relevant diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pinto
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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30
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Noguchi A, Kikuchi K, Ohtsu T, Yoshiwara M, Nakamura Y, Miyagi Y, Zheng H, Takano Y. Pulmonary tumors associated with the JC virus T-antigen in a transgenic mouse model. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2603-8. [PMID: 24100939 PMCID: PMC3839992 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many attempts to demonstrate the oncogenic role of the JC virus (JCV) have been partially successful in producing brain tumors, either by direct inoculation of JCV into the brain or in transgenic models in rodents. We previously reported the presence of JCV DNA with a relatively high incidence in pulmonary and digestive organs. However, we could not prove the oncogenic role of JCV. We prepared a transgene composed of the K19 promoter, specific to bronchial epithelium with the JCV T-antigen and established transgenic (TG) mice. Pulmonary tumors were detected without any metastasis in 2 out of 15 (13.3%) 16-month-old K19/JCV T-antigen TG mice. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), these tumors showed JCV T-antigen, p53 and CK 19 expression, but not expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). IHC revealed the same expression pattern as in the bronchial epithelium of the TG mice. One tumor, which was examined with laser capture microdissection and molecular biological tools, demonstrated an EGFR mutation but not a K-ras mutation. We propose that the pulmonary tumors were derived from the JCV T-antigen in a TG mouse model. These findings shed light on pulmonary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Noguchi
- Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-0815, Japan
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31
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Coelho TR, Gaspar R, Figueiredo P, Mendonça C, Lazo PA, Almeida L. Human JC polyomavirus in normal colorectal mucosa, hyperplastic polyps, sporadic adenomas, and adenocarcinomas in Portugal. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rasteiro Coelho
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Service (Unit of Therapeutics); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Service (Unit of Therapeutics); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department; Hospital of the University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Cristina Mendonça
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Center Department; National Institute of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Lazo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL); Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Luís Almeida
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Service (Unit of Therapeutics); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Matalka I, Swedan S, Khabaz MN, Barahmeh M. JC virus in colorectal cancer: where do we stand? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIm: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2008, CRC was ranked as the second most common cancer among all newly diagnosed cancers in Jordan. It was recently suggested that the JC virus (JCV) could be linked to the development of CRC. However, this topic remains highly controversial. JCV is a common human polyomavirus that first infects individuals during early childhood. Infection with JCV can occur due to intake of contaminated water and food. The vast majority of those infected have no symptoms; however, severe immunosuppression can trigger reactivation of the virus. The oncogenicity of JCV was suggested to be related to its large T-antigen (T-Ag). This study aimed to investigate the incidence of JCV in CRC tissue of patients from northern Jordan. Materials & methods: Paraffin-embedded tissues from cases previously diagnosed with CRC were used. Immunohistochemistry and PCR techniques were used to detect the presence of JCV. Results: In total, 15.6% of CRC samples were positive for JCV T-Ag protein, whereas none of the noncancer control samples were positive. In total, 43.5% of CRC samples contained the JCV T-Ag gene compared with 16.7% within control samples. All CRC samples expressing the JCV T-Ag protein harbored the JCV T-Ag gene. However, not all samples that harbored the T-Ag gene expressed the T-Ag protein. Conclusion: Our results are consistent with recently published data and raise the possibility of an association between JCV infection and CRC. These findings deserve further investigation in larger-scale studies in order to elucidate the possible molecular carcinogenesis pathways in JCV-infected colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Matalka
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
| | - Samer Swedan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, PO Box 80200, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Myassar Barahmeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
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Antonic V, Stojadinovic A, Kester KE, Weina PJ, Brücher BLDM, Protic M, Avital I, Izadjoo M. Significance of infectious agents in colorectal cancer development. J Cancer 2013; 4:227-40. [PMID: 23459622 PMCID: PMC3584836 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major burden to healthcare systems worldwide accounting for approximately one million of new cancer cases worldwide. Even though, CRC mortality has decreased over the last 20 years, it remains the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths in 2008 worldwide. A multitude of risk factors have been linked to CRC, including hereditary factors, environmental factors and inflammatory syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, various pathogens were added to the growing list of risk factors for a number of common epithelial cancers, but despite the multitude of correlative studies, only suggestions remain about the possible relationship between selected viruses and bacteria of interest and the CRC risk. United States military service members are exposed to various risk factors impacting the incidence of cancer development. These exposures are often different from that of many sectors of the civilian population. Thereby, cancer risk identification, screening and early detection are imperative for both the military health care beneficiaries and the population as a whole. In this review, we will focus on several pathogens and their potential roles in development of CRC, highlighting the clinical trials evaluating this correlation and provide our personal opinion about the importance of risk reduction, health promotion and disease prevention for military health care beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlado Antonic
