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Hoogstraten CA, Schirris TJJ, Russel FGM. Unlocking mitochondrial drug targets: The importance of mitochondrial transport proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14150. [PMID: 38666512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A disturbed mitochondrial function contributes to the pathology of many common diseases. These organelles are therefore important therapeutic targets. On the contrary, many adverse effects of drugs can be explained by a mitochondrial off-target effect, in particular, due to an interaction with carrier proteins in the inner membrane. Yet this class of transport proteins remains underappreciated and understudied. The aim of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of mitochondrial carriers in health and disease and their significance as drug targets. We present literature-based evidence that mitochondrial carrier proteins are associated with prevalent diseases and emphasize their potential as drug (off-)target sites by summarizing known mitochondrial drug-transporter interactions. Studying these carriers will enhance our knowledge of mitochondrial drug on- and off-targets and provide opportunities to further improve the efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Pain P, Spinelli F, Gherardi G. Mitochondrial Cation Signalling in the Control of Inflammatory Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16724. [PMID: 38069047 PMCID: PMC10706693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the bioenergetic organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and have also been found to be associated with inflammation. They are necessary to induce and maintain innate and adaptive immune cell responses, acting as signalling platforms and mediators in effector responses. These organelles are also known to play a pivotal role in cation homeostasis as well, which regulates the inflammatory responses through the modulation of these cation channels. In particular, this review focuses on mitochondrial Ca2+ and K+ fluxes in the regulation of inflammatory response. Nevertheless, this review aims to understand the interplay of these inflammation inducers and pathophysiological conditions. In detail, we discuss some examples of chronic inflammation such as lung, bowel, and metabolic inflammatory diseases caused by a persistent activation of the innate immune response due to a dysregulation of mitochondrial cation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.P.); (F.S.)
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3
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Szabo I, Szewczyk A. Mitochondrial Ion Channels. Annu Rev Biophys 2023; 52:229-254. [PMID: 37159294 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-092622-094853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in multiple cellular tasks, such as ATP synthesis, metabolism, metabolite and ion transport, regulation of apoptosis, inflammation, signaling, and inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. The majority of the correct functioning of mitochondria is based on the large electrochemical proton gradient, whose component, the inner mitochondrial membrane potential, is strictly controlled by ion transport through mitochondrial membranes. Consequently, mitochondrial function is critically dependent on ion homeostasis, the disturbance of which leads to abnormal cell functions. Therefore, the discovery of mitochondrial ion channels influencing ion permeability through the membrane has defined a new dimension of the function of ion channels in different cell types, mainly linked to the important tasks that mitochondrial ion channels perform in cell life and death. This review summarizes studies on animal mitochondrial ion channels with special focus on their biophysical properties, molecular identity, and regulation. Additionally, the potential of mitochondrial ion channels as therapeutic targets for several diseases is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy;
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland;
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4
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Cheng Y, Tang Y, Tan Y, Li J, Zhang X. KCNK9 mediates the inhibitory effects of genistein on hepatic metastasis from colon cancer. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100141. [PMID: 36905879 PMCID: PMC10019991 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tyrosine-protein kinase inhibitor, genistein, can inhibit cell malignant transformation and has an antitumor effect on various types of cancer. It has been shown that both genistein and KNCK9 can inhibit colon cancer. This research aimed to investigate the suppressive effects of genistein on colon cancer cells and the association between the application of genistein and KCNK9 expression level. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to study the correlation between the KCNK9 expression level and the prognosis of colon cancer patients. HT29 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines were cultured to examine the inhibitory effects of KCNK9 and genistein on colon cancer in vitro, and a mouse model of colon cancer with liver metastasis was established to verify the inhibitory effect of genistein in vivo. RESULTS KCNK9 was overexpressed in colon cancer cells and was associated with a shorter Overall Survival (OS), a shorter Disease-Specific Survival (DFS), and a shorter Progression-Free Interval (PFI) of colon cancer patients. In vitro experiments showed that downregulation of KCNK9 or genistein application could suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities, induce cell cycle quiescence, promote cell apoptosis, and reduce epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the colon cancer cell line. In vivo experiments revealed that silencing of KCNK9 or application of genistein could inhibit hepatic metastasis from colon cancer. Additionally, genistein could inhibit KCNK9 expression, thereby attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Genistein inhibited the occurrence and progression of colon cancer through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that could be mediated by KCNK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiming Tan
- Department of Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Kampa RP, Sęk A, Bednarczyk P, Szewczyk A, Calderone V, Testai L. Flavonoids as new regulators of mitochondrial potassium channels: contribution to cardioprotection. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 75:466-481. [PMID: 36508341 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Acute myocardial ischemia is one of the major causes of illness in western society. Reduced coronary blood supply leads to cell death and loss of cardiomyocyte population, resulting in serious and often irreversible consequences on myocardial function. Mitochondrial potassium (mitoK) channels have been identified as fine regulators of mitochondrial function and, consequently, in the metabolism of the whole cell, and in the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection. Interestingly, mitoK channels represent a novel putative target for treating cardiovascular diseases, particularly myocardial infarction, and their modulators represent an interesting tool for pharmacological intervention. In this review, we took up the challenge of selecting flavonoids that show cardioprotective properties through the activation of mitoK channels.
Key findings
A brief overview of the main information on mitoK channels and their participation in the induction of cytoprotective processes was provided. Then, naringenin, quercetin, morin, theaflavin, baicalein, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, puerarin, luteolin and proanthocyanidins demonstrated to be effective modulators of mitoK channels activity, mediating many beneficial effects.
Summary
The pathophysiological role of mitoK channels has been investigated as well as the impact of flavonoids on this target with particular attention to their potential role in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P Kampa
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Aleksandra Sęk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Italy
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Fan X, Lu Y, Du G, Liu J. Advances in the Understanding of Two-Pore Domain TASK Potassium Channels and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238296. [PMID: 36500386 PMCID: PMC9736439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels, including TASK-1, TASK-3, and TASK-5, are important members of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel family. TASK-5 is not functionally expressed in the recombinant system. TASK channels are very sensitive to changes in extracellular pH and are active during all membrane potential periods. They are similar to other K2P channels in that they can create and use background-leaked potassium currents to stabilize resting membrane conductance and repolarize the action potential of excitable cells. TASK channels are expressed in both the nervous system and peripheral tissues, including excitable and non-excitable cells, and are widely engaged in pathophysiological phenomena, such as respiratory stimulation, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, aldosterone secretion, cancers, anesthesia, neurological disorders, glucose homeostasis, and visual sensitivity. Therefore, they are important targets for innovative drug development. In this review, we emphasized the recent advances in our understanding of the biophysical properties, gating profiles, and biological roles of TASK channels. Given the different localization ranges and biologically relevant functions of TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels, the development of compounds that selectively target TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels is also summarized based on data reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Fan
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Guizhi Du
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (J.L.)
