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Yao Z, Liang Y, Pan C, Zeng K, Qu Z. Lonicerin alleviates intestinal myenteric neuron injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation treated macrophages by downregulating EZH2. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23810. [PMID: 39163614 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a common gastrointestinal disease that induces severe intestinal dysfunction. Intestinal myenteric neurons participate in maintaining the intestinal function, which will be severely injured by IR. Macrophages are widely reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of organ IR injury, including intestine, which is activated by NLRP3 signaling. Lonicerin (LCR) is a natural extracted monomer with inhibitory efficacy against the NLRP3 pathway in macrophages. The present study aims to explore the potential protective function of LCR in intestinal IR injury. Myenteric neurons were extracted from mice. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated by H/R with or without 10 μM and 30 μM LCR. Remarkable increased release of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α were observed in H/R treated RAW 264.7 cells, along with an upregulation of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, and EZH2, which were sharply repressed by LCR. Myenteric neurons were cultured with the supernatant collected from each group. Markedly decreased neuron number and shortened length of neuron axon were observed in the H/R group, which were signally reversed by LCR. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated by H/R, followed by incubated with 30 μM LCR with or without pcDNA3.1-EZH2. The inhibition of LCR on NLRP3 signaling in H/R treated RAW 264.7 cells was abolished by EZH2 overexpression. Furthermore, the impact of LCR on neuron number and neuron axon length in myenteric neurons in the H/R group was abated by EZH2 overexpression. Collectively, LCR alleviated intestinal myenteric neuron injury induced by H/R treated macrophages via downregulating EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Yao
- Department of Surgical District 2, Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Chunyan Pan
- Department of Health Management, Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Department of Science and Education, Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhibo Qu
- Department of Surgical District 2, Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
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Verhaar N, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Pfarrer C, Mazzuoli-Weber G, Schulte H, Kästner S. Ischaemic postconditioning reduces apoptosis in experimental jejunal ischaemia in horses. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:175. [PMID: 33902575 PMCID: PMC8077964 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic postconditioning (IPoC) refers to brief periods of reocclusion of blood supply following an ischaemic event. This has been shown to ameliorate ischaemia reperfusion injury in different tissues, and it may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy for ischaemia reperfusion injury following strangulating small intestinal lesions in horses. The objective of this study was to assess the degree cell death, inflammation, oxidative stress, and heat shock response in an equine experimental jejunal ischaemia model with and without IPoC. METHODS In this randomized, controlled, experimental in vivo study, 14 horses were evenly assigned to a control group and a group subjected to IPoC. Under general anaesthesia, segmental ischaemia with arterial and venous occlusion was induced in 1.5 m jejunum. Following ischaemia, the mesenteric vessels were repeatedly re-occluded in group IPoC only. Full thickness intestinal samples and blood samples were taken at the end of the pre-ischaemia period, after ischaemia, and after 120 min of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical staining or enzymatic assays were performed to determine the selected variables. RESULTS The mucosal cleaved-caspase-3 and TUNEL cell counts were significantly increased after reperfusion in the control group only. The cleaved-caspase-3 cell count was significantly lower in group IPoC after reperfusion compared to the control group. After reperfusion, the tissue myeloperoxidase activity and the calprotectin positive cell counts in the mucosa were increased in both groups, and only group IPoC showed a significant increase in the serosa. Tissue malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase as well as blood lactate levels showed significant progression during ischaemia or reperfusion. The nuclear immunoreactivity of Heat shock protein-70 increased significantly during reperfusion. None of these variables differed between the groups. The neuronal cell counts in the myenteric plexus ganglia were not affected by the ischaemia model. CONCLUSIONS A reduced apoptotic cell count was found in the group subjected to IPoC. None of the other tested variables were significantly affected by IPoC. Therefore, the clinical relevance and possible protective mechanism of IPoC in equine intestinal ischaemia remains unclear. Further research on the mechanism of action and its effect in clinical cases of strangulating colic is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Verhaar
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henri Schulte
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Kästner
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Han J, Zhang L, Li X, Chen YP, Rong Y, Yan BG. Identification of CD44 as a Cell-Surface Marker for Kit Negative Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Adult Mouse Colon. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 209:200-208. [PMID: 33691306 DOI: 10.1159/000511054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Kit protein expression is proven to influence the plasticity of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and may contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions. The role and fate of Kit negative ICCs are unclear, and cell-specific markers for the Kit ICCs are unknown. In this study, we treated adult mice with imatinib (a Kit signaling blocker) for 8 or 16 days and investigated whether CD44 is a specific marker for the Kit negative ICCs in the adult mouse colon. We aimed at examining the protein and mRNA level of CD44 and Kit by using Western blot and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Our results indicated that Kit expression was downregulated for both protein and mRNA levels after imatinib treatment for 8 or 16 days as compared to the vehicle-treated mice. Interestingly, CD44 expression remained unchanged throughout the treatment. Immunostaining on whole-mount preparations for Kit and CD44 showed that CD44 was exclusively co-localized with Kit in the ICCs of the vehicle-treated mouse colon. After imatinib treatment, a number of CD44+/Kit- cells with elaborated processes were observed with an evident decrease of Kit+ cell number within the muscular layers (ICC-IM) and around the myenteric nerve plexus (ICC-MY) as compared to vehicle-treated mice. After discontinuing imatinib for 16 days, Kit+ ICC-MY and ICC-IM were completely co-localized with normalization of CD44 and Kit+ cell numbers. Overall, our results identify CD44 as a cell-specific surface marker for Kit-ICCs and may be useful to understand the role and fate of Kit- ICCs in GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Han