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 2. Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 4. Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 5. United States Military Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kent E. Kester
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 7. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Weina
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 7. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Björn LDM Brücher
- 8. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA
- 9. International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®
| | - Mladjan Protic
- 5. United States Military Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 10. INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy, Munich, Germany
- 11. Clinic of Abdominal, Endocrine, and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- 12. University of Novi Sad - Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Itzhak Avital
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 8. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mina Izadjoo
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 2. Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Furth PA. Cancer prevention as biomodulation: targeting the initiating stimulus and secondary adaptations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1271:1-9. [PMID: 23050958 PMCID: PMC3471382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a medical sense, biomodulation could be considered a biochemical or cellular response to a disease or therapeutic stimulus. In cancer pathophysiology, the initial oncogenic stimulus leads to cellular and biochemical changes that allow cells, tissue, and organism to accommodate and accept the oncogenic insult. In epithelial cell cancer development, the process of carcinogenesis is frequently characterized by sequential cellular and biochemical adaptations as cells transition through hyperplasia, dysplasia, atypical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer. In some cases, the adaptations may persist after the initial oncogenic stimulus is gone in a type of “hit-and-run” oncogenesis. These pathophysiological changes may interfere with cancer prevention therapies targeted solely to the initial oncogenic insult, perhaps contributing to resistance development. Characterization of these accommodating adaptations could provide insight for the development of cancer preventive regimens that might more effectively biomodulate preneoplastic cells toward a more normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Samaka RM, Abd El-Wahed MM, Aiad HA, Kandil MA, Al-Sharaky DR. Does JC virus have a role in the etiology and prognosis of Egyptian colorectal carcinoma? APMIS 2012; 121:316-28. [PMID: 23030805 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
John Cunningham virus (JCV) encodes an oncogenic T-antigen, which is capable of interacting with key growth regulatory pathways. JCV definite role as causal agent of human cancer, still awaits final confirmation. The present study was conducted to assess the possible role of JCV in Egyptian colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and correlate the expression with the clinicopathological features and survival. JCV in situ hybridization (ISH) signals and large T antigen immunoreactivity were examined in 87 colonic specimens. Positive glandular JCV ISH signals were detected in 20%, 25% and 40% of normal, adenoma and CRC cases respectively. Stromal JCV ISH signals were identified in 26% of CRC cases and 5% of adenoma however, normal mucosa did not show stromal positivity with significant difference (p = 0.03). Glandular JCV expression was significantly associated with high grade (p = 0.03), high mitotic index (p=0.02) and low apoptotic index (p = 0.00). Positive stromal signals were significantly associated with low apoptosis (p = 0.00). No positive nuclear immunostaining of JCV large T antigen was detected in all specimens. JCV stromal expression was the 2nd most powerful indicator of short survival and bad prognosis (p = 0.03) in CRC patients. JCV might play an etiological role in CRC tumorogenesis and short survival in Egyptian CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Samaka
- Pathology Department, Menoufyia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
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Prevalence of JC virus in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35900. [PMID: 22606241 PMCID: PMC3350510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background JCV is a DNA polyomavirus very well adapted to humans. Although JCV DNA has been detected in colorectal cancers (CRC), the association between JCV and CRC remains controversial. In China, the presence of JCV infection in CRC patients has not been reported. Here, we investigated JCV infection and viral DNA load in Chinese CRC patients and to determine whether the JCV DNA in peripheral blood (PB) can be used as a diagnostic marker for JCV-related CRC. Methodology/Principal Findings Tumor tissues, non-cancerous tumor-adjacent tissues and PB samples were collected from 137 CRC patients. In addition, 80 normal colorectal tissue samples from patients without CRC and PB samples from 100 healthy volunteers were also harvested as controls. JCV DNA was detected by nested PCR and glass slide-based dot blotting. Viral DNA load of positive samples were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. JCV DNA was detected in 40.9% (56/137) of CRC tissues at a viral load of 49.1 to 10.3×104 copies/µg DNA. Thirty-four (24.5%) non-cancerous colorectal tissues (192.9 to 4.4×103 copies/µg DNA) and 25 (18.2%) PB samples (81.3 to 4.9×103 copies/µg DNA) from CRC patients were positive for JCV. Tumor tissues had higher levels of JCV than non-cancerous tissues (P = 0.003) or PB samples (P<0.001). No correlation between the presence of JCV and demographic or medical characteristics was observed. The JCV prevalence in PB samples was significantly associated with the JCV status in tissue samples (P<0.001). Eleven (13.8%) normal colorectal tissues and seven (7.0%) PB samples from healthy donors were positive for JCV. Conclusions/Significance JCV infection is frequently present in colorectal tumor tissues of CRC patients. Although the association between JCV presence in PB samples and JCV status in tissue samples was identified in this study, whether PB JCV detection can serve as a marker for JCV status of CRC requires further study.