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Deficiency of the Two-Pore Potassium Channel KCNK9 Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Cell Survival and Aggravates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1199-1211. [PMID: 35973573 PMCID: PMC9579309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The 2-pore potassium channel subfamily K member 9 (KCNK9) regulates intracellular calcium concentration and thus modulates cell survival and inflammatory signaling pathways. It also was recognized as a risk allele for inflammatory bowel disease. However, it remains unclear whether KCNK9 modulates inflammatory bowel disease via its impact on immune cell function or whether its influence on calcium homeostasis also is relevant in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS Kcnk9-/- mice were challenged with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce experimental acute colitis. Primary cultures of intestinal epithelial cells were generated, and expression of potassium channels as well as cytosolic calcium levels and susceptibility to apoptosis were evaluated. Furthermore, we evaluated whether KCNK9 deficiency was compensated by the closely related 2-pore potassium channel KCNK3 in vivo or in vitro. RESULTS Compared with controls, KCNK9 deficiency or its pharmacologic blockade were associated with aggravated DSS-induced colitis compared with wild-type animals. In the absence of KCNK9, intestinal epithelial cells showed increased intracellular calcium levels and were more prone to mitochondrial damage and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. We found that expression of KCNK3 was increased in Kcnk9-/- mice but did not prevent apoptosis after DSS exposure. Conversely, increased levels of KCNK9 in Kcnk3-/- mice were associated with an ameliorated course of DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS KCNK9 enhances mitochondrial stability, reduces apoptosis, und thus supports epithelial cell survival after DSS exposure in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, its increased expression in Kcnk3-/- resulted in less mitochondrial damage and apoptosis and was associated with beneficial outcomes in DSS-induced colitis.
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Zúñiga L, Cayo A, González W, Vilos C, Zúñiga R. Potassium Channels as a Target for Cancer Therapy: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:783-797. [PMID: 35899081 PMCID: PMC9309325 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s326614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) channels are highly regulated membrane proteins that control the potassium ion flux and respond to different cellular stimuli. These ion channels are grouped into three major families, Kv (voltage-gated K+ channel), Kir (inwardly rectifying K+ channel) and K2P (two-pore K+ channels), according to the structure, to mediate the K+ currents. In cancer, alterations in K+ channel function can promote the acquisition of the so-called hallmarks of cancer – cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and migratory capabilities – emerging as targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus our attention on the different K+ channels associated with the most relevant and prevalent cancer types. We summarize our knowledge about the potassium channels structure and function, their cancer dysregulated expression and discuss the K+ channels modulator and the strategies for designing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Angel Cayo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Rafael Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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9
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Zou Y, Xie J, Tian W, Wu L, Xie Y, Huang S, Tang Y, Deng X, Wu H, Xie X. Integrative Analysis of KCNK Genes and Establishment of a Specific Prognostic Signature for Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:839986. [PMID: 35656548 PMCID: PMC9152175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domains potassium channel subunits, encoded by KCNK genes, play vital roles in breast cancer progression. However, the characteristics of most KCNK genes in breast cancer has yet to be clarified. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the expression, alteration, prognosis, and biological functions of various KCNKs in breast cancer. The expression of KCNK1/4/6/9/10/13 were significantly upregulated, while KCNK2/3/5/7/17 were downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to normal mammary tissues. Increased expression of KCNK1/3/4/9 was correlated with poor overall survival, while high expression of KCNK2/7/17 predicted better overall survival in breast cancer. Eight KCNK genes were altered in breast cancer patients with a genomic mutation rate ranged from 1.9% to 21%. KCNK1 and KCNK9 were the two most common mutations in breast cancer, occurred in 21% and 18% patients, respectively. Alteration of KCNK genes was associated with the worse clinical characteristics and higher TMB, MSI, and hypoxia score. Using machine learning method, a specific prognostic signature with seven KCNK genes was established, which manifested accuracy in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer in both training and validation cohorts. A nomogram with great predictive performance was afterwards constructed through incorporating KCNK-based risk score with clinical features. Furthermore, KCNKs were correlated with the activation of several tumor microenvironment cells, including T cells, mast cells, macrophages, and platelets. Presentation of antigen, stimulation of G protein signaling and toll-like receptor cascaded were regulated by KCNKs family. Taken together, KCNKs may regulate breast cancer progression via modulating immune response which can serve as ideal prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer patients. Our study provides novel insight for future studies evaluating their usefulness as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao Wu
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu, ; Xinhua Xie,
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10
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Methods of Measuring Mitochondrial Potassium Channels: A Critical Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031210. [PMID: 35163132 PMCID: PMC8835872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the techniques used to study the function of mitochondrial potassium channels are critically reviewed. The majority of these techniques have been known for many years as a result of research on plasma membrane ion channels. Hence, in this review, we focus on the critical evaluation of techniques used in the studies of mitochondrial potassium channels, describing their advantages and limitations. Functional analysis of mitochondrial potassium channels in comparison to that of plasmalemmal channels presents additional experimental challenges. The reliability of functional studies of mitochondrial potassium channels is often affected by the need to isolate mitochondria and by functional properties of mitochondria such as respiration, metabolic activity, swelling capacity, or high electrical potential. Three types of techniques are critically evaluated: electrophysiological techniques, potassium flux measurements, and biochemical techniques related to potassium flux measurements. Finally, new possible approaches to the study of the function of mitochondrial potassium channels are presented. We hope that this review will assist researchers in selecting reliable methods for studying, e.g., the effects of drugs on mitochondrial potassium channel function. Additionally, this review should aid in the critical evaluation of the results reported in various articles on mitochondrial potassium channels.
