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Djawad K, Yusuf I, Miskad UA, Patellongi IJ, Massi MN. Topical Curcumin as Chemoprotector Against Photoproducts Production: The Role of Cyclobutyl Pyrimidine Dimers, 8-Hydroxy2ʹDeoxyguanosine Expression and Epidermal Hyperplasia in Acute and Chronic UVB-Induced Mice. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:1787-1795. [PMID: 36068854 PMCID: PMC9441167 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s377055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khairuddin Djawad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Khairuddin Djawad, Email
| | - Irawan Yusuf
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Upik Anderiani Miskad
- Department of Physiology and Biostatics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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2
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Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Recent advances in the development of allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1064-1110. [PMID: 34791703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) superfamily catalyzes tyrosine de-phosphorylation which affects a myriad of cellular processes. Imbalance in signal pathways mediated by PTPs has been associated with development of many human diseases including cancer, metabolic, and immunological diseases. Several compelling evidence suggest that many members of PTP family are novel therapeutic targets. However, the clinical development of conventional PTP-based active-site inhibitors originally was hampered by the poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In this regard, PTPs has been widely dismissed as "undruggable." Nonetheless, allosteric modulation has become increasingly an influential and alternative approach that can be exploited for drug development against PTPs. Unlike active-site inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors exhibit a remarkable target-selectivity, drug-likeness, potency, and in vivo activity. Intriguingly, there has been a high interest in novel allosteric PTPs inhibitors within the last years. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of allosteric inhibitors that have been explored in drug discovery and have shown an excellent result in the development of PTPs-based therapeutics. A special emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanistic studies illustrating applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Elhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Clerici SP, Oliveira PFDS, Akagi EM, Cordeiro HG, Azevedo-Martins JM, Faria AVDS, Ferreira-Halder CV. A comprehensive review on the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in gastric cancer development and progression. Biol Chem 2021; 402:663-674. [PMID: 33544466 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The main post-translational reversible modulation of proteins is phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, catalyzed by protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs) which is crucial for homeostasis. Imbalance in this crosstalk can be related to diseases, including cancer. Plenty of evidence indicates that protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) can act as tumor suppressors and tumor promoters. In gastric cancer (GC), there is a lack of understanding of the molecular aspects behind the tumoral onset and progression. Here we describe several members of the PTP family related to gastric carcinogenesis. We discuss the associated molecular mechanisms which support the down or up modulation of different PTPs. We emphasize the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) virulence which is in part associated with the activation of PTP receptors. We also explore the involvement of intracellular redox state in response to H. pylori infection. In addition, some PTP members are under influence by genetic mutations, epigenetics mechanisms, and miRNA modulation. The understanding of multiple aspects of PTPs in GC may provide new targets and perspectives on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piatto Clerici
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Erica Mie Akagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helon Guimarães Cordeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jordana Maria Azevedo-Martins
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Valéria de Sousa Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Su P, Lai W, Liu L, Zeng Y, Xu H, Lan Q, Chu Z, Chu Z. Mesenchymal and Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 Status in Circulating Tumor Cells May Serve as a Crucial Prognostic Marker for Assessing Relapse or Metastasis in Postoperative Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11:e00265. [PMID: 33512811 PMCID: PMC7743843 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) have been considered to be significant prognostic indicators in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study discusses the prognostic significance of mesenchymal CTCs with PRL-3 (M+ PRL-3+ CTCs) in postoperative patients with CRC. METHODS We detected CTC subtypes (including epithelial CTCs, biphenotypic epithelial/mesenchymal CTCs, and mesenchymal CTCs) and PRL-3 in CTCs from the peripheral blood samples of 156 patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were performed to identify the prognostic value of mesenchymal CTCs with PRL-3+. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of PRL-3 in tumor tissues from some of the patients to explore the connection between CTCs and tissues. RESULTS All CTCs were positive in all samples, both mesenchymal CTCs and PRL-3-positive cells. The count of mesenchymal and PRL-3+ CTCs was significantly associated with recurrence, and the optimal cutoff value was 2 (area under the curve = 0.690, P < 0.001). In addition, these patients had a significantly shorter median disease-free survival than those who did not fulfill the criteria (8.5 vs 24 months, P < 0.001) according to multivariable and multinomial logistic regression. Immunohistochemistry was applied to explore the associations between PRL-3 expression and significant prognostic risk factors, including recurrence (R = 0.566; P < 0.001), and M+ PRL-3+ status in CTCs (R = 0.452; P = 0.001). DISCUSSION The status of M+ PRL-3+ in CTCs may serve as a crucial prognostic marker for assessing clinical outcomes in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- PengWei Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heyang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Leiphrakpam PD, Lazenby AJ, Smith LM, Brattain MG, Black JD, Wang J, Are C. Correlation of PRL3 expression with colorectal cancer progression. J Surg Oncol 2020; 123:42-51. [PMID: 33179291 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) expression and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC). BACKGROUND PRL3, a protein tyrosine phosphatase functions as one of the key regulatory enzymes of various signal transduction pathways. PRL3 is highly expressed in a majority of cancers and is a novel potential therapeutic target. METHODS PRL3 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 167 patients with CRC, 37 patients with no disease, and 26 patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). Phosphorylated Akt at serine 473 (p-Akt S473) expression was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry in mCRC patients. RESULTS High expression of PRL3 was correlated with CRC progression, and every one unit increase in PRL3 level contributed to an increase in the rate of death by 1%-1.7%. PRL3 expression was significantly higher in liver metastases compared with primary tumors and showed a significant positive correlation with the expression level of p-Akt S473. CONCLUSION PRL3 expression levels associated with CRC progression and metastasis, and positively correlated with activated Akt level in mCRC. Together, these findings indicated that PRL3 might be a potential marker for increased risk of CRC-specific tumor burden and identify PRL3 as an attractive therapeutic target for mCRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila D Leiphrakpam
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Audrey J Lazenby
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Michael G Brattain
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrakanth Are
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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6
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Duciel L, Monraz Gomez LC, Kondratova M, Kuperstein I, Saule S. The Phosphatase PRL-3 Is Involved in Key Steps of Cancer Metastasis. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3056-3067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Duciel L, Anezo O, Mandal K, Laurent C, Planque N, Coquelle FM, Gentien D, Manneville JB, Saule S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A3 (PTP4A3/PRL-3) promotes the aggressiveness of human uveal melanoma through dephosphorylation of CRMP2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2990. [PMID: 30816227 PMCID: PMC6395723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an aggressive tumor in which approximately 50% of patients develop metastasis. Expression of the PTP4A3 gene, encoding a phosphatase, is predictive of poor patient survival. PTP4A3 expression in UM cells increases their migration in vitro and invasiveness in vivo. Here, we show that CRMP2 is mostly dephosphorylated on T514 in PTP4A3 expressing cells. We also demonstrate that inhibition of CRMP2 expression in UM cells expressing PTP4A3 increases their migration in vitro and invasiveness in vivo. This phenotype is accompanied by modifications of the actin microfilament network, with shortened filaments, whereas cells with a inactive mutant of the phosphatase do not show the same behavior. In addition, we showed that the cell cytoplasm becomes stiffer when CRMP2 is downregulated or PTP4A3 is expressed. Our results suggest that PTP4A3 acts upstream of CRMP2 in UM cells to enhance their migration and invasiveness and that a low level of CRMP2 in tumors is predictive of poor patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duciel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Océane Anezo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Planque
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frédéric M Coquelle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - David Gentien
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Departement, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | | | - Simon Saule
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France. .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.