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Wang JP, Wang ZZ, Zheng YS, Xia P, Yang XH, Liu YP, Takano Y, Zheng HC. JC virus existence in Chinese gastrointestinal carcinomas. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:1073-1078. [PMID: 22783394 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The John Cunningham virus (JCV) infects a large proportion of the population worldwide and may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy upon immunodeficiency. Recent reports provided evidence of its oncogenetic role in malignancies. In this study, JCV was examined by targeting T antigen, viral protein and agnoprotein in paraffin-embedded or frozen gastrointestinal carcinomas and paired non-neoplastic mucosa (NNM) samples by nested-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis. In addition, the expression of JCV T antigen, ki-67, caspase-3, p53, Rb and β-catenin was studied by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. The positive rate of JCV T antigen was higher in paraffin-embedded gastrointestinal carcinomas compared to adjacent NNM by nested-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis (36.9 vs. 16.9%, P<0.05), while there was no difference in other viral oncogenes regardless of whether they were paraffin-embedded or frozen samples. Immunohistochemically, T antigen was detectable in 9.6% (13/135) of carcinoma cases, which was higher than its positive rate in NNM (0.8%, 1/126, P<0.01). However, the genomic JCV DNA existence or its T antigen expression was not correlated with age, gender, tumor size, histological types, lymph node metastasis, expression of ki-67, caspase-3, p53, Rb and β-catenin of gastric carcinomas (P>0.05). In conlusion, JCV T antigen may be involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis as an oncogene in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pathology and Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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Karpinski P, Myszka A, Ramsey D, Kielan W, Sasiadek MM. Detection of viral DNA sequences in sporadic colorectal cancers in relation to CpG island methylation and methylator phenotype. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:653-9. [PMID: 21625944 PMCID: PMC3131518 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that insertion of viral DNA into a mammalian genome can lead to alterations of methylation patterns. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of DNA sequences of five human DNA viruses (assessed by PCR): JC polyoma virus (JCV), human adenovirus (AdV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in a cohort of 186 sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) and related these data with the methylation status of six CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific genes (MLH1, CACNA1G, NEUROG1, IGF2, SOCS1, RUNX3) and seven cancer-related genes markers (p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, EN1, SCTR and INHBB) assessed by methylation-specific PCR in 186 and 134 CRC cases, respectively. The AdV, KSHV and HPV were detected in four (2%), two (1%) and zero CRC cases, respectively, and thus were excluded from further analyses. Although 19% and 9% of the CRCs were positive for EBV and JCV, respectively, no associations between virus presence and CpG island methylation were found after correction for multiple testing. Our results demonstrate that the presence of DNA sequences of JCV and EBV in CRC is unrelated to the methylation of the 13 cancer-related CpG islands and CIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the United States and many other regions of the world. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, from the precursor adenomatous polyp to adenocarcinoma, has evolved rapidly. Colorectal carcinogenesis is a sequential process characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and molecular alterations in colonic epithelial cells. However, the development of colorectal cancer involves more then just a genetic predisposition. External or environmental factors presumably play a significant role, and inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, alcohol consumption, and a diet high in fat and low in fiber have all been implicated as risk factors for the development of either colonic adenomas or carcinomas. We are becoming increasingly aware of microbes as causes of malignancies. This article reviews the various microbes that have been associated with the development of colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hasan
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL
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Del Valle L, Khalili K. Detection of human polyomavirus proteins, T-antigen and agnoprotein, in human tumor tissue arrays. J Med Virol 2010; 82:806-11. [PMID: 20336718 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the human polyomavirus JCV genome in several experimental animals induces a variety of neural origin tumors. The viral proteins, T-antigen and Agnoprotein, contribute to the oncogenesis of JCV by associating with several tumor suppressor proteins and dysregulating signaling pathways, which results in uncontrolled cell proliferation. In addition, T-antigen and Agnoprotein have been associated with DNA damage and interfering with DNA repair mechanisms. In this study, we have utilized commercially available tissue arrays of human tumors of various origins and demonstrated the expression of both T-antigen and Agnoprotein in some, but not all, tumors of neural and non-neural origin. Most notably, more than 40% of human glioblastomas and greater than 30% of colon adenocarcinomas express viral proteins. The detection of viral transforming proteins, T-antigen and Agnoprotein in the absence of viral capsid proteins suggests a role for JCV in the development and/or progression of human tumors. These results invite further large-scale investigation on the role of polyomaviruses, particularly JCV in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Coelho TR, Almeida L, Lazo PA. JC virus in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, an etiological agent or another component in a multistep process? Virol J 2010; 7:42. [PMID: 20167111 PMCID: PMC2830963 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