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 958th Hospital of Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Rong
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bai-Gang Yan
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
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Brandstetter L, Pedroso A, Oliveira H, Moura V, Araújo E. Brief topical and intraluminal use of Carolina rinse solution does not attenuate experimental ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbit jejunum. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fifteen New Zealand adult rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups: Sham-operated (group A), Ischemia and Reperfusion (group B) and Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) (group C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes before reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment immersed in CRS. Necrosis and loss of integrity of the villi were visible in groups B and C. Edema of the submucosa and circular muscle was observed in all groups. Hemorrhage was observed in different layers for groups B and C, but group C showed more severe hemorrhage in different layers during reperfusion. All groups showed polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration on the base of the mucosa, submucosa, and longitudinal muscle, in addition to polymorphonuclear leukocytes margination in the mucosal and submucosal vessels. Necrosis of enterocytes, muscles, crypts of Lieberkühn and myenteric plexus was observed in groups B and C during reperfusion. Topical and intraluminal Carolina Rinse Solution did not attenuate the effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of rabbits.
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Li L, Zou C, Zhou Z, Wang X, Yu X. Phenotypic changes of interstitial cells of Cajal after intestinal obstruction in rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8343. [PMID: 31618295 PMCID: PMC6799941 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the effect of mechanical intestinal obstruction in rats on the phenotype of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group (C), one day obstruction group (M1), two days obstruction group (M2), and three days obstruction group (M3), with 10 rats in each group. The expression of SCF mRNA and c-Kit protein in intestinal tissue was investigated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the sham-operation group, the relative expression of SCF mRNA and the expression of c-Kit protein in intestinal tissue were significantly decreased in both obstruction groups. Levels decreased gradually with the prolongation of obstruction time, and significantly decreased on the 3rd day after obstruction (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining of the small intestine showed that the number of ICC in the sham-operation group was the highest, and they were gradually decreased with the extension of obstruction time in the M1 to M3 groups. There was a significant difference between groups (P<0.05). Intestinal obstruction caused a decrease in the concentrations of SCF mRNA and c-Kit protein in ICC. With the prolongation of intestinal obstruction, the number of ICCs gradually decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Changlin Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenli Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ximo Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction () Combined with Lactobacillus Acidophilus Improves Gastrointestinal Function of Traumatic Brain-Injured Model Mice. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 26:762-768. [PMID: 31446576 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-019-3036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction (DCQD, ) combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) on the recovery of gastrointestinal (GI) function in traumatic brain-injured (TBI) mice. METHODS A total of 150 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham-injury, normal saline (NS), DCQD (0.4 mL/day), LA (⩾1 × 1010 cfu/day LA), DCQD+LA (LA administration at the same dosage after 4 h of feeding DCQD), and ½ DCQD+LA groups (LA administration at the same dosage after 4 h of feeding ½ DCQD dose) by a random number table, 5-8 mice in each group. The sever TBI model was constructed according to Feeney's enhanced gravitational forces of free falling. On days 1, 3, and 7 post-TBI, plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Occludin expression in the intestinal epithelium was assessed by Western blot analysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the morphological changes in the network structure of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and change of enteric nervous system-ICC-smooth muscle cell (ENS-ICC-SMC). Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect changes in the network structure of the ICC. RESULTS Compared with the NS group, occludin expression in the DCQD+LA group significantly increased on Day 1, 3, and 7 post-TBI (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The concentration of DAO significantly decreased in the LA, DCQD, and DCQD+LA groups on Day 3 and 7, whilst the D-lactate concentrations in the LA and ½ DCQD+LA groups decreased on Day 1 and 3 post-injury (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The NS group experienced a great damage on the ENS-ICC-SMC network morphology and ICC network structure, and all treatment groups had some improvements, among which the DCQD+LA group presented relatively intact network morphology. CONCLUSIONS DCQD combined with LA treatment could effectively repair the intestinal mucosal barrier and improve GI motility in mice after TBI. The combination of DCQD and LA was more effective than their respective monotherapies.