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Hardy S, Kostantin E, Hatzihristidis T, Zolotarov Y, Uetani N, Tremblay ML. Physiological and oncogenic roles of thePRLphosphatases. FEBS J 2018; 285:3886-3908. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Hardy
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Elie Kostantin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Teri Hatzihristidis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Yevgen Zolotarov
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
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9
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Yokozaki H, Koma YI, Shigeoka M, Nishio M. Cancer as a tissue: The significance of cancer-stromal interactions in the development, morphogenesis and progression of human upper digestive tract cancer. Pathol Int 2018; 68:334-352. [PMID: 29671926 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We review the significance of cancer-stromal interactions (CSIs) in the development, morphogenesis and progression of human gastric and esophageal cancer based on the data obtained from co-culture experiments. Orthotopic fibroblasts in the gastric cancer stroma not only promoted their growth by cancer cells but were also responsible for the mobility, morphogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the cancer cells through CSI. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells could be part of the origin of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of the gastric cancer providing an advantageous microenvironment for the restoration of cancer stem cells with the induction of the EMT. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may differentiate from bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages within the tumor microenvironment of esophageal cancer and participate in the growth and the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Macrophages infiltrated into the intraepithelial neoplastic lesions of the esophagus may function as a biological promoter by promoting the growth and motility of squamous epithelia. Tumor cells build up "cancer as a tissue" by taking advantage of the existing network of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines through the interactions of TAMs, CAFs and cancer cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Andersen S, Richardsen E, Rakaee M, Bertilsson H, Bremnes R, Børset M, Busund LT, Slørdahl T. Expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL)-3, is independently associated with biochemical failure, clinical failure and death in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189000. [PMID: 29190795 PMCID: PMC5708709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PC) stratification needs new prognostic tools to reduce overtreatment. Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL-3) is a phosphatase found at high levels in several cancer types, where its expression is associated with survival. A recent PC cell line study has shown it to be involved in PC growth and migration. Methods We used a monoclonal antibody to evaluate the expression of PRL-3 in PC tissue of patients in an unselected cohort of 535 prostatectomy patients. We analyzed associations between PRL-3 expression and biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS), clinical failure-free survival (CFFS) and PC death-free survival (PCDFS). Results Cytoplasmic PRL-3 staining in tumor cells was significantly correlated to expression of molecules in the VEGFR-axis, but not to the clinicopathological variables. High PRL-3 was not significantly associated with survival in the univariate analysis for BFFS (p = 0.131), but significantly associated with CFFS (p = 0.044) and PCDFS (p = 0.041). In multivariate analysis for the various end points, PRL-3 came out as an independent and significant indicator of poor survival for BFFS (HR = 1.53, CI95% 1.10–2.13, p = 0.012), CFFS (HR = 2.41, CI95% 1.17–4.98, p = 0.017) and PCDFS (HR = 3.99, CI95% 1.21–13.1, p = 0.023). Conclusions PRL-3 is independently associated with all PC endpoints in this study. Since high PRL-3 expression also correlates with poor prognosis in other cancers and functional studies in PC support these findings, PRL-3 emerges as a potential treatment target in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigve Andersen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Department Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Department Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Mehrdad Rakaee
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Urology, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roy Bremnes
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Department Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove Busund
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Department Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Tobias Slørdahl
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Xiong J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhang G, Luo X, Jie Z, Liu Y, Cao Y, Le Z, Tan S, Zou W, Gong P, Qiu L, Li Y, Wang H, Chen H. PRL-3 promotes the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by regulating PTEN. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1819-28. [PMID: 27572739 PMCID: PMC5022899 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is the most frequent cause of death in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma (GC). The phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is recognized as an oncogene and plays an important role in GC peritoneal metastasis. However, the mechanism of how PRL-3 regulates GC invasion and metastasis is unknown. In the present study, we found that PRL-3 presented with high expression in GC with peritoneal metastasis, but phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) was weakly expressed. The p-PTEN/PTEN ratio was also higher in GC with peritoneal metastasis than that in the normal gastric tissues. We also found the same phenomenon when comparing the gastric mucosa cell line with the GC cell lines. After constructing a wild-type and a mutant-type plasmid without enzyme activity and transfecting them into GC SGC7901 cells, we showed that only PRL-3 had enzyme activity to downregulate PTEN and cause PTEN phosphorylation. The results also showed that PRL-3 increased the expression levels of MMP-2/MMP-9 and promoted the migration and invasion of the SGC7901 cells. Knockdown of PRL-3 decreased the expression levels of MMP-2/MMP-9 significantly, which further inhibited the migration and invasion of the GC cells. PRL-3 also increased the expression ratio of p-Akt/Akt, which indicated that PRL-3 may mediate the PI3K/Akt pathway to promote GC metastasis. When we transfected the PTEN siRNA plasmid into the PRL-3 stable low expression GC cells, the expression of p-Akt, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was reversed. In conclusion, our results provide a bridge between PRL-3 and PTEN; PRL-3 decreased the expression of PTEN as well as increased the level of PTEN phosphorylation and inactivated it, consequently activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and upregulating MMP-2/MMP-9 expression to promote GC cell peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Daojiang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Xianshi Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Jie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Zhibiao Le
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Shengxing Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Peitao Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Heping Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Vandsemb EN, Bertilsson H, Abdollahi P, Størkersen Ø, Våtsveen TK, Rye MB, Rø TB, Børset M, Slørdahl TS. Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is overexpressed in human prostate cancer tissue and promotes growth and migration. J Transl Med 2016; 14:71. [PMID: 26975394 PMCID: PMC4791872 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PRL-3 is a phosphatase implicated in oncogenesis in multiple cancers. In some cancers, notably carcinomas, PRL-3 is also associated with inferior prognosis and increased metastatic potential. In this study we investigated the expression of PRL-3 mRNA in fresh-frozen samples from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy because of prostate cancer (PC) and the biological function of PRL-3 in prostate cancer cells. Methods Samples from 41 radical prostatectomy specimens (168 samples in total) divided into low (Gleason score ≤ 6), intermediate (Gleason score = 7) and high (Gleason score ≥ 8) risk were analyzed with gene expression profiling and compared to normal prostate tissue. PRL-3 was identified as a gene with differential expression between healthy and cancerous tissue in these analyses. We used the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 and a small molecular inhibitor of PRL-3 to investigate whether PRL-3 had a functional role in cancer. Relative ATP-measurement and thymidine incorporation were used to assess the effect of PRL-3 on growth of the cancer cells. We performed an in vitro scratch assay to investigate the involvement of PRL-3 in migration. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify PRL-3 protein in prostate cancer primary tumor and corresponding lymph node metastases. Results Compared to normal prostate tissue, the prostate cancer tissue expressed a significantly higher level of PRL-3. We found PRL-3 to be present in both PC3 and DU145, and that inhibition of PRL-3 led to growth arrest and apoptosis in these two cell lines. Inhibition of PRL-3 led to reduced migration of the PC3 cells. Immunohistochemistry showed PRL-3 expression in both primary tumor and corresponding lymph node metastases. Conclusions PRL-3 mRNA was expressed to a greater extent in prostate cancer tissue compared to normal prostate tissue. PRL-3 protein was expressed in both prostate cancer primary tumor and corresponding lymph node metastases. The results from our in vitro assays suggest that PRL-3 promotes growth and migration in prostate cancer. In conclusion, these results imply that PRL-3 has a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0830-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esten N Vandsemb
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Urology, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pegah Abdollahi
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Størkersen
- Department of Pathology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thea Kristin Våtsveen
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Beck Rye
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein Baade Rø
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias S Slørdahl
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Xiong JB, Li DJ, Jie ZG, Chen HP, Li ZR. Role of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 in gastric carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:59-66. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and remains the third leading cause of cancer death in both sexes worldwide. Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is a tyrosine phosphatase that has been reported to be overexpressed in gastric tissues and play an important role in lymphatic metastasis and peritoneal metastasis of gastric carcinoma. It has also been reported that PRL-3 has a negative relationship with the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients. More and more researchers have focused on the regulatory mechanism of PRL-3 in gastric carcinoma, aiming to elucidate the possible pathway and influencing factors. However, the exact mechanism of PRL-3 in promoting lymphatic metastasis, peritoneal metastasis and recurrence of gastric cancer is unknown. This paper will review the role of PRL-3 in gastric carcinoma with regard to its structure, function and possible mechanism in gastric carcinoma development.