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11
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Wrzosek A, Gałecka S, Żochowska M, Olszewska A, Kulawiak B. Alternative Targets for Modulators of Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Molecules 2022; 27:299. [PMID: 35011530 PMCID: PMC8746388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial potassium channels control potassium influx into the mitochondrial matrix and thus regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, volume, respiration, and synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been found that pharmacological activation of mitochondrial potassium channels during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury activates cytoprotective mechanisms resulting in increased cell survival. In cancer cells, the inhibition of these channels leads to increased cell death. Therefore, mitochondrial potassium channels are intriguing targets for the development of new pharmacological strategies. In most cases, however, the substances that modulate the mitochondrial potassium channels have a few alternative targets in the cell. This may result in unexpected or unwanted effects induced by these compounds. In our review, we briefly present the various classes of mitochondrial potassium (mitoK) channels and describe the chemical compounds that modulate their activity. We also describe examples of the multidirectional activity of the activators and inhibitors of mitochondrial potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Shur Gałecka
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Monika Żochowska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Anna Olszewska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bogusz Kulawiak
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
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12
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Kv7.4 Channels Regulate Potassium Permeability in Neuronal Mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Skaar DA, Dietze EC, Alva-Ornelas JA, Ann D, Schones DE, Hyslop T, Sistrunk C, Zalles C, Ambrose A, Kennedy K, Idassi O, Miranda Carboni G, Gould MN, Jirtle RL, Seewaldt VL. Epigenetic Dysregulation of KCNK9 Imprinting and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6031. [PMID: 34885139 PMCID: PMC8656495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an inherited form of parent-of-origin specific epigenetic gene regulation that is dysregulated by poor prenatal nutrition and environmental toxins. KCNK9 encodes for TASK3, a pH-regulated potassium channel membrane protein that is overexpressed in 40% of breast cancer. However, KCNK9 gene amplification accounts for increased expression in <10% of these breast cancers. Here, we showed that KCNK9 is imprinted in breast tissue and identified a differentially methylated region (DMR) controlling its imprint status. Hypomethylation at the DMR, coupled with biallelic expression of KCNK9, occurred in 63% of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The association between hypomethylation and TNBC status was highly significant in African-Americans (p = 0.006), but not in Caucasians (p = 0.70). KCNK9 hypomethylation was also found in non-cancerous tissue from 77% of women at high-risk of developing breast cancer. Functional studies demonstrated that the KCNK9 gene product, TASK3, regulates mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis-sensitivity. In TNBC cells and non-cancerous mammary epithelial cells from high-risk women, hypomethylation of the KCNK9 DMR predicts for increased TASK3 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.001). This is the first identification of the KCNK9 DMR in mammary epithelial cells and demonstration that its hypomethylation in breast cancer is associated with increases in both mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis resistance. The high frequency of hypomethylation of the KCNK9 DMR in TNBC and non-cancerous breast tissue from high-risk women provides evidence that hypomethylation of the KNCK9 DMR/TASK3 overexpression may serve as a marker of risk and a target for prevention of TNBC, particularly in African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Skaar
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Eric C. Dietze
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Jackelyn A. Alva-Ornelas
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - David Ann
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Dustin E. Schones
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Christopher Sistrunk
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Carola Zalles
- Department of Pathology, Mercy Hospital, Miami, FL 33133, USA;
| | - Adrian Ambrose
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Kendall Kennedy
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Ombeni Idassi
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
| | - Gustavo Miranda Carboni
- Laboratory of Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Michael N. Gould
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Randy L. Jirtle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Victoria L. Seewaldt
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (E.C.D.); (J.A.A.-O.); (D.A.); (D.E.S.); (C.S.); (A.A.); (K.K.); (O.I.)
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14
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Abstract
Mitochondria have been recognized as key organelles in cardiac physiology and are potential targets for clinical interventions to improve cardiac function. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been accepted as a major contributor to the development of heart failure. The main function of mitochondria is to meet the high energy demands of the heart by oxidative metabolism. Ionic homeostasis in mitochondria directly regulates oxidative metabolism, and any disruption in ionic homeostasis causes mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually contractile failure. The mitochondrial ionic homeostasis is closely coupled with inner mitochondrial membrane potential. To regulate and maintain ionic homeostasis, mitochondrial membranes are equipped with ion transporting proteins. Ion transport mechanisms involving several different ion channels and transporters are highly efficient and dynamic, thus helping to maintain the ionic homeostasis of ions as well as their salts present in the mitochondrial matrix. In recent years, several novel proteins have been identified on the mitochondrial membranes and these proteins are actively being pursued in research for roles in the organ as well as organelle physiology. In this article, the role of mitochondrial ion channels in cardiac function is reviewed. In recent times, the major focus of the mitochondrial ion channel field is to establish molecular identities as well as assigning specific functions to them. Given the diversity of mitochondrial ion channels and their unique roles in cardiac function, they present novel and viable therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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15
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Wang X, An P, Gu Z, Luo Y, Luo J. Mitochondrial Metal Ion Transport in Cell Metabolism and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147525. [PMID: 34299144 PMCID: PMC8305404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital to life and provide biological energy for other organelles and cell physiological processes. On the mitochondrial double layer membrane, there are a variety of channels and transporters to transport different metal ions, such as Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+. Emerging evidence in recent years has shown that the metal ion transport is essential for mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP production, mitochondrial integrity, mitochondrial volume, enzyme activity, signal transduction, proliferation and apoptosis. The homeostasis of mitochondrial metal ions plays an important role in maintaining mitochondria and cell functions and regulating multiple diseases. In particular, channels and transporters for transporting mitochondrial metal ions are very critical, which can be used as potential targets to treat neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current research on several types of mitochondrial metal ion channels/transporters and their functions in cell metabolism and diseases, providing strong evidence and therapeutic strategies for further insights into related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
| | - Peng An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Yongting Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjie Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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16
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Szabo I, Zoratti M, Biasutto L. Targeting mitochondrial ion channels for cancer therapy. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101846. [PMID: 33419703 PMCID: PMC8113036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological targeting of mitochondrial ion channels is emerging as a promising approach to eliminate cancer cells; as most of these channels are differentially expressed and/or regulated in cancer cells in comparison to healthy ones, this strategy may selectively eliminate the former. Perturbation of ion fluxes across the outer and inner membranes is linked to alterations of redox state, membrane potential and bioenergetic efficiency. This leads to indirect modulation of oxidative phosphorylation, which is/may be fundamental for both cancer and cancer stem cell survival. Furthermore, given the crucial contribution of mitochondria to intrinsic apoptosis, modulation of their ion channels leading to cytochrome c release may be of great advantage in case of resistance to drugs triggering apoptotic events upstream of the mitochondrial phase. In the present review, we give an overview of the known mitochondrial ion channels and of their modulators capable of killing cancer cells. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies using mitochondriotropic drugs or peptide-based approaches allowing a more efficient and selective targeting of mitochondrial ion channel-linked events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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17
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Pedersen SF, Flinck M, Pardo LA. The Interplay between Dysregulated Ion Transport and Mitochondrial Architecture as a Dangerous Liaison in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105209. [PMID: 34069047 PMCID: PMC8156689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of ions and nutrients is a core mitochondrial function, without which there would be no mitochondrial metabolism and ATP production. Both ion homeostasis and mitochondrial phenotype undergo pervasive changes during cancer development, and both play key roles in driving the malignancy. However, the link between these events has been largely ignored. This review comprehensively summarizes and critically discusses the role of the reciprocal relationship between ion transport and mitochondria in crucial cellular functions, including metabolism, signaling, and cell fate decisions. We focus on Ca2+, H+, and K+, which play essential and highly interconnected roles in mitochondrial function and are profoundly dysregulated in cancer. We describe the transport and roles of these ions in normal mitochondria, summarize the changes occurring during cancer development, and discuss how they might impact tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine F. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (S.F.P.); (L.A.P.)
| | - Mette Flinck
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Luis A. Pardo
- Oncophysiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.F.P.); (L.A.P.)