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Bódi N, Szalai Z, Bagyánszki M. Nitrergic Enteric Neurons in Health and Disease-Focus on Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082003. [PMID: 31022832 PMCID: PMC6515552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. This review aims to summarize the gastrointestinal region and/or plexus-dependent pathological changes in the number of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons, the NO release and the cellular and subcellular expression of different NOS isoforms. Additionally, some of the underlying mechanisms associated with the nitrergic pathway in the background of different diseases, e.g., type 1 diabetes, chronic alcoholism, intestinal inflammation or ischaemia, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zita Szalai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Deng J, Yang S, Yuan Q, Chen Y, Li D, Sun H, Tan X, Zhang F, Zhou D. Acupuncture Ameliorates Postoperative Ileus via IL-6-miR-19a-KIT Axis to Protect Interstitial Cells of Cajal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:737-755. [PMID: 28537131 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture is a therapy effective in treating postoperative ileus (POI); its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in inflammation and injury to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), both of which are considered to be contributors to POI. C-kit, encoding KIT, a specific marker of ICCs, is predicted to be targeted by miR-19a, an inflammation-related miRNA. Therefore, we investigated a possible link between inflammation, miR-19a, and ICCs in POI, as well as the mechanism by which these factors are affected by acupuncture. The effects of acupuncture on POI were assessed in patients after colorectal resection and in colocolic anastomosis mice. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that KIT[Formula: see text]/ano1[Formula: see text] ICCs dramatically decreased around the colonic incision in mice, which was negatively correlated with the pronounced increase in macrophage. However, this decrease was not due to apoptosis. IL-6R was expressed in ICCs, and IL-6 level was significantly increased, as measured by ELISA, in accompaniment with high miR-19a expression. The increase in IL-6 and miR-19a levels was negatively correlated with the decrease in KIT[Formula: see text]/ano1[Formula: see text] ICCs. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-19a directly targeted C-kit, indicating that miR-19a caused ICC damage. Interestingly, acupuncture inhibited macrophage activation, IL-6 release, and miR-19a upregulation, while promoting KIT and ano1 restoration in ICCs. High serum miR-19a level in patients after colorectal resection was also reduced by acupuncture. Conclusively, the IL-6 released by macrophages during gastrointestinal surgery upregulated miR-19a, which downregulated KIT in ICCs and finally resulted in POI. Acupuncture can interfere with the "IL-6-miR-19a-KIT" axis, suggesting that it may be a therapeutic mechanism that works against POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Deng
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China.,‡ Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Shu Yang
- ‡ Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yuan
- § Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- ¶ Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- ‡ Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Haimei Sun
- ‡ Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Tan
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- * Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China.,† Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- ‡ Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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Stem Cell Factor/Kit Signal Insufficiency Contributes to Hypoxia-Induced Intestinal Motility Dysfunctions in Neonatal Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1193-1203. [PMID: 28315973 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders represent a group of problems that more constantly encountered in preterm infants. However, whether hypoxia exposure contributes to the GI dysfunctions is still unclear. METHODS Newborn mice were exposed to hypoxia (10%) from P1 to P7. Intestinal motilities were examined by a strain gauge transducer. The proliferation of ICCs was detected by using immunostaining for BrdU, Ki67, Kit, Ano1, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R+). Smooth muscle cells and enteric neurons were revealed by immunostaining for α-SMA and NF200, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Kit signal pathway was examined by western blot and qPCR. RESULTS Intestinal motilities were found weakened significantly in the hypoxic small intestines as compared to controls on P8. Kit+ or Ano1+ interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) were found obviously decreased in the myenteric ICCs (ICC-MY) of neonatal mice after exposed to hypoxia. A large number of ICC progenitors (IGF-1R+) were found highly mitotic (BrdU+ Ki67+) to populate ICC during early postnatal development in the normoxic mice. We found the ICC proliferation was significantly inhibited upon hypoxia exposure, without increasing apoptosis (TUNEL+). We next identified that Kit phosphorylation was inhibited 3 days after hypoxia exposure. The inhibition of Kit signaling was largely due to decreased the expression of the ligand of Kit receptor, stem cell factor (SCF), in the intestinal walls. Exposure to imatinib, a Kit receptor inhibitor, for 3 days from P4 phenocopied the effect of hypoxia on the neonatal pups that resulted in inhibited intestinal motilities and decreased Kit+ ICC numbers. CONCLUSION All together, our findings indicate the SCF/Kit signaling insufficiency may contribute to the underdevelopment of ICCs and intestinal motility dysfunction upon hypoxia exposure. The decease in ICC density is likely due to the cell cycle arrest of ICC progenitor cells.