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Nakayama N, Yamashita K, Tanaka T, Kawamata H, Ooki A, Sato T, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Genomic gain of the PRL-3 gene may represent poor prognosis of primary colorectal cancer, and associate with liver metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:3-13. [PMID: 26563151 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PRL-3 genomic copy number is increased in colorectal cancer (CRC), and PRL-3 expression is closely associated with lymph node and liver metastasis of CRC. However, the clinical significance of PRL-3 genomic gain for CRC remains obscure. Here, PRL-3 genomic status in 109 primary CRC tumors and in 44 CRC tumors that had metastasized to the liver, was quantified using real time PCR. Association of PRL-3 genomic status with clinicopathological factors and prognosis was assessed in detail. PRL-3 genomic gain was identified in 31 primary CRC (27.4 %) and was more frequently seen in stage III than in stage II (p = 0.025). Among the clinicopathological factors assessed, PRL-3 genomic gain was significantly associated with poorly differentiated histology (p = 0.0039). Moreover, CRC patients with PRL-3 genomic gain exhibited poorer prognosis than those with no gain in stage II-IV CRC (p = 0.017). PRL-3 genomic gain was identified in 18 (41 %) of the liver metastasis tumors, and this frequency of gain was significantly increased as compared to that of the corresponding primary CRCs (11 %) (p = 0.001). Our findings suggested that PRL-3 genomic gain may represent an aggressive phenotype of primary CRC, and may associate with liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakayama
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - K Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan.
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - H Kawamata
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - A Ooki
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Asamizodai 2-1-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0380, Japan
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Zhang C, Tian W, Meng L, Qu L, Shou C. PRL-3 promotes gastric cancer migration and invasion through a NF-κB-HIF-1α-miR-210 axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:401-15. [PMID: 26548949 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has been implicated in controlling cancer cell invasiveness. Deregulated expression of PRL-3 is involved in cancer progression and predicts poor overall survival. Recent studies have revealed critical roles for microRNAs in various cellular processes, including tumorigenic development. In this study, we aimed to explore the linkage between PRL-3 and microRNAs in gastric cancer. We found that PRL-3 transcript levels were positively correlated with miR-210 levels in gastric cancer tissues. In gastric cancer cells, PRL-3 upregulated miR-210 expression in a HIF-1α-dependent fashion under normoxia and hypoxia. In addition, PRL-3 activated NF-κB signaling and promoted HIF-1α expression through modulating phosphorylation of p65. NF-κB signaling, HIF-1α, and miR-210 partially contributed to PRL-3-induced migration and invasion. Furthermore, the levels of PRL-3, HIF-1α, and miR-210 transcripts inversely affected the overall survival of gastric cancer patients. Our work identified the existence of a PRL-3-NF-κB-HIF-1α-miR-210 axis, thus providing new insight into the role of PRL-3 in promoting gastric cancer invasiveness. KEY MESSAGE PRL-3 regulates microRNA in gastric cancer. PRL-3 elevates hsa-miR-210 by upregulating HIF-1α. PRL-3 activates a NF-κB-HIF-1α-miR-210 axis by enhancing the phosphorylation of p65. PRL-3 promotes cell migration and invasion via the NF-κB-HIF-1α-miR-210 axis. High levels of PRL-3 and miR-210 are related with poor OS in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Like Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chengchao Shou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Qu S, Liu B, Guo X, Shi H, Zhou M, Li L, Yang S, Tong X, Wang H. Independent oncogenic and therapeutic significance of phosphatase PRL-3 in FLT3-ITD-negative acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2014; 120:2130-41. [PMID: 24737397 PMCID: PMC4231236 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal tandem duplication of FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3-ITD) is well known to be involved in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression, but FLT3-ITD-negative AML cases account for 70% to 80% of AML, and the mechanisms underlying their pathology remain unclear. This study identifies protein tyrosine phophatase PRL-3 as a key mediator of FLT3-ITD-negative AML. METHODS A total of 112 FLT3-ITD-negative AML patients were sampled between 2010 and 2013, and the occurrence of PRL-3 hyperexpression in FLT3-ITD-negative AML was evaluated by multivariate probit regression analysis. Overexpression or depletion of endogenous PRL-3 expression with the specific small interfering RNAs was performed to investigate the role of PRL-3 in AML progression. Xenograft models were also used to confirm the oncogenic role of PRL-3. RESULTS Compared to healthy donors, PRL-3 is upregulated more than 3-fold in 40.2% of FLT3-ITD-negative AML patients. PRL-3 expression level is adversely correlated to the overall survival of the AML patients, and the AML relapses accompany with re-upregulation of PRL-3. Mechanistically, aberrant PRL-3 expression promoted cell cycle progression and enhanced the antiapoptotic machinery of AML cells to drug cytotoxicity through downregulation of p21 and upregulation of Cyclin D1 and CDK2 and activation of STAT5 and AKT. Depletion of endogenous PRL-3 sensitizes AML cells to therapeutic drugs, concomitant with apoptosis by upregulation of cleaved PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) and apoptosis-related caspases. Xenograft assays further confirmed PRL-3's oncogenic role in leukemogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that PRL-3 is a novel independent crucial player in both FLT3-ITD-positive and FLT3-ITD-negative AML and could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Campbell AM, Zhang ZY. Phosphatase of regenerating liver: a novel target for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:555-69. [PMID: 24579927 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.892926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatases of regenerating livers (PRLs) are novel oncogenes that interact with many well-established cell signaling pathways that are misregulated in cancer, and are known to drive cancer metastasis when overexpressed. AREAS COVERED This review covers basic information of the discovery and characteristics of the PRL family. We also report findings on the role of PRL in cancer, cell functions and cell signaling. Furthermore, PRL's suitability as a novel drug target is discussed along with current methods being developed to facilitate PRL inhibition. EXPERT OPINION PRLs show great potential as novel drug targets for anticancer therapeutics. Studies indicate that PRL can perturb major cancer pathways such as Src/ERK1/2 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt. Upregulation of PRLs has also been shown to drive cancer metastasis. However, in order to fully realize its therapeutic potential, a deeper understanding of the function of PRL in normal tissue and in cancer must be obtained. Novel and integrated biochemical, chemical, biological, and genetic approaches will be needed to identify PRL substrate(s) and to provide proof-of-concept data on the druggability of the PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Campbell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , John D. Van Nuys Medical Science Building, Room 4053A, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5126 , USA