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18
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Checchetto V, Leanza L, De Stefani D, Rizzuto R, Gulbins E, Szabo I. Mitochondrial K + channels and their implications for disease mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107874. [PMID: 33930454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels underwent a rapid development during the last decade, thanks to the molecular identification of some of the nuclear-encoded organelle channels and to advances in strategies allowing specific pharmacological targeting of these proteins. Thereby, genetic tools and specific drugs aided definition of the relevance of several mitochondrial channels both in physiological as well as pathological conditions. Unfortunately, in the case of mitochondrial K+ channels, efforts of genetic manipulation provided only limited results, due to their dual localization to mitochondria and to plasma membrane in most cases. Although the impact of mitochondrial K+ channels on human diseases is still far from being genuinely understood, pre-clinical data strongly argue for their substantial role in the context of several pathologies, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Importantly, these channels are druggable targets, and their in-depth investigation could thus pave the way to the development of innovative small molecules with huge therapeutic potential. In the present review we summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically link mitochondrial potassium channels to the above pathologies and underline the possibility of exploiting them for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Italy.
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19
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Bachmann M, Rossa A, Antoniazzi G, Biasutto L, Carrer A, Campagnaro M, Leanza L, Gonczi M, Csernoch L, Paradisi C, Mattarei A, Zoratti M, Szabo I. Synthesis and cellular effects of a mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of the two-pore potassium channel TASK-3. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105326. [PMID: 33338625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The two-pore potassium channel TASK-3 has been shown to localize to both the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial inner membrane. TASK-3 is highly expressed in melanoma and breast cancer cells and has been proposed to promote tumor formation. Here we investigated whether pharmacological modulation of TASK-3, and specifically of mitochondrial TASK-3 (mitoTASK-3), had any effect on cancer cell survival and mitochondrial physiology. A novel, mitochondriotropic version of the specific TASK-3 inhibitor IN-THPP has been synthesized by addition of a positively charged triphenylphosphonium moiety. While IN-THPP was unable to induce apoptosis, mitoIN-THPP decreased survival of breast cancer cells and efficiently killed melanoma lines, which we show to express mitoTASK-3. Cell death was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, suggesting a role of the channel in the maintenance of the correct function of this organelle. In accordance, cells treated with mitoIN-THPP became rapidly depleted of mitochondrial ATP which resulted in activation of the AMP-dependent kinase AMPK. Importantly, cell survival was not affected in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and the effect of mitoIN-THPP was less pronounced in human melanoma cells stably knocked down for TASK-3 expression, indicating a certain degree of selectivity of the drug both for pathological cells and for the channel. In addition, mitoIN-THPP inhibited cancer cell migration to a higher extent than IN-THPP in two melanoma cell lines. In summary, our results point to the importance of mitoTASK-3 for melanoma cell survival and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Rossa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Carrer
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Monika Gonczi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy.
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20
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Fahanik-Babaei J, Rezaee B, Nazari M, Torabi N, Saghiri R, Sauve R, Eliassi A. A new brain mitochondrial sodium-sensitive potassium channel: effect of sodium ions on respiratory chain activity. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242446. [PMID: 32327555 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the electropharmacological properties of a new potassium channel from brain mitochondrial membrane using a planar lipid bilayer method. Our results show the presence of a channel with a conductance of 150 pS at potentials between 0 and -60 mV in 200 mM cis/50 mM trans KCl solutions. The channel was voltage independent, with an open probability value of approximately 0.6 at different voltages. ATP did not affect current amplitude or open probability at positive and negative voltages. Notably, adding iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, lidocaine or margatoxin had no effect on the channel behavior. Similarly, no changes were observed by decreasing the cis pH to 6. Interestingly, the channel was inhibited by adding sodium in a dose-dependent manner. Our results also indicated a significant increase in mitochondrial complex IV activity and membrane potential and a decrease in complex I activity and mitochondrial ROS production in the presence of sodium ions. We propose that inhibition of mitochondrial potassium transport by sodium ions on potassium channel opening could be important for cell protection and ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rezaee
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazari
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Nihad Torabi
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Reza Saghiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Remy Sauve
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Membrane Protein Research Group, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
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21
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TASK-3 Gene Knockdown Dampens Invasion and Migration and Promotes Apoptosis in KATO III and MKN-45 Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236077. [PMID: 31810225 PMCID: PMC6928893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence and mortality of gastric cancer is increasing worldwide, in part, because of the lack of new therapeutic targets to treat this disease. Different types of ion channels participate in the hallmarks of cancer. In this context, ion channels are known to exert control over the cell cycle, mechanisms that support survival, angiogenesis, migration, and cell invasion. In particular, TASK-3 (KCNK9), a member of the K2P potassium channel family, has attracted much interest because of its oncogenic properties. However, despite multiple lines of evidence linking TASK-3 to tumorigenesis in various types of cancer, its relationship with gastric cancer has not been fully examined. Therefore, we set out to assess the effect of TASK-3 gene knockdown on KATO III and MKN-45 human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines by using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown. Our results demonstrate that knocking down TASK-3 reduces cell proliferation and viability because of an increase in apoptosis without an apparent effect on cell cycle checkpoints. In addition, cell migration and invasion are reduced after knocking down TASK-3 in these cell lines. The present study highlights TASK-3 as a key protein involved in migration and cell survival in gastric cancer and corroborates its potential as a therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.