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Effects of Synbiotic2000™ Forte on the Intestinal Motility and Interstitial Cells of Cajal in TBI Mouse Model. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 9:172-181. [PMID: 28303478 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Synbiotic2000™ Forte on the intestinal motility and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) mouse model. Kunming mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (S group), enteral nutrition group with TBI (E group), and Synbiotic2000™ Forte group with TBI (P group). The contractile activity of the intestinal smooth muscle, densities and ultrastructure of the ICC, kit protein concentration, weight, and defecation of mice were monitored and analyzed. TBI markedly suppressed contractile activity of the intestinal smooth muscle (P < 0.01), which led to a reduction of defecation (P < 0.01) and weight (P < 0.01). However, application of Synbiotic2000™ Forte significantly improved contractile activity of the small intestine (P < 0.01), which may be related to protective effects to the interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle cells, and enteric neurons. TBI impaired ICC networks and densities (P < 0.01), events that were protected by the application of Synbiotic2000™ Forte. Synbiotic2000™ Forte may attenuate TBI-mediated inhibition of the kit protein pathway. Synbiotic2000™ Forte may improve intestinal motility and protect the ICC in the TBI mouse. These findings provide a novel support for the application of Synbiotic2000™ Forte in intestinal motility disturbance after TBI.
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Scirocco A, Matarrese P, Carabotti M, Ascione B, Malorni W, Severi C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Switch in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:295-302. [PMID: 26206426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
As a general rule, smooth muscle cells (SMC) are able to switch from a contractile phenotype to a less mature synthetic phenotype. This switch is accompanied by a loss of differentiation with decreased expression of contractile markers, increased proliferation as well as the synthesis and the release of several signaling molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotaxis-associated molecules, and growth factors. This SMC phenotypic plasticity has extensively been investigated in vascular diseases, but interest is also emerging in the field of gastroenterology. It has in fact been postulated that altered microenvironmental conditions, including the composition of microbiota, could trigger the remodeling of the enteric SMC, with phenotype changes and consequent alterations of contraction and impairment of gut motility. Several molecular actors participate in this phenotype remodeling. These include extracellular molecules such as cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as intracellular proteins, for example, transcription factors. Epigenetic control mechanisms and miRNA have also been suggested to participate. In this review key roles and actors of smooth muscle phenotypic switch, mainly in GI tissue, are described and discussed in the light of literature data available so far. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 295-302, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Scirocco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
- Center of Metabolomics, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilia Carabotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Pisana Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Severi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ryoo SB, Kim JS, Kim MS, Kim K, Yu SA, Bae MJ, Oh HK, Moon SH, Choe EK, So I, Park KJ. High-Dose Radiation-Induced Changes in Murine Small Intestinal Motility: Are the Changes in the Interstitial Cells of Cajal or in the Enteric Nervous System? Radiat Res 2015; 185:39-49. [PMID: 26720798 DOI: 10.1667/rr14132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Murine small intestinal motility consists of phasic contraction from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and migrating motor complexes (MMCs) from the enteric nervous system. The number of ICC is reduced in various gastrointestinal disorders, and this effect can be reversed once the disorder is resolved through cellular and tissue remodelling. Exposure to high-dose radiation can induce inflammation and alter intestinal motility. In this study, we investigated the changes in the small intestinal motility of 8- to 10-week-old male C3H/HeN mice after high-dose (13 Gy) irradiation. The aim of this study was to determine whether those changes are caused by changes in the ICC or enteric nervous system. After irradiation, the small intestine was dissected and stored in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. The tension of contractions and intracellular membrane potentials were recorded at day 0, 1, 3 and 5 after irradiation and compared with those of sham-irradiated mice. Histological evaluation was performed by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis was evaluated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for c-kit mRNA was also performed. Phasic contractions were not changed at day 0, 1, 