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hu L, Luo H, Wang W, Li H, He T. Poor prognosis of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 expression in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76927. [PMID: 24204707 PMCID: PMC3799911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) has been implicated in gastric cancer (GC) metastasis. Epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between PRL-3 expression and prognosis in GC. However, results still remains controversial. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association of PRL-3 expression with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods Literature databases were searched to identify eligible studies dated until April 2013. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to estimate the association. Results A total of 1380 GC patients from six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the combined HR estimate for OS in a random-effect model was 1.89 (95% CI = 1.38–2.60; P<0.001). Results showed that PRL-3 overexpression was significantly associated with OS, indicating that it may be a biomarker for poor prognosis of GC. Both subgroup and sensitivity analyses further identified the prognostic role of PRL-3 expression in GC patients. Moreover, PRL-3 overexpression was significantly associated with tumor stage (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.63–3.12; P<0.001), depth of invasion (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.38–2.98; P<0.001), vascular invasion (OR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.79–3.56; P<0.001), lymphatic invasion (OR = 3.74; 95% CI = 2.49–5.63; P<0.001), and lymph node metastasis (OR = 4.56; 95% CI = 2.37–8.76; P<0.001). However, when age, sex, tumor size, and tumor differentiation were considered, no obvious association was observed. Conclusions This meta-analysis reveals significant association of PRL-3 overexpression with OS and some clinicopathological features in GC. PRL-3 may be a predicative factor of poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiqing Luo
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Taiping He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Ng L, Poon RTP, Pang R. Biomarkers for predicting future metastasis of human gastrointestinal tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3631-56. [PMID: 23370778 PMCID: PMC11113832 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in surgery and radiation therapy have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with primary cancer, and the major challenge of cancer treatment now is metastatic disease development. The 5-year survival rate of cancer patients who have distant metastasis at diagnosis is extremely low, suggesting that prediction and early detection of metastasis would definitely improve their prognosis because suitable patient therapeutic management and treatment strategy can be provided. Cancer cells from a primary site give rise to a metastatic tumor via a number of steps which require the involvement and altered expression of many regulators. These regulators may serve as biomarkers for predicting metastasis. Over the past few years, numerous regulators have been found correlating with metastasis. In this review, we summarize the findings of a number of potential biomarkers that are involved in cadherin-catenin interaction, integrin signaling, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cancer stem cell identification in gastrointestinal cancers. We will also discuss how certain biomarkers are associated with the tumor microenvironment that favors cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China,
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Feik E, Schweifer N, Baierl A, Sommergruber W, Haslinger C, Hofer P, Maj-Hes A, Madersbacher S, Gsur A. Integrative analysis of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Prostate 2013; 73:1413-26. [PMID: 23813660 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical management of prostate cancer (PC) is still highly demanding on the identification of robust biomarkers which will allow a more precise prediction of disease progression. METHODS We profiled both mRNA expression and DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) from laser capture microdissected cells from 31 PC patients and 17 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia using Affymetrix GeneChip® technology. PC patients were subdivided into an aggressive (Gleason Score 8 or higher, and/or T3/T4 and/or N+/M+) and non-aggressive (all others) form of PC. Furthermore, we correlated the two datasets, as genes whose varied expression is due to a chromosomal alteration, may suggest a causal implication of these genes in the disease. All statistical analyses were performed in R version 2.15.0 and Bioconductor version 1.8.1., respectively. RESULTS We confirmed several common altered chromosomal regions as well as recently discovered loci such as deletions on chromosomes 3p14.1-3p13 and 13q13.3-13q14.11 supporting a possible role for RYBP, RGC32, and ELF1 in tumor suppression. Integrative analysis of expression and CN data combined with data retrieved from online databases propose PTP4A3 and ELF1 as possible factors for tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Copy number data analysis revealed some significant differences between aggressive and non-aggressive tumors, while gene expression data alone could not define an aggressive group of patients. The assessment of CNA may have diagnostic and prognostic value in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Feik
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Xu M, Cao Y, Jiang MM, Jie ZG, Li ZR. MiR495- and miR551a-mediated down-regulation of PRL-3 expression inhibits peritoneal metastasis in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1693-1700. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i18.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of miR495 and miR551 on PRL-3 expression in gastric cancer SGC7901 cells to explore gene interference therapies for gastric cancer.
METHODS: SGC7901 cells stably transfected with miR495 or miR551a and non-transfected SGC7901 cells were inoculated intraperitoneally in BALB/CA (nu/nu) nude mice. One month after inoculation, the mice were killed to observe the rate of tumor formation, tumor growth and migration. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify mRNA levels of miR495, miR551a and PRL-3.
RESULTS: Compared to nude mice inoculated with non-transfected cells, miR495 and miR551a levels were increased, PRL-3 level was decreased, and migration of gastric cancer was suppressed in mice inoculated with SGC7901 cells stably transfected with miR495 or miR551a.
CONCLUSION: MiR495 and miR551a can suppress the migration of gastric cancer by inhibiting PRL-3 expression in mice.
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KCNN4 channels participate in the EMT induced by PRL-3 in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:566. [PMID: 23572150 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) promotes the invasion, migration, and metastasis of human tumor cells by facilitating an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanism by which PRL-3 induces tumor cell EMT is unknown. Our previous research revealed that PRL-3 promotes LoVo cell proliferation by up-regulating KCNN4 channels. In the current study, we explored the mechanism by which PRL-3 mediates EMT. We demonstrated that PRL-3 induced the expression of KCNN4 channels, leading to EMT and the down-regulation of E-cadherin. Further studies revealed that KCNN4 channels increased intracellular calcium levels and activated components of cell signaling downstream of calcium, including CaM-kinase II and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta), which increased Snail expression. Inhibiting KCNN4 with siRNA and TRAM-34, a specific inhibitor, restored E-cadherin expression and inhibited Snail expression. These results implicated the up-regulation of KCNN4 channels in the PRL-3-mediated induction of EMT and promotion of cancer metastasis.