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22
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Li WC, Xiong ZY, Huang PZ, Liao YJ, Li QX, Yao ZC, Liao YD, Xu SL, Zhou H, Wang QL, Huang H, Zhang P, Lin JZ, Liu B, Ren J, Hu KP. KCNK levels are prognostic and diagnostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8169-8182. [PMID: 31581133 PMCID: PMC6814606 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore-domain (KCNK, K2P) K+ channels are transmembrane protein complexes that control the flow of ions across biofilms, which underlie many essential cellular functions. Because KCNK family members are known to contribute to tumorigenesis in various types of cancer, we hypothesized that they might be differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells as compared to healthy tissue and serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. We tested this hypothesis through bioinformatic analyses of publicly available data for the expression of various KCNK subunits in HCC. We observed reduced expression of KCNK2, KCNK15, and KCNK17 in liver cancer, as well as overexpression of KCNK9, all of which correlated with a better prognosis for HCC patients per survival analyses. Moreover, ROC curves indicated that KCNK2, KCNK9, KCNK15, and KCNK17 levels could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for HCC. Finally, our western blot and qRT-PCR results were consistent with those obtained from bioinformatic analyses. Taken together, these results suggest that KCNK2, KCNK9, KCNK15, and KCNK17 could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin-Zhu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Jing Liao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan-Xi Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Di Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Lei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zong Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun-Peng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Prosdocimi E, Checchetto V, Leanza L. Targeting the Mitochondrial Potassium Channel Kv1.3 to Kill Cancer Cells: Drugs, Strategies, and New Perspectives. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:882-892. [PMID: 31373829 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219864894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the consequence of aberrations in cell growth or cell death. In this scenario, mitochondria and ion channels play a critical role in regard to cell proliferation, malignant angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. In this review, we focus on Kv1.3 and specifically on mitoKv1.3, which showed an aberrant expression in cancer cells compared with healthy tissues and which is involved in the apoptotic pathway. In recent years, mitoKv1.3 has become an oncological target since its pharmacological modulation has been demonstrated to reduce tumor growth and progression both in vitro and in vivo using preclinical mouse models of different types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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24
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Kampa RP, Kicinska A, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Pasikowska-Piwko M, Dolegowska B, Debowska R, Szewczyk A, Bednarczyk P. Naringenin as an opener of mitochondrial potassium channels in dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:543-550. [PMID: 30776180 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids belong to a large group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely present in plants. Certain flavonoids, including naringenin, have cytoprotective properties. Although the antioxidant effect has long been thought to be a crucial factor accounting for the cellular effects of flavonoids, mitochondrial channels have emerged recently as targets for cytoprotective strategies. In the present study, we characterized interactions between naringenin and the mitochondrial potassium (mitoBKC a and mitoKATP ) channels recently described in dermal fibroblasts. With the use of the patch-clamp technique and mitoplasts isolated from primary human dermal fibroblast cells, our study shows that naringenin in micromolar concentrations leads to an increase in mitoBKC a channel activity. The opening probability of the channel decreased from 0.97 in the control conditions (200 μmol/L Ca2+ ) to 0.06 at a low Ca2+ level (1 μmol/L) and increased to 0.85 after the application of 10 μmol/L naringenin. Additionally, the activity of the mitoKATP channel increased following the application of 10 μmol/L naringenin. To investigate the effects of naringenin on mitochondrial function, the oxygen consumption of dermal fibroblast cells was measured in potassium-containing media. The addition of naringenin significantly and dose-dependently increased the respiratory rate from 5.8 ± 0.2 to 14.0 ± 0.6 nmol O2 × min-1 × mg protein-1 . Additionally, a Raman spectroscopy analysis of skin penetration indicated that the naringenin was distributed in all skin layers, including the epidermis and dermis. In this study, we demonstrated that a flavonoid, naringenin, can activate two potassium channels present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Pawel Kampa
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kicinska
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Dolegowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Debowska
- Dr Irena Eris Cosmetic Laboratory, Center for Science and Research, Piaseczno, Poland
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Sakamoto K, Kurokawa J. Involvement of sex hormonal regulation of K + channels in electrophysiological and contractile functions of muscle tissues. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:259-265. [PMID: 30962088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones, such as testosterone, progesterone, and 17β-estradiol, control various physiological functions. This review focuses on the sex hormonal regulation of K+ channels and the effects of such regulation on electrophysiological and contractile functions of muscles. In the cardiac tissue, testosterone and progesterone shorten action potential, and estrogen lengthens QT interval, a marker of increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. We have shown that testosterone and progesterone in physiological concentration activate KCNQ1 channels via membrane-delimited sex hormone receptor/eNOS pathways to shorten the action potential duration. Mitochondrial K+ channels are also involved in the protection of cardiac muscle. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol directly activate mitochondrial inner membrane K+ channels (Ca2+ activated K+ channel (KCa channel) and ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel)) that are involved in ischemic preconditioning and cardiac protection. During pregnancy, uterine blood flow increases to support fetal growth and development. It has been reported that 17β-estradiol directly activates large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa channel) attenuating arterial contraction. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol increases expression of BKCa channel β1 subunit which enhances BKCa channel activity by DNA demethylation. These findings are useful for understanding the mechanisms of sex or generation-dependent differences in the physiological and pathological functions of muscles, and the mechanisms of drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Junko Kurokawa
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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26
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Bachmann M, Costa R, Peruzzo R, Prosdocimi E, Checchetto V, Leanza L. Targeting Mitochondrial Ion Channels to Fight Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072060. [PMID: 30011966 PMCID: PMC6073807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several experimental evidences have underlined a new role of ion channels in cancer development and progression. In particular, mitochondrial ion channels are arising as new oncological targets, since it has been proved that most of them show an altered expression during tumor development and the pharmacological targeting of some of them have been demonstrated to be able to modulate cancer growth and progression, both in vitro as well as in vivo in pre-clinical mouse models. In this scenario, pharmacology of mitochondrial ion channels would be in the near future a new frontier for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we discuss the new advances in the field, by focusing our attention on the improvements in new drug developments to target mitochondrial ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Prosdocimi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Kim HK, Noh YH, Nilius B, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim N, Han J. Current and upcoming mitochondrial targets for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017. [PMID: 28627410 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential intracellular organelles that regulate energy metabolism, cell death, and signaling pathways that are important for cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, mitochondria are fundamentally implicated in cancer biology, including initiation, growth, metastasis, relapse, and acquired drug resistance. Based on these implications, mitochondria have been proposed as a major therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In addition to classical view of mitochondria in cancer biology, recent studies found novel pathophysiological roles of mitochondria in cancer. In this review, we introduce recent concepts of mitochondrial roles in cancer biology including mitochondrial DNA mutation and epigenetic modulation, energy metabolism reprogramming, mitochondrial channels, involvement in metastasis and drug resistance, and cancer stem cells. We also discuss the role of mitochondria in emerging cancer therapeutic strategies, especially cancer immunotherapy and CRISPR-Cas9 system gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Noh