3 and 5 after irradiation and did not significantly differ from those in the control mice. Slow waves were also sustained after irradiation. However, the frequency of migrating motor complexes (MMCs) was significantly higher at day 0 and 1 after exposure and the amplitude and area under the curve were significantly lower at day 3 after exposure compared with control mice. MMCs were recovered at day 5 with no difference from those of the control mice. ICC were detected after irradiation by immunohistochemistry for c-kit, and c-kit mRNA levels did not differ between sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. Histological evaluation showed that the most severe inflammation was detected at day 3 after irradiation, and apoptosis was detected only in the mucosa. Acetylcholine increased the contractility after irradiation, and tetrodotoxin decreased the number of MMCs in sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. N(w)-oxide-l-arginine (L-NA) increased the number of MMCs. MMCs were recovered after L-NA treatment at day 3 after irradiation. Sodium nitroprusside decreased the MMCs in sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. Exposure to high-dose radiation did not alter phasic contractions and slow waves in the small intestine of mice, which suggests that ICC and their functions may be sustained after high-dose irradiation. Mucosal inflammation was severe after irradiation and there were some changes in MMCs related to the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bum Ryoo
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | | | - Min-Seouk Kim
- e Department of Pathology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea; and
| | | | - Seung A Yu
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of.,c Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heung-Kwon Oh
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | - Sang Hui Moon
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
| | - Eun Kyung Choe
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of.,f Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- c Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- a Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Departments of
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Zani-Ruttenstock E, Zani A, Paul A, Diaz-Cano S, Ade-Ajayi N. Interstitial cells of Cajal are decreased in patients with gastroschisis associated intestinal dysmotility. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:750-4. [PMID: 25783375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroschisis associated intestinal dysmotility (GAID) is poorly understood. Animal experiments suggest that interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), play an important role. METHODS Infants with gastroschisis (GS) and GAID (time to full feed >42days) were selected. Age matched GS and control (NEC, ileal atresia, malrotation, and volvulus) samples from primary (T1) and secondary (T2) time points underwent standard histopathology and immunohistochemistry for identification of ICC, followed by evaluation of ICC numbers, distribution, morphology, relation to ganglion cells, and myenteric plexus architecture. Groups were compared using parametric and nonparametric tests. MAIN RESULTS Twelve patients had samples available for histopathological evaluation. GAID patients had a significantly lower total number of ICCs than controls (3 vs. 8, P<0.0029). ICC number at T1 was 2.5 vs. 6 (P=0.0629) and significantly lower at T2. (3.5 vs. 11, P=0.0124). GAID patients did not show a significant increase of ICC from T1 to T2. Controls showed a significant increase of ICC over time (6 vs. 11, P=0.0408). CONCLUSION Intestinal samples from infants with GAID who underwent stoma formation demonstrated fewer ICC than controls. There was no improvement or cell recovery during the study period. The ability to modulate ICC may have significant implications for the management of GAID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Zani
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Niyi Ade-Ajayi
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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14
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McCann CJ, Hwang SJ, Hennig GW, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Bone Marrow Derived Kit-positive Cells Colonize the Gut but Fail to Restore Pacemaker Function in Intestines Lacking Interstitial Cells of Cajal. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:326-37. [PMID: 24847840 PMCID: PMC4102151 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Several motility disorders are associated with disruption of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which provide important functions, such as pacemaker activity, mediation of neural inputs and responses to stretch in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Restoration of ICC networks may be therapeutic for GI motor disorders. Recent reports have suggested that Kit+ cells can be restored to the GI tract via bone marrow (BM) transplantation. We tested whether BM derived cells can lead to generation of functional activity in intestines naturally lacking ICC. Methods BM cells from Kit+/copGFP mice, in which ICC are labeled with a green fluorescent