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Cao Y, Tu Y, Mei J, Li Z, Jie Z, Xu S, Xu L, Wang S, Xiong Y. RNAi‑mediated knockdown of PRL‑3 inhibits cell invasion and downregulates ERK 1/2 expression in the human gastric cancer cell line, SGC‑7901. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1805-11. [PMID: 23589069 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulated expression of members of the phophatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family is important in the metastatic progression of multiple human cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRLs are able to enhance the activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) in cancer cells, which may contribute to tumor metastasis. However, the effect of PRL‑3 activation in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether the downregulation of PRL‑3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was able to inhibit cell motility and affect ERK 1/2 expression in human GC. The results demonstrated that the downregulation of PRL‑3 expression by siRNA in human GC cells significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration in vitro; accordingly, inhibition of PRL‑3 also prevented ERK1/2 protein and mRNA expression, and reduced the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase‑7 (MMP‑7), the downstream target of ERK 1/2 signaling. Our data demonstrated that RNAi‑mediated downregulation of PRL‑3 expression leads to potent antitumor activity in human GC. Furthermore, ERK 1/2 and MMP‑7 may contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of human GC in combination with PRL‑3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Pagarigan KT, Bunn BW, Goodchild J, Rahe TK, Weis JF, Saucedo LJ. Drosophila PRL-1 is a growth inhibitor that counteracts the function of the Src oncogene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61084. [PMID: 23577193 PMCID: PMC3620046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver (PRL) family members have emerged as molecular markers that significantly correlate to the ability of many cancers to metastasize. However, contradictory cellular responses to PRL expression have been reported, including the inhibition of cell cycle progression. An obvious culprit for the discrepancy is the use of dozens of different cell lines, including many isolated from tumors or cultured cells selected for immortalization which may have missing or mutated modulators of PRL function. We created transgenic Drosophila to study the effects of PRL overexpression in a genetically controlled, organismal model. Our data support the paradigm that the normal cellular response to high levels of PRL is growth suppression and furthermore, that PRL can counter oncogenic activity of Src. The ability of PRL to inhibit growth under normal conditions is dependent on a CAAX motif that is required to localize PRL to the apical edge of the lateral membrane. However, PRL lacking the CAAX motif can still associate indiscriminately with the plasma membrane and retains its ability to inhibit Src function. We propose that PRL binds to other membrane-localized proteins that are effectors of Src or to Src itself. This first examination of PRL in a model organism demonstrates that PRL performs as a tumor suppressor and underscores the necessity of identifying the conditions that enable it to transform into an oncogene in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle T. Pagarigan
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryce W. Bunn
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jake Goodchild
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Travis K. Rahe
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie F. Weis
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie J. Saucedo
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yan H, Kong D, Ge X, Gao X, Han X. Generation of conditional knockout alleles for PRL-3. J Biomed Res 2013; 25:438-43. [PMID: 23554722 PMCID: PMC3596724 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily and is highly expressed in cancer metastases. For better understanding of the role of PRL-3 in tumor metastasis, we applied a rapid and efficient method for generating PRL-3 floxed mice and investigated its phenotypes. A BAC retrieval strategy was applied to construct the PRL-3 conditional gene-targeting vector. Exon 4 was selected for deletion to generate a nonfunctional prematurely terminated short peptide as it will cause a frame-shift mutation. Conditional knockout PRL-3 mice were generated by using the Cre-loxP system and were validated by Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis. Further analysis revealed the phenotype characteristics of PRL-3 knockout mice and wildtype mice. In this study, we successfully constructed the PRL-3 conditional knockout mice, which will be helpful to clarify the roles of PRL-3 and the mechanisms in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; ; Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Tian W, Qu L, Meng L, Liu C, Wu J, Shou C. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 directly interacts with integrin β1 and regulates its phosphorylation at tyrosine 783. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:22. [PMID: 23092334 PMCID: PMC3558359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3 or PTP4A3) has been implicated in controlling cancer cell proliferation, motility, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Deregulated expression of PRL-3 is highly correlated with cancer progression and predicts poor survival. Although PRL-3 was categorized as a tyrosine phosphatase, its cellular substrates remain largely unknown. Results We demonstrated that PRL-3 interacts with integrin β1 in cancer cells. Recombinant PRL-3 associates with the intracellular domain of integrin β1 in vitro. Silencing of integrin α1 enhances PRL-3-integrin β1 interaction. Furthermore, PRL-3 diminishes tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin β1 in vitro and in vivo. With site-specific anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies against residues in the intracellular domain of integrin β1, tyrosine-783, but not tyrosine-795, is shown to be dephosphorylated by PRL-3 in a catalytic activity-dependant manner. Phosphorylation of Y783 is potentiated by ablation of PRL-3 or by treatment with a chemical inhibitor of PRL-3. Conversely, depletion of integrin α1 decreases the phosphorylation of this site. Conclusions Our results revealed a direct interaction between PRL-3 and integrin β1 and characterized Y783 of integrin β1 as a bona fide substrate of PRL-3, which is negatively regulated by integrin α1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Mayinuer A, Yasen M, Mogushi K, Obulhasim G, Xieraili M, Aihara A, Tanaka S, Mizushima H, Tanaka H, Arii S. Upregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA member 3 (PTP4A3/PRL-3) is associated with tumor differentiation and a poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:305-17. [PMID: 23064776 PMCID: PMC3528959 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA member 3 (PTP4A3/PRL-3), a metastasis-associated phosphatase, plays multiple roles in cancer metastasis. We investigated PTP4A3/PRL-3 expression and its correlation with the clinicopathological features and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Gene expression profiles of PTP4A3/PRL-3 were obtained in poorly differentiated HCC tissues. The results were validated independently by TaqMan gene expression assays and immunohistochemical analysis. Results According to the microarray profiles, PTP4A3/PRL-3 was upregulated in patients with poorly differentiated disease compared to patients with well-differentiated disease with hepatic backgrounds associated with hepatitis B or C. Validation analysis showed that the PTP4A3/PRL-3 mRNA and protein levels were significantly associated with poor differentiation (P < 0.0001), high serum α-fetoprotein (P < 0.01), high serum protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), and hepatic vascular invasion (P < 0.05). The expression of PTP4A3/PRL-3 protein was also correlated with advanced cancer stages (P < 0.01); this resulted in a significantly poorer prognosis in both overall (P = 0.0024) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0227). According Cox regression univariate analysis, the positive expression of PTP4A3/PRL-3 was a poor risk prognostic factor (OS, P = 0.0031; recurrence-free survival, P = 0.0245). Cox regression multivariate analysis indicated that high PTP4A3/PRL-3 expression was an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio 0.542; P = 0.048). Conclusions PTP4A3/PRL-3 might be closely associated with HCC progression, invasion, and metastasis. Its high expression had a negative impact on the prognosis of HCC patients. This strongly suggests that PTP4A3/PRL-3 should be considered as a prognostic factor. Further analysis should be pursued to evaluate it as a novel prognostic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2395-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudureheman Mayinuer
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Overexpression of phosphatase regenerating liver 3 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with metastasis and its comparison with phosphatase regenerating liver 1. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:759-63. [PMID: 22551255 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of PRL3 (phosphatase of regenerating liver 3) protein was examined with immunohistochemistry in 60 cases of ESCC (oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma) with matched lymph node metastasis (n = 40) and 6 cases of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Its associations with PRL1 and clinicopathological parameters were analysed. The results showed the frequency of PRL3 protein expression was significantly higher in ESCC (39/60, 65%) than in normal oesophageal mucosa (0/20, P < 0.001); higher in ESCC with lymph node metastasis (30/40, 75%) than in ESCC without lymph node metastasis (9/20, P = 0.022), as well as higher in metastatic ESCC in lymph node (38/40, 95%) than in the primary ESCC (39/60, 65%, P < 0.001). PRL3 was expressed in 1 out of 6 oesophageal adenocarcinomas, but showed no nuclear staining of PRL1. Expression of PRL3 protein was positively associated with the grade and partially with the stage of ESCC. These results suggest that expression of PRL3 protein may be involved in the metastasis of ESCC and serve as a biomarker for prediction of ESCC metastasis.