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven, Department Cell Mol Medicine, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Guo R, Si R, Scott BT, Makino A. Mitochondrial connexin40 regulates mitochondrial calcium uptake in coronary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C398-C406. [PMID: 28122731 PMCID: PMC5407023 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) are a group of integral membrane proteins that can form gap junctions between adjacent cells. Recently, it was reported that Cx43 is expressed not only in the plasma membrane but also in the inner mitochondrial membrane and that it regulates mitochondrial functions. Cx40 is predominantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and plays an important role in the electrical propagation between ECs and endothelial/smooth muscle cells. However, it is unknown whether Cx40 is expressed in the mitochondria and what the role of mitochondrial Cx40 is in endothelial functions. We observed in coronary ECs that Cx40 protein was expressed in the mitochondria, as determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. We found that mouse coronary ECs (MCECs) isolated from Cx40 knockout (Cx40 KO) mice exhibited significantly lower resting mitochondrial calcium concentration ([Ca2+]mito) than MCECs from wild-type (WT) mice. After increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) with cyclopiazonic acid, calcium uptake into the mitochondria was significantly attenuated in MCECs from Cx40 KO mice compared with WT MCECs. There was no difference in resting [Ca2+]cyto and store-operated calcium entry in MCECs from WT and Cx40 KO mice. We also detected a significant decrease in the concentration of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Cx40 KO MCECs. Cx40 overexpression in ECs significantly increased resting [Ca2+]mito level and calcium uptake by mitochondria in response to increased [Ca2+]cyto and augmented mitochondrial ROS production. These data suggest that mitochondrial Cx40 contributes to the regulation of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Rui Si
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Brian T Scott
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
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Augustynek B, Kunz WS, Szewczyk A. Guide to the Pharmacology of Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:103-127. [PMID: 27838853 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview of the available literature on the pharmacology of mitochondrial potassium channels. In the first part, the reader is introduced to the topic, and eight known protein contributors to the potassium permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane are presented. The main part of this chapter describes the basic characteristics of each channel type mentioned in the introduction. However, the most important and valuable information included in this chapter concerns the pharmacology of mitochondrial potassium channels. Several available channel modulators are critically evaluated and rated by suitability for research use. The last figure of this chapter shows the results of this evaluation at a glance. Thus, this chapter can be very useful for beginners in this field. It is intended to be a time- and resource-saving guide for those searching for proper modulators of mitochondrial potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Augustynek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Peruzzo R, Biasutto L, Szabò I, Leanza L. Impact of intracellular ion channels on cancer development and progression. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2016; 45:685-707. [PMID: 27289382 PMCID: PMC5045486 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research is nowadays focused on the identification of possible new targets in order to try to develop new drugs for curing untreatable tumors. Ion channels have emerged as "oncogenic" proteins, since they have an aberrant expression in cancers compared to normal tissues and contribute to several hallmarks of cancer, such as metabolic re-programming, limitless proliferative potential, apoptosis-resistance, stimulation of neo-angiogenesis as well as cell migration and invasiveness. In recent years, not only the plasma membrane but also intracellular channels and transporters have arisen as oncological targets and were proposed to be associated with tumorigenesis. Therefore, the research is currently focusing on understanding the possible role of intracellular ion channels in cancer development and progression on one hand and, on the other, on developing new possible drugs able to modulate the expression and/or activity of these channels. In a few cases, the efficacy of channel-targeting drugs in reducing tumors has already been demonstrated in vivo in preclinical mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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TASK-1 Regulates Apoptosis and Proliferation in a Subset of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157453. [PMID: 27294516 PMCID: PMC4905626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide; survival times are poor despite therapy. The role of the two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel TASK-1 (KCNK3) in lung cancer is at present unknown. We found that TASK-1 is expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines at variable levels. In a highly TASK-1 expressing NSCLC cell line, A549, a characteristic pH- and hypoxia-sensitive non-inactivating K+ current was measured, indicating the presence of functional TASK-1 channels. Inhibition of TASK-1 led to significant depolarization in these cells. Knockdown of TASK-1 by siRNA significantly enhanced apoptosis and reduced proliferation in A549 cells, but not in weakly TASK-1 expressing NCI-H358 cells. Na+-coupled nutrient transport across the cell membrane is functionally coupled to the efflux of K+ via K+ channels, thus TASK-1 may potentially influence Na+-coupled nutrient transport. In contrast to TASK-1, which was not differentially expressed in lung cancer vs. normal lung tissue, we found the Na+-coupled nutrient transporters, SLC5A3, SLC5A6, and SLC38A1, transporters for myo-inositol, biotin and glutamine, respectively, to be significantly overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas. In summary, we show for the first time that the TASK-1 channel regulates apoptosis and proliferation in a subset of NSCLC.
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Laskowski M, Augustynek B, Kulawiak B, Koprowski P, Bednarczyk P, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Szewczyk A. What do we not know about mitochondrial potassium channels? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1247-1257. [PMID: 26951942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize our knowledge about mitochondrial potassium channels, with a special focus on unanswered questions in this field. The following potassium channels have been well described in the inner mitochondrial membrane: ATP-regulated potassium channel, Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel, the voltage-gated Kv1.3 potassium channel, and the two-pore domain TASK-3 potassium channel. The primary functional roles of these channels include regulation of mitochondrial respiration and the alteration of membrane potential. Additionally, they modulate the mitochondrial matrix volume and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria. Mitochondrial potassium channels are believed to contribute to cytoprotection and cell death. In this paper, we discuss fundamental issues concerning mitochondrial potassium channels: their molecular identity, channel pharmacology and functional properties. Attention will be given to the current problems present in our understanding of the nature of mitochondrial potassium channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Laskowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Augustynek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogusz Kulawiak
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Madamba SM, Damri KN, Dejean LM, Peixoto PM. Mitochondrial Ion Channels in Cancer Transformation. Front Oncol 2015; 5:120. [PMID: 26090338 PMCID: PMC4455240 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer transformation involves reprograming of mitochondrial function to avert cell death mechanisms, monopolize energy metabolism, accelerate mitotic proliferation, and promote metastasis. Mitochondrial ion channels have emerged as promising therapeutic targets because of their connection to metabolic and apoptotic functions. This mini review discusses how mitochondrial channels may be associated with cancer transformation and expands on the possible involvement of mitochondrial protein import complexes in pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Madamba
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin N. Damri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent M. Dejean