JCV infection occurs early in childhood and last throughout life. JCV has been associated to colorectal cancer and might contribute to the cancer phenotype by several mechanisms. Among JCV proteins, particularly two of them, large T-antigen and agnoprotein, can interfere with cell cycle control and genomic instability mechanisms, but other viral proteins might also contribute to the process. Part of viral DNA sequences are detected in carcinoma lesions, but less frequently in adenomas, and not in the normal surrounding tissue, suggesting they are integrated in the host cell genome and these integrations have been selected; in addition viral integration can cause a gene, or chromosomal damage. The inflammatory infiltration caused by a local chronic viral infection in the intestine can contribute to the selection and expansion of a tumor prone cell in a cytokine rich microenvironment. JCV may not be the cause of colorectal cancer, but it can be a relevant risk factor and able to facilitate progression at one or several stages in tumor progression. JCV transient effects might lead to selective expansion of tumor cells. Since there is not a direct cause and effect relationship, JCV infection may be an alternative to low frequency cancer predisposition genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana R Coelho
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Jang EJ, Jang JS, Kim JH, Bae HI, Suh IS. Detection of JC Virus T-Ag in Early Gastric Cancer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.5.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Jang
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Sik Jang
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Han Ik Bae
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Soo Suh
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Calgua B, Huguet JM, Courtois S, Girones R. Comparison of methods for concentrating human adenoviruses, polyomavirus JC and noroviruses in source waters and drinking water using quantitative PCR. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rollison DE, Helzlsouer KJ, Lee JH, Fulp W, Clipp S, Hoffman-Bolton JA, Giuliano AR, Platz EA, Viscidi RP. Prospective study of JC virus seroreactivity and the development of colorectal cancers and adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1515-23. [PMID: 19383887 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with JC virus has been proposed as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. A nested case-control study was conducted to evaluate the association between prediagnostic JC virus antibodies and the risk of incident colorectal cancer and adenomas. METHODS Two research serum banks were established in Washington County, MD in 1974 and 1989, with the collection of blood samples from >45,000 volunteers. Incident colorectal cancer cases diagnosed through 2006 (n = 611) were identified among participants by linkage to population-based cancer registries, contributing 729 pairs of observations. Cases of adenomatous polyps (n = 123) were identified from participants of the 1989 cohort who reported having a colonoscopy-detected adenoma at follow-up through 2000 with histology confirmed through medical record review. One control was matched to each case on age, sex, race, and date of blood draw, and, for adenoma controls, date of endoscopy. IgG antibodies to JC virus were measured using virus-like particle ELISA. Associations between JC virus seropositivity and colorectal cancer and adenomas were estimated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, there was no association between antibodies to JC virus and colorectal cancer [odds ratio (OR), 0.91; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.71-1.17]. However, a statistically significant positive association between JC virus seropositivity and subsequent adenoma diagnosis was observed among males (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.20-4.46), whereas a statistically significant inverse association was observed among females (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.67; P for interaction = 0.01), after adjustment for baseline smoking and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Overall, JC virus seropositivity was not associated with colorectal cancer development up to 31 years later. Future studies are needed to confirm the adenoma findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Rollison
- H.Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Burnett-Hartman AN, Newcomb PA, Potter JD. Infectious agents and colorectal cancer: a review of Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus bovis, JC virus, and human papillomavirus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 17:2970-9. [PMID: 18990738 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the high volume of bacteria and viruses that the intestine is exposed to and the importance of infectious agents in some gastrointestinal and anogenital cancers, it is not surprising the many studies have evaluated the association between colorectal cancer and infectious agents. This review highlights investigations of four agents in relation to colorectal cancer. Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus bovis, JC virus, and human papillomavirus have all been evaluated as possible etiologic agents for colorectal cancer. For each of these agents, a review of possible mechanisms for carcinogenesis and epidemiologic evidence is discussed, and future directions for research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Burnett-Hartman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Abstract