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Ustaalioglu BBO, Bilici A, Barisik NO, Aliustaoglu M, Vardar FA, Yilmaz BE, Seker M, Gumus M. Clinical importance of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 expression in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:911-22. [PMID: 22855168 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several biomarkers have been previously studied for breast cancer to define risk of recurrence and metastasis. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is one of them. High PRL-3 expression has been found to be correlated with axillary lymph node metastasis and survival in breast cancer. Herein, we evaluated the prognostic significance of PRL-3 expression and the relationship between PRL-3 and other clinicopathological factors. METHODS PRL-3 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 122 invasive breast cancer tissues. We evaluated the correlation between PRL-3 and other clinicopathological factors by χ² test. Kaplan-Meier test and log rank method were used to define prognostic importance of PRL-3 expression. RESULTS Of 122 breast cancer tumor samples, 46 (37.7 %) were negative while 76 (62.3 %) were positive in respect to PRL-3 expression. There was significant correlation between PRL-3 expression and other clinicopathological factors, such as histology, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), necrosis, progesterone receptor (PR) status, and the presence of triple negative disease. Tumors with LVI and necrosis had more positive PRL-3 expression compared to tumors without LVI or necrosis (P = 0.05 and 0.03, respectively). Triple negative and cerb-B overexpressed breast cancers were found to be more positive PRL-3 expression than hormone receptor positive with cerb-B negative groups (luminal A) (P = 0.02).We could not find any relationship between PRL-3 expression and overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Although PRL-3 expression was related to LVI or necrosis which is important for tumor invasiveness, we could not find that PRL-3 as an important prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. In addition, triple negative and cerb-B overexpressed tumors, which had worse prognosis compared to hormone receptor positive without cerb-B expressed group, associated with also PRL-3 positivity more than PRL-3 negative group.
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Prognostic significance of high phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 expression in patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1568-75. [PMID: 22331511 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a close correlation between PRL-3 overexpression and lymph node metastasis has been reported in gastric cancer, its clinical utility as a useful prognostic molecular marker remains unclear. METHODS Prognostic significance of PRL-3 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 110 patients with gastric cancer who had undergone curative gastrectomy. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between gender, histology, lymph node metastasis, the presence of recurrence, and the level of PRL-3 expression. Recurrence in patients with high PRL-3 expression was significantly higher than that for patients with low PRL-3 expression (p < 0.001). The median overall survival (OS) time and 2-year OS rate for patients with high or moderate PRL-3 expressed tumors were worse than those of patients with low PRL-3 expressed tumor (p = 0.001). In addition, patients with low PRL-3 expression had a higher DFS rate and the median DFS interval than those of moderate or high PRL-3 expressed patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that the rate of PRL-3 expression was an independent prognostic factor, in addition to the already-known important clinicopathological prognostic indicator for both DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS The potential value of PRL-3 expression as a useful molecular marker in gastric cancer progression should be evaluated comprehensively; it may predict recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after curative resection.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination of multiple biomarkers representing distinct aspects of tumor biology will have a better prognostic value. This study was to identify prognostic subgroups of colon adenocarcinoma by combined analysis of synuclein-gamma (SNCG), a human homologue of piwi (Hiwi), phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3), arrest-defective protein 1, homolog A (ARD1) and clinicopathologic features in 225 colon adenocarcinoma specimens. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for 4 tumor markers was performed in whole tissue sections from 225 colon adenocarcinoma patients with complete clinicopathologic data and up to 10-year follow-up. The immunohistochemical expression patterns were examined individually and in multimarker combinations. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictive markers of poor outcome. RESULTS With the tumor marker positive rate [32.0% (62/225) for SNCG; 76.9% (173/225) for combined SNCG/Hiwi/PRL-3/ARD1] and the detecting accuracy [61.9% (252/407) for SNCG; 82.6% (336/407) for combined SNCG/Hiwi/PRL-3/ARD1] increasing, incremental value of combined SNCG/Hiwi/PRL-3/ARD1 (P < 0.001; hazard ratios (HR), 3.2) to poor outcome was found. Stratified by lymph node, Hiwi alone (P = 0.004; HR, 3.2) led to poor outcome in patients without lymph node metastasis (LN-), and SNCG (P < 0.001; HR, 2.5) had independently poor prognostic value for patients with lymph node metastasis (LN+). CONCLUSIONS Multimarker phenotypes improved tumor positive rate, detecting accuracy and prognostic value. In addition, a subgroup of more aggressive tumors can be identified by evaluating Hiwi level in LN- cancer, and SNCG level in LN+ cancer.
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PTP4A3 (PRL-3) expression correlate with lymphatic metastases in gastric cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:632-6. [PMID: 21478108 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have proved that protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVAmember 3 (PTP4A3, PRL-3) plays a major role in the metastasis of gastric cancer, especially to local lymph nodes. The objective of the current study was to assess the expression of PTP4A3 in gastric cancer in correlation with chosen anatomoclinical parameters and patients' survival. Atotal of 71 patients with gastric carcinomas were divided according to Lauren's, Goseki's, Bormann's and Kubo's classifications. The level of PTP4A3 was determined immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal anti-PTP4A3 antibody (clone 3B6, anti-human PTP4A3, Attogen Biomedical Research, USA). A statistically significant correlation was observed between PTP4A3 and Kubo's classifications (p=0.0454) and on the verge of statistical significance with Lauren's classification (p=0.0503). The expression of the protein was associated more with the poorly-differentiated mucoid carcinoma and diffused-type carcinoma (58% of cases). We demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between local lymph node involvement and positive expression of PTP4A3 in the primary tumour (p=0.0000). The current study seems to prove that PTP4A3 may have a significant impact on the lymphatic spread of gastric carcinoma. The protein expression is also significantly associated with gastric carcinomas having a worse prognosis, although patients' survival rate showed lack of correlation with PTP4A3 expression.