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Pablo M. Peixoto
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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Involvement of potassium channels in the progression of cancer to a more malignant phenotype. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2477-92. [PMID: 25517985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Potassium channels are a diverse group of pore-forming transmembrane proteins that selectively facilitate potassium flow through an electrochemical gradient. They participate in the control of the membrane potential and cell excitability in addition to different cell functions such as cell volume regulation, proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis as well as apoptosis. Because these physiological processes are essential for the correct cell function, K+ channels have been associated with a growing number of diseases including cancer. In fact, different K+ channel families such as the voltage-gated K+ channels, the ether à-go-go K+ channels, the two pore domain K+ channels and the Ca2+-activated K+ channels have been associated to tumor biology. Potassium channels have a role in neoplastic cell-cycle progression and their expression has been found abnormal in many types of tumors and cancer cells. In addition, the expression and activity of specific K+ channels have shown a significant correlation with the tumor malignancy grade. The aim of this overview is to summarize published data on K+ channels that exhibit oncogenic properties and have been linked to a more malignant cancer phenotype. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Testai L, Rapposelli S, Martelli A, Breschi M, Calderone V. Mitochondrial Potassium Channels as Pharmacological Target for Cardioprotective Drugs. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:520-53. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Testai
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - S. Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - A. Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - M.C. Breschi
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - V. Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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Nagy D, Gönczi M, Dienes B, Szöőr Á, Fodor J, Nagy Z, Tóth A, Fodor T, Bai P, Szücs G, Rusznák Z, Csernoch L. Silencing the KCNK9 potassium channel (TASK-3) gene disturbs mitochondrial function, causes mitochondrial depolarization, and induces apoptosis of human melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:885-902. [PMID: 25318378 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TASK-3 (KCNK9 or K2P9.1) channels are thought to promote proliferation and/or survival of malignantly transformed cells, most likely by increasing their hypoxia tolerance. Based on our previous results that suggested mitochondrial expression of TASK-3 channels, we hypothesized that TASK-3 channels have roles in maintaining mitochondrial activity. In the present work we studied the effect of reduced TASK-3 expression on the mitochondrial function and survival of WM35 and A2058 melanoma cells. TASK-3 knockdown cells had depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and contained a reduced amount of mitochondrial DNA. Compared to their scrambled shRNA-transfected counterparts, they demonstrated diminished responsiveness to the application of the mitochondrial uncoupler [(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile (CCCP). These observations indicate impaired mitochondrial function. Further, TASK-3 knockdown cells presented reduced viability, decreased total DNA content, altered cell morphology, and reduced surface area. In contrast to non- and scrambled shRNA-transfected melanoma cell lines, which did not present noteworthy apoptotic activity, almost 50 % of the TASK-3 knockdown cells exhibited strong Annexin-V-specific immunofluorescence signal. Sequestration of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, increased caspase 3 activity, and translocation of the apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria to cell nuclei were also demonstrated in TASK-3 knockdown cells. Interference with TASK-3 channel expression, therefore, induces caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis of melanoma cells, most likely via causing mitochondrial depolarization. Consequently, TASK-3 channels may be legitimate targets of future melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Nagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, PO Box 22, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
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Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
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Mitochondrial ion channels as oncological targets. Oncogene 2014; 33:5569-81. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Potassium channels are transmembrane proteins that selectively facilitate the flow of potassium ions down an electrochemical gradient. These molecules have been studied in great detail in the context of cell excitability, but their roles in less cell type-specific functions, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis or cell migration, have only recently been assessed. Moreover, the importance of these channels for tumour biology has become evident. This, coupled with the fact that they are accessible proteins and that their pharmacology is well characterized, has increased the interest in investigating potassium channels as therapeutic targets in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Pardo
- Oncophysiology Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Stühmer
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Noriega-Navarro R, Lopez-Charcas O, Hernández-Enríquez B, Reyes-Gutiérrez PE, Martínez R, Landa A, Morán J, Gomora JC, Garcia-Valdes J. Novel TASK channels inhibitors derived from dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:28-36. [PMID: 24212057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TASK channels belong to the family of K(+) channels with 4 transmembrane segments and 2 pore domains (4TM/2P) per subunit. These channels have been related to apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), as well as cancer in other tissues. TASK current is regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters, anesthetics and divalent cations, which are not selective. Recently, there has been found some organic compounds that inhibit TASK current selectively. In order to find other modulators, we report here a group of five dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines (DPIs), four of them with putative anticancer activity, that were evaluated on TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed IC50 < 320 μM on TASK-1 and TASK-3, intermediate activity on TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimer, moderate effect over hslo and TREK-1 (500 μM), and practically not inhibition on Shaker-IR, herg and IRK2.1 potassium channels, when they were expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In rat CGN, 500 μM of these three compounds induced a decrement by >39% of the TASK-carried leak current. Finally, only compound 1 showed significant protection (∼36%) against apoptotic death of CGN induced by K(+) deprivation. These results suggest that DPI compounds could be potential candidates for designing new selective inhibitors of TASK channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Noriega-Navarro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - O Lopez-Charcas
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - B Hernández-Enríquez
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - P E Reyes-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - R Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - A Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Morán
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J C Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Garcia-Valdes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico.
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Potassium channel in the mitochondria of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:764-772. [PMID: 24126847 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activation of mitochondrial potassium channels induces cytoprotection in various cell types. Hence, the identification of ion channels present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of keratinocytes is important in distinguishing possible protective mechanisms in these cells. In this paper, inner membrane mitochondrial ion channels of the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line were investigated using a patch-clamp technique. We observed potassium-selective channel activity with a conductance of 83 pS at positive voltages. The I-V curve indicates that the observed channel has rectifying properties. Moreover, the channel activity was inhibited by acidic pH and 1 mM lidocaine. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we found an mRNA transcript for the TASK-3 (tandem pore domain acid-sensitive K channels) channel. We observed co-localization of the TASK-3 protein and a mitochondrial marker in the mitochondria of HaCaT cells. Additionally, we showed that TASK-3 knockdown HaCaT cells markedly decreased viability after UVB radiation exposure compared with control cells. In summary, the single-channel activity and properties of a mitochondrial potassium channel in a keratinocyte HaCaT cell line have been described.