For the past half-century, the dominant paradigm of oncogenesis has been mutational changes that disregulate cellular control of proliferation. Parasitic causes of cancer were first incorporated into this paradigm by suggesting mechanisms through which parasitism might increase mutational damage, such as generation of mutagenic compounds during immunological activity. The growing recognition of the molecular mechanisms of pathogen-induced oncogenesis and the difficulty of generating oncogenic mutations without first having large populations of dysregulated cells, however, suggests that pathogens, particularly viruses, are major initiators of oncogenesis for many if not most cancers, and that the traditional mutation-driven process becomes the dominant process after this initiation. Molecular phylogenies of individual cancers should facilitate testing of this idea and the identification of causal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology and the program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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Lin PY, Fung CY, Chang FP, Huang WS, Chen WC, Wang JY, Chang D. Prevalence and genotype identification of human JC virus in colon cancer in Taiwan. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1828-34. [PMID: 18712832 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus, has been detected in colon cancers, the association between JCV and colon cancer remains controversial. In Taiwan, the prevalence of JCV infection in colon cancer patients has not been reported. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate JCV infection in colon cancers in Taiwan. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 22 colon cancer patients were examined in this study. Nested PCR was performed to detect viral genomic DNA. The product of the nested PCR flanking the JCV regulatory region was sequenced further. Viral large tumor protein, LT, and late capsid protein, VP1, were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Nested PCR revealed JCV genomic DNA in 86.4% (19/22) of the colon cancer tissue samples. Both rearranged and archetypal genotypes of JCV were identified. Expression of JCV LT was positive in 63.6% (14/22) of the examined colon cancer tissue samples but not in any adjacent normal region. Expression of viral capsid protein VP1 was not detected in any of the tissues examined. The current study demonstrates that JCV genomic DNA was present in the examined colon cancer tissues. The genotypes of JCV in colon cancer tissues were also identified. Expression of viral early protein but not structural capsid protein was detected in the examined colon cancer tissues. Furthermore, a high prevalence of JCV infection in colon cancer tissues in Taiwan was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yann Lin
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia-Yi, Chang Gung University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Jung WT, Li MS, Goel A, Boland CR. JC virus T-antigen expression in sporadic adenomatous polyps of the colon. Cancer 2008; 112:1028-36. [PMID: 18205186 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND JC virus (JCV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer; however, its role in premalignant lesions is unknown. The hypothesis that JCV DNA sequences and T-antigen (T-Ag) expression may be present in adenomatous polyps of the colon was tested. Furthermore, an association between JCV and microsatellite instability (MSI) was also sought in these lesions. METHODS DNA was extracted from 74 paraffin-embedded adenomatous polyps. JCV gene sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the specificity confirmed by DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to localize T-Ag expression in the adenomas using a monoclonal antibody. For microsatellite instability analysis, 5 mononucleotide repeat markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and NR-27) were coamplified in a pentaplex PCR and analyzed for deletion mutations. RESULTS JCV T-Ag sequences were found in 82% (61 of 74) of adenomas, and T-Ag protein was expressed in 16% (12 of 74) of these polyps. The T-Ag staining was localized exclusively in the nuclei of adenoma cells, but never in the cytoplasm or the adjacent nonneoplastic cells. The prevalence of MSI-H and non-MSI-H (MSI-L/MSS) in adenomatous polyps was 9.5% (7 of 74) and 90.5% (67 of 74), respectively. Among the 61 adenomas that harbored JCV sequences, 8% (5 of 61) were MSI-H, and similarly among 12 adenomatous polyps expressing T-Ag protein 8% (1 of 12) of the adenomatous polyps were MSI-H. CONCLUSIONS JCV T-Ag DNA sequences are frequently present in adenomatous polyps of the colon, and T-Ag is expressed specifically in the nuclei of these premalignant lesions. This study indicates that JCV T-Ag is present in the early stage of colonic carcinogenesis. Future studies will be required to determine the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis in these JCV-infected lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Tae Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, and the Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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