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Abstract
Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (Ptp) family dephosphorylate target proteins and counter the activities of protein tyrosine kinases that are involved in cellular phosphorylation and signalling. As such, certain PTPs might be tumour suppressors. Indeed, PTPs play an important part in the inhibition or control of growth, but accumulating evidence indicates that some PTPs may exert oncogenic functions. Recent large-scale genetic analyses of various human tumours have highlighted the relevance of PTPs either as putative tumour suppressors or as candidate oncoproteins. Progress in understanding the regulation and function of PTPs has provided insights into which PTPs might be potential therapeutic targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi G Julien
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Genomic and epigenetic profiles of gastric cancer: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surg Today 2010; 41:24-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng P, Liu YX, Chen L, Liu XH, Xiao ZQ, Zhao L, Li GQ, Zhou J, Ding YQ, Li JM. Stathmin, a new target of PRL-3 identified by proteomic methods, plays a key role in progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4897-905. [PMID: 20806969 DOI: 10.1021/pr100712t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of PRL-3 in progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC), we searched for PRL-3 associated proteins using proteomic methods. We identified 39 PRL-3 associated proteins based on proteomic strategy. Stathmin, a key oncoprotein, was proved to be a new PRL-3 associated protein. Notably, co-immunoprecipitation assays in both endogenous CRC cell lines and CRC tissues indicated that PRL-3 could interact with stathmin. And, both stathmin and PRL-3 contributed to microtubule (MT) destabilization of CRC cells. Moreover, gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses revealed that stathmin promoted proliferation, cell adhesion, and migration of human CRC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of 149 colorectal tumor samples showed that overexpression of stathmin was strongly correlated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.035), tumor invasion (P = 0.024), lymph node status (P < 0.001), Dukes classification (P < 0.001), and TNM staging (P < 0.001) of CRC patients. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses further supported that overexpression of stathmin protein was a potential independent poor prognostic factor for CRC. Our results reveal many PRL-3 associated proteins for the first time. The oncoprotein stathmin plays a key role in CRC as a new target of PRL-3. Interaction between PRL-3 and stathmin leads to MT destabilization of CRC cells, which contributes to progression and metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ma Y, Li B. Expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Med Oncol 2010; 28:775-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Prognostic and metastatic value of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 in invasive breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ruan F, Lin J, Wu RJ, Xu KH, Zhang XM, Zhou CY, Huang XF. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3: a novel and promising marker in human endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1980-4. [PMID: 20045518 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) in ectopic, eutopic, and normal endometria and explore its relationship with endometriosis. DESIGN A clinical retrospective and molecular study. SETTING Department of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive medicine. PATIENT(S) One hundred and five women with histopathologically confirmed endometriosis, and 50 women with histopathologically assessed normal endometria. INTERVENTION(S) Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression of PRL-3 protein. RESULT(S) As shown by the immunohistochemical analysis, PRL-3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm and membrane. The cells that tested positive for PRL-3 were detected in endometriotic tissues that did not occur in eutopic and normal endometria. Statistical analysis indicated that the expression of PRL-3 was closely associated with the clinical stages and recurrence of endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S) Expression of PRL-3 is related to the clinical stages and recurrence of endometriosis, which provides use with a novel marker and promising target in the treatment of human endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ruan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Eang R, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Xu B, Gairin JE. Characterization and differential expression of a newly identified phosphorylated isoform of the human 20S proteasome beta7 subunit in tumor vs. normal cell lines. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 23:215-24. [PMID: 19645816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The search of new pharmacological targets with original mechanism of action within the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is still a goal to be reached in oncopharmacology. Modification by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation has been found to be involved in cancer and to regulate functional activity of proteasome. Until now, phosphorylated forms of alpha subunits of the 20S human proteasome have been mostly reported. Here, we have rationally designed a polyclonal antibody specifically directed against a phosphorylated peptide sequence bearing the beta7 subunit Ser249 residue of the human 20S proteasome. This anti-beta7 phosphoSer249 antibody appeared to be a probe of choice to detect the presence of a phosphorylated isoform of the beta7 subunit of the human 20S proteasome using mono or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PhosphoSer249 was sensitive to acid phosphatase treatment of native 20S proteasome. Dephosphorylation affected the peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing activity whereas the chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activities remained unchanged. A comparative analysis between human normal and tumor cells showed a differential expression of the phosphoSer249 beta7 isoform with a significantly lower detection in the proteasome isolated from tumor cells, suggesting its possible use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rothmony Eang
- Centre de Recherche en Pharmacologie-Santé, UMR 2587 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ISTMT, 3 rue des satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Xu Y, Zhu M, Zhang S, Liu H, Li T, Qin C. Expression and Prognostic Value of PRL-3 in Human Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 16:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Molleví DG, Aytes A, Berdiel M, Padullés L, Martínez-Iniesta M, Sanjuan X, Salazar R, Villanueva A. PRL-3 overexpression in epithelial cells is induced by surrounding stromal fibroblasts. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:46. [PMID: 19586538 PMCID: PMC2717908 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolate and culture carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from primary tumour (CAFpt), CAFs from corresponding synchronous liver metastasis (CAFlm) as well as normal colonic fibroblasts (NCF) from the same patient. From these cultures, conditioned media (CM) was obtained. Culture of a wide panel of colorectal and pancreatic cell lines in CM from CAFlm resulted in overexpression of mRNA PRL-3 and higher overexpression in CAFs than in non-activated fibroblasts. Moreover PRL-3 mRNA expression correlates with expression of alpha-SMA and deposition of collagen fibrils in the stroma. We demonstrate that products secreted by CAFs trigger PRL-3 overexpression in cancer cells. Identification of these factors may contribute to new stroma-targeted therapies for desmoplastic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Molleví
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Skinner AL, Vartia AA, Williams TD, Laurence JS. Enzyme activity of phosphatase of regenerating liver is controlled by the redox environment and its C-terminal residues. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4262-72. [PMID: 19341304 DOI: 10.1021/bi900241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-1 (PRL-1) belongs to a unique subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) associated with oncogenic and metastatic phenotypes. While considerable evidence supports a role for PRL-1 in promoting proliferation, the biological regulators and effectors of PRL-1 activity remain unknown. PRL-1 activity is inhibited by disulfide bond formation at the active site in vitro, suggesting PRL-1 may be susceptible to redox regulation in vivo. Because PRL-1 has been observed to localize to several different subcellular locations and cellular redox conditions vary with tissue type, age, stage of cell cycle, and subcellular location, we determined the reduction potential of the active site disulfide bond that controls phosphatase activity to improve our understanding of the function of PRL-1 in various cellular environments. We used high-resolution solution NMR spectroscopy to measure the potential and found it to be -364.3 +/- 1.5 mV. Because normal cellular environments range from -170 to -320 mV, we concluded that nascent PRL-1 would be primarily oxidized inside cells. Our studies show that a significant conformational change accompanies activation, suggesting a post-translational modification may alter the reduction potential, conferring activity. We further demonstrate that alteration of the C-terminus renders the protein reduced and active in vitro, implying the C-terminus is an important regulator of PRL-1 function. These data provide a basis for understanding how subcellular localization regulates the activity of PRL-1 and, with further investigation, may help reveal how PRL-1 promotes unique outcomes in different cellular systems, including proliferation in both normal and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria L Skinner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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PRL-3 facilitates angiogenesis and metastasis by increasing ERK phosphorylation and up-regulating the levels and activities of Rho-A/C in lung cancer. Pathology 2009; 41:118-26. [PMID: 19152186 DOI: 10.1080/00313020802579268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of PRL-3 in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis to promote distant and lymph node metastasis in human lung cancer tissues and cells. METHODS We investigated the expression of PRL-3, VEGF, and VEGF-C from 94 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using immunohistochemical staining. The relationship between PRL-3 expression and microvessel density (MVD), lymphatic vessel density (LVD), clinicopathological factors, and surgical treatment outcome was also studied. Following this, we studied the effect on A549 by blocking PRL-3. RESULTS PRL-3 expression in NSCLC was high, and this over-expression is correlated with advanced clinical stage (p = 0.019), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001), and poor post-operative survival. PRL-3 over-expression was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; p = 0.000) and VEGF-C (p = 0.008) expressions, MVD and LVD (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000). Blocking PRL-3 expression in A549 cell resulted in decreased cellular proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities, and VEGF, VEGF-C, pERK, Rho-A, and Rho-C expression was inhibited. Following inhibition of either Rho or pERK, VEGF expression was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS PRL-3 induces microvascular and lymphatic vessel formation by facilitating VEGF and VEGF-C expression in lung cancer tissues, thus promoting distant and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. PRL-3 up-regulates pERK and Rho expression and activity, facilitating VEGF expression, and accelerating angiogenesis and distant metastasis. How to regulate VEGF-C expression needs to be further studied.