protein, were transplanted into W/WV intestines, lacking ICC. After 12 weeks the presence of ICC was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and functional analysis of electrical behavior and contractile properties. Results After 12 weeks copGFP+ BM derived cells were found within the myenteric region of intestines from W/WV mice, typically populated by ICC. Kit+ cells failed to develop interconnections typical of ICC in the myenteric plexus. The presence of Kit+ cells was verified with Western analysis. BM cells failed to populate the region of the deep muscular plexus where normal ICC density, associated with the deep muscular plexus, is found in W/WV mice. Engraftment of Kit+-BM cells resulted in the development of unitary potentials in transplanted muscles, but slow wave activity failed to develop. Motility analysis showed that intestinal movements in transplanted animals were abnormal and similar to untransplanted W/WV intestines. Conclusions BM derived Kit+ cells colonized the gut after BM transplantation, however these cells failed to develop the morphology and function of mature ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J McCann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; University College London Institute of Child Health, Birth Defects Research Center, Neural Development Unit, London, UK
| | - Sung-Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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15
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Chen Y, Xu JJ, Liu S, Hou XH. Electroacupuncture at ST36 ameliorates gastric emptying and rescues networks of interstitial cells of Cajal in the stomach of diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83904. [PMID: 24391842 PMCID: PMC3877115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is certified in the stomach of diabetic patients. Though electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 is an effective therapy to regulate gastric motility, the mechanisms of EA at ST36 on gastric emptying and networks of ICC remain to be elucidated. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of EA on gastric emptying and on the alterations of ICC networks. Rats were randomized into the control, diabetic rats (DM), diabetic rats with sham EA (DM+SEA), diabetic rats with low frequency EA (DM+LEA) and diabetic rats with high frequency EA groups (DM+HEA). The expression of c-kit in each layer of gastric wall was assessed by western blotting. The proliferation of ICC was identified by immunolabeling of c-kit and Ki67 as the apoptosis of ICC was examined by TUNEL staining. The results were as follows: (1) Gastric emptying was severely delayed in the DM group, but accelerated in the LEA and HEA group, especially in the LEA group. (2) The expression of c-kit in each layer was reduced apparently in the DM group, but also up-regulated in the LEA and HEA group. (3) Plentiful proliferated ICC (c-kit+/Ki67+) forming bushy networks with c-kit+ cells were observed in the LEA and HEA group, while the apoptotic cells (c-kit+/TUNEL+) were hardly captured in the LEA and HEA group. Collectively, low and high frequency EA at ST36 rescue the damaged networks of ICC by inhibiting the apoptosis and enhancing the proliferation in the stomach of diabetic rats, resulting in an improved gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Juan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao Hua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Electroacupuncture regulates apoptosis/proliferation of intramuscular interstitial cells of cajal and restores colonic motility in diabetic constipation rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:584179. [PMID: 24348706 PMCID: PMC3852313 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Injury of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is associated with gut dysmotility in diabetic rats. We have shown an acceleration of the colonic contractility by electroacupuncture stimulation (EAS). However, little is known about potential roles of EAS on colonic transit and ICC. In this study, we evaluate the effect of EAS on colonic transit and investigate whether apoptosis/proliferation of ICC was involved in regulative effect of EAS on colonic transit. Rats were randomly assigned to normal, diabetic, diabetic-plus-sham stimulation, diabetic-plus-low-frequency stimulation, and diabetic-plus-high-frequency stimulation groups. Bead expulsion test was used for measuring the distal colonic transit. The Kit (ICC marker) was detected by western blot. Apoptotic ICC was detected by terminal dUTP nucleotide end labeling. Proliferating ICC was identified by Kit/Ki67 double immunofluorescent staining on whole mount preparations. Ultrastructure changes of ICC were studied using electron microscopy. Results showed that high-frequency stimulation significantly promoted colonic transit. Low- and high-frequency stimulation markedly rescued intramuscular ICC from apoptosis. Abundant proliferating intramuscular ICC was found in low- and high-frequency stimulation groups. Our results indicate that high-frequency EAS has stimulatory effect on the distal colonic transit, which may be mediated by downregulation of the apoptosis and upregulation of the proliferation of intramuscular ICC.