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Leanza L, Biasutto L, Managò A, Gulbins E, Zoratti M, Szabò I. Intracellular ion channels and cancer. Front Physiol 2013; 4:227. [PMID: 24027528 PMCID: PMC3759743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of channels play a role in the maintenance of ion homeostasis in subcellular organelles including endoplasmatic reticulum, nucleus, lysosome, endosome, and mitochondria. Here we give a brief overview of the contribution of various mitochondrial and other organellar channels to cancer cell proliferation or death. Much attention is focused on channels involved in intracellular calcium signaling and on ion fluxes in the ATP-producing organelle mitochondria. Mitochondrial K+ channels (Ca2+-dependent BKCa and IKCa, ATP-dependent KATP, Kv1.3, two-pore TWIK-related Acid-Sensitive K+ channel-3 (TASK-3)), Ca2+ uniporter MCU, Mg2+-permeable Mrs2, anion channels (voltage-dependent chloride channel VDAC, intracellular chloride channel CLIC) and the Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) contribute importantly to the regulation of function in this organelle. Since mitochondria play a central role in apoptosis, modulation of their ion channels by pharmacological means may lead to death of cancer cells. The nuclear potassium channel Kv10.1 and the nuclear chloride channel CLIC4 as well as the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)-located inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, the ER-located Ca2+ depletion sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1), a component of the store-operated Ca2+ channel and the ER-resident TRPM8 are also mentioned. Furthermore, pharmacological tools affecting organellar channels and modulating cancer cell survival are discussed. The channels described in this review are summarized on Figure 1. Overall, the view is emerging that intracellular ion channels may represent a promising target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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Pereira SP, Pereira GC, Pereira CV, Carvalho FS, Cordeiro MH, Mota PC, Ramalho-Santos J, Moreno AJ, Oliveira PJ. Dioxin-induced acute cardiac mitochondrial oxidative damage and increased activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:281-290. [PMID: 23796802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The environmental dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen and teratogenic agent. We hypothesize that TCDD-induced oxidative stress may also interfere with mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP), which are known to regulate and to be regulated by mitochondrial redox state. We investigated the effects of an acute treatment of male Wistar rats with TCDD (50 μg/kg i.p.) and measured the regulation of cardiac mitoKATP. While the function of cardiac mitochondria was slightly depressed, mitoKATP activity was 52% higher in animals treated with TCDD. The same effects were not observed in liver mitochondria isolated from the same animals. Our data also shows that regulation of mitochondrial ROS production by mitoKATP activity is different in both groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that TCDD increases mitoKATP activity in the heart, which may counteract the increased oxidative stress caused by the dioxin during acute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Akopova OV, Kolchinskaya LI, Nosar VI, Bouryi VA, Mankovskaya IN, Sagach VF. Effect of potential-dependent potassium uptake on calcium accumulation in rat brain mitochondria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:80-90. [PMID: 23379563 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of potential-dependent potassium uptake at 0-120 mM K+ on matrix Ca2+ accumulation in rat brain mitochondria was studied. An increase in oxygen consumption and proton extrusion rates as well as increase in matrix pH with increase in K+ content in the medium was observed due to K+ uptake into the mitochondria. The accumulation of Ca2+ was shown to depend on K+ concentration in the medium. At K+ concentration ≤30 mM, Ca2+ uptake is decreased due to K+-induced membrane depolarization, whereas at higher K+ concentrations, up to 120 mM K+, Ca2+ uptake is increased in spite of membrane depolarization caused by matrix alkalization due to K+ uptake. Mitochondrial K+(ATP)-channel blockers (glibenclamide and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid) diminish K+ uptake as well as K+-induced depolarization and matrix alkalization, which results in attenuation of the potassium-induced effects on matrix Ca2+ uptake, i.e. increase in Ca2+ uptake at low K+ content in the medium due to the smaller membrane depolarization and decrease in Ca2+ uptake at high potassium concentrations because of restricted rise in matrix pH. The results show the importance of potential-dependent potassium uptake, and especially the K+(ATP) channel, in the regulation of calcium accumulation in rat brain mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Akopova
- Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev-24, Ukraine.
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Kajma A, Szewczyk A. A new pH-sensitive rectifying potassium channel in mitochondria from the embryonic rat hippocampus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1867-78. [PMID: 22406520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patch-clamp single-channel studies on mitochondria isolated from embryonic rat hippocampus revealed the presence of two different potassium ion channels: a large-conductance (288±4pS) calcium-activated potassium channel and second potassium channel with outwardly rectifying activity under symmetric conditions (150/150mM KCl). At positive voltages, this channel displayed a conductance of 67.84pS and a strong voltage dependence at holding potentials from -80mV to +80mV. The open probability was higher at positive than at negative voltages. Patch-clamp studies at the mitoplast-attached mode showed that the channel was not sensitive to activators and inhibitors of mitochondrial potassium channels but was regulated by pH. Moreover, we demonstrated that the channel activity was not affected by the application of lidocaine, an inhibitor of two-pore domain potassium channels, or by tertiapin, an inhibitor of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. In summary, based on the single-channel recordings, we characterised for the first time mitochondrial pH-sensitive ion channel that is selective for cations, permeable to potassium ions, displays voltage sensitivity and does not correspond to any previously described potassium ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 17th European Bioenergetics Conference (EBEC 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajma
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
During embryonic development, the skin, the largest organ of the human body, and nervous system are both derived from the neuroectoderm. Consequently, several key factors and mechanisms that influence and control central or peripheral nervous system activities are also present and hence involved in various regulatory mechanisms of the skin. Apparently, this is the case for the ion and non-ion selective channels as well. Therefore, in this review, we shall focus on delineating the regulatory roles of the channels in skin physiology and pathophysiology. First, we introduce key cutaneous functions and major characteristics of the channels in question. Then, we systematically detail the involvement of a multitude of channels in such skin processes (e.g. skin barrier formation, maintenance, and repair, immune mechanisms, exocrine secretion) which are mostly defined by cutaneous non-neuronal cell populations. Finally, we close by summarizing data suggesting that selected channels are also involved in skin diseases such as e.g. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, non-melanoma cancers and malignant melanoma, genetic and autoimmune diseases, etc., as well as in skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Oláh
- DE-MTA Lendület Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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How many types of large conductance Ca+2-activated potassium channels exist in brain mitochondrial inner membrane: evidence for a new mitochondrial large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel in brain mitochondria. Neuroscience 2011; 199:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Szabò I, Leanza L, Gulbins E, Zoratti M. Physiology of potassium channels in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:231-46. [PMID: 22089812 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inner membrane of the ATP-producing organelles of endosymbiotic origin, mitochondria, has long been considered to be poorly permeable to cations and anions, since the strict control of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability is crucial for efficient ATP synthesis. Over the past 30 years, however, it has become clear that various ion channels--along with antiporters and uniporters--are present in the mitochondrial inner membrane, although at rather low abundance. These channels are important for energy supply, and some are a decisive factor in determining whether a cell lives or dies. Their electrophysiological and pharmacological characterisations have contributed importantly to the ongoing elucidation of their pathophysiological roles. This review gives an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the functions of the mitochondrial potassium channels identified so far. Open issues concerning the possible molecular entities giving rise to the observed activities and channel protein targeting to mitochondria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Inhibition of TASK-3 (KCNK9) channel biosynthesis changes cell morphology and decreases both DNA content and mitochondrial function of melanoma cells maintained in cell culture. Melanoma Res 2011; 21:308-22. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3283462713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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