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Ren T, Jiang B, Xing X, Dong B, Peng L, Meng L, Xu H, Shou C. Prognostic significance of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 expression in ovarian cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 15:555-60. [PMID: 19247814 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is overexpressed in several human cancers and associated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. However, the correlation between PRL-3 expression and clinical outcome in ovarian cancer has not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the expression of PRL-3 in 119 ovarian cancers and 30 normal ovarian tissues by immunohistochemistry with an anti-PRL-3 mouse monoclonal antibody 3B6, and analyzed its relationship with clinicopathologic factors and survival. The results demonstrated that PRL-3 expression was significantly higher in ovarian cancers compared to normal ovarian tissues (P < 0.001). PRL-3 expression is not correlated with patient age, menstruation, tumor size, histological type, residual tumor, or other clinical findings. The patients with PRL-3-positive tumors had a significant poor prognosis than those with PRL-3-negative tumors. Univariate analysis identified PRL-3 expression as a poor outcome predictor (HR 1.925, 95% CI, 1.046-3.544, P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis indicated that PRL-3 expression was an independent prognostic factor of borderline significance (HR 1.695, 95% CI, 0.914-3.145, P = 0.094). Our results suggest that PRL-3 may serve as a valuable marker for diagnosis of ovarian cancer and as a potential independent prognostic factor for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu, cheng Road, Beijing, 100, 142, China
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Xing X, Peng L, Qu L, Ren T, Dong B, Su X, Shou C. Prognostic value of PRL-3 overexpression in early stages of colonic cancer. Histopathology 2009; 54:309-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elevated PRL-3 expression was more frequently detected in the large primary gastric cancer and exhibits a poor prognostic impact on the patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1041-6. [PMID: 19132388 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that elevated PRL-3 expression was closely associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. In the present study, we detected the expression of PRL-3 in primary gastric cancer tissue, and evaluated its prognostic impact on the patients. METHODS Total 137 gastric tumor samples were measured for PRL-3 phosphatase expression using immunohistochemistry method, and the overall survival rate was compared between the patients with high PRL-3 expression (n = 85) and those with moderate or low PRL-3 expression (n = 52) in the primary tumor. RESULTS PRL-3 expression was more frequently detected in the tumors with a diameter >40 mm and in advanced stages (TNM stage III or IV). Furthermore, the overall survival rate of the patients with high expression of PRL-3 in the primary tumor was significantly less than those with moderate or low expression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PRL-3 expression is associated with gastric cancer progression. Its high expression in the primary lesion had a negative impact on the prognosis of the patients. This strongly suggests that PRL-3 should be considered as a prognostic factor.
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PRL-3 is essentially overexpressed in primary colorectal tumours and associates with tumour aggressiveness. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1718-25. [PMID: 19002188 PMCID: PMC2584959 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase PRL-3 has been involved in different types of cancer, especially in metastases from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In this study, we explored both isoforms of PRL-3 as a biomarker to predict the recurrence of stage IIIB-C CRC. Overexpression of PRL-3 was investigated in primary human colorectal tumours (n=20) and hepatic metastases (n=36) xenografted in nude mice, samples characterised by absence of human non-tumoral cells, showing a high degree of expression in metastases (P=0.001). In 27 cases of matched normal colonic mucosa/primary tumour/hepatic metastases, PRL-3 overexpression occurs in primary tumours vs normal mucosa (P=0.001) and in hepatic metastases vs primary tumours (P=0.045). Besides, our results in a series of 80 stage IIIB-C CRC primary tumours showed that high levels of PRL-3 were an independent predictor of metastasis (P<0.0001; OR: 9.791) in multivariate analysis of a binary logistic regression and that PRL-3 expression tightly correlates with parameters of bad outcome. Moreover, PRL-3 expression associated with poor outcome in univariate (P<0.0001) and multivariate Cox models (hazard ratio: 3.322, 95%, confidence interval: 1.405–7.852, P=0.006). In conclusion, PRL-3 is a good marker of aggressiveness of locally advanced CRS and a promising predictor of distant metastases. Nevertheless, for prognosis purposes, it is imperative to validate the cutoff value of PRL-3 expression in a larger and consecutive series and adjuvant setting.
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Liu YQ, Li HX, Lou X, Lei JY. Expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver 1 and 3 mRNA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1307-12. [PMID: 18684031 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-1307-eoporl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) 3 messenger RNA (mRNA) was reported to express in human colorectal, gastric, ovarian, breast, and hepatic cancers. OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNAs in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). DESIGN Expression of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNA was examined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in fresh tissue collected from 40 cases of ESCC with matched lymph node metastasis in 21 cases. The association of expression of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNAs with clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. RESULTS The frequencies of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNA expression were significantly higher in ESCC than in normal esophageal tissue (P = .001; P = .01) and also significantly higher in ESCC with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (P = .01; P = .03). The levels of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNA expression were significantly higher in ESCC with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (P = .04; P = .04). The frequencies and levels of PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNA expression were correlated with the later stages but not with tumor differentiation, tumor location in the esophagus, patient's sex, and age. CONCLUSIONS PRL-1 and PRL-3 mRNAs may be involved in and used to predict the metastasis of ESCC. The possibility of using PRL-1 and PRL-3 as the therapeutical target is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital, Henan Key Lab for Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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Wang Z, He YL, Cai SR, Zhan WH, Li ZR, Zhu BH, Chen CQ, Ma JP, Chen ZX, Li W, Zhang LJ. Expression and prognostic impact of PRL-3 in lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer: its molecular mechanism was investigated using artificial microRNA interference. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1439-47. [PMID: 18561324 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High PRL-3 expression had been reported to have close association with lymph node metastasis (LNM) of gastric cancer. However, the prognostic significance of highly expressing PRL-3 in LNM of human gastric cancer and the role in the metastasis remain unclear. Our study examined PRL-3 expression both in the LNM (n = 107) and in the primary lesion (n = 137) of gastric cancer, and compared the overall survival rates. RNA interference, induced by recombinant plasmid pcDNA.rPRL3-miR expressing artificial PRL-3 miRNA, was employed to knockdown PRL-3 expression in human SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Invasion assay and migration assay in vitro were conducted to determine the role of PRL-3 in the metastasis. The role of PRL-3 in the proliferation of SGC7901 cells and tumor growth were also determined. We observed that high PRL-3 expression was more frequently detected in the LNM than in the matched primary lesion (72.9 vs. 47.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the overall survival rate of the patients with high expression of PRL-3 in the LNM was significantly less than those with moderate/low expression (p = 0.003). Importantly, knockdown of PRL-3 can significantly reduce both invasion and migration potencies of SGC7901 cells (p < 0.001), and significantly suppressed the proliferation of SGC7901 cells and slowed down the tumor growth (p < 0.001). It was concluded that high expression of PRL-3 in the LNM had a negative impact on the prognosis of the patients, and plays important roles in LNM of gastric cancer and the tumor growth, which can be a potential therapeutic target and a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gastric Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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