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17
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Chen J, Terada N, Saitoh Y, Huang Z, Ohno N, Ohno S. Detection of MAPK signal transduction proteins in an ischemia/reperfusion model of mouse intestine using in vivo cryotechnique. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:491-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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McCann CJ, Hwang SJ, Bayguinov Y, Colletti EJ, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Establishment of pacemaker activity in tissues allotransplanted with interstitial cells of Cajal. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e418-28. [PMID: 23638836 PMCID: PMC3704156 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss or disruption of Kit(+) -interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) capable of generating pacemaker activity has been implicated in the development of numerous gastrointestinal motility disorders. We sought to develop a model where ICC could be allotransplanted into intestines naturally devoid of these cells. METHODS Enzymatically dispersed cells from the intestinal tunica muscularis of Kit(+/copGFP) and Kit(V558Δ) /+ gain-of-function mice were allotransplanted into myenteric plexus regions of W/W(V) mutant intestines that lack ICC at the level of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY) and pacemaker activity. Immunohistochemical analysis fate mapped the development of ICC-MY networks and intracellular microelectrode recordings provided evidence for the development of functional pacemaker activity. KEY RESULTS Kit(+) -ICC developed into distinct networks at the level of the myenteric plexus in organotypic cultures over 28 days and displayed robust rhythmic pacemaker activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study demonstrates the feasibility of allotransplantation of ICC into the myenteric region of the small intestine and the establishment of functional pacemaker activity into tissues normally devoid of ICC-MY and slow waves, thus providing a possible basis for the therapeutic treatment of patients where ICC networks have been disrupted due to a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. McCann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. J. Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - Y. Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - E. J. Colletti
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - K. M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
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19
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He X, Yang WC, Wen XY, Tang D, Xiao L, Han J, Yu B, Zhang W, Mei F. Late embryonic and postnatal development of interstitial cells of cajal in mouse esophagus: distribution, proliferation and kit dependence. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:175-88. [PMID: 22269660 DOI: 10.1159/000332381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates alterations in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the esophagus of mice from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to 36 days postpartum (P0-P36) using immunohistochemistry. At E13.5, Kit+ cells presented in clusters and differentiated into spindle-like cells with biopolar processes within the outer (longitudinal) and inner (circular) muscle layers at E17.5. These Kit+ ICC with long processes were also Ano1+ and prominent at birth. The density of ICC gradually decreased, and at P36 it became about one twentieth of that at birth. Kit ligand (stem cell factor) expression is lower in striated muscle cells than that in smooth muscle cells. The ICC number was higher in the distal (close to the cardia) than in the proximal esophagus (close to the pharynx). Some Kit+/Ki67+ and Kit+/bromodeoxyuridine+ cells were observed within the muscle layers, and proliferation persisted from birth through adulthood (P28) with a gradually decreasing cell number. At 24 h, Kit+ ICC were dramatically decreased and almost missing 48 h after administration of imatinib (a Kit inhibitor). Our results indicate that ICC proliferation is age dependent and persists throughout the postnatal period. There is a dramatic decrease in the ICC number from P0 to adult life. The Kit signal is essential for the postnatal development of ICC in the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, and Development Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Thacker M, Rivera LR, Cho HJ, Furness JB. The relationship between glial distortion and neuronal changes following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e500-9. [PMID: 21410600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to mucosal epithelial cells, muscle cells and enteric neurons has been extensively studied following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Interestingly, the effects of intestinal I/R on enteric glia remains unexplored, despite knowledge that glia contribute to neuronal maintenance. Here, we describe structural damage to enteric glia and associated changes in distribution and immunoreactivity of the neuronal protein Hu. METHODS The mouse small intestine was made ischemic for 3 h and reperfused from 1 to 12 h. Immunohistochemical localisation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Hu and TUNEL were used to evaluate changes. KEY RESULTS At all time points glial cells became distorted, which was evident by their altered GFAP immunoreactivity, including an unusual appearance of bright perinuclear GFAP staining and the presence of GFAP globules. The numbers of neurons per ganglion area were significantly fewer in ganglia that contained distorted glia when compared with ganglia that contained glia of normal appearance. The distribution of Hu immunoreactivity was altered at all reperfusion time points. The presence of vacuoles and Hu granules in neurons was evident and an increase in nuclear Hu, relative to cytoplasmic Hu, was observed in ganglia that contained both normal and distorted glial cells. A number of neurons appeared to lose their Hu immunoreactivity, most noticeably in ganglia that contained distorted glial cells. TUNEL reaction occurred in a minority of glial cells and neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Structural damage to gliofilaments occurs following I/R and may be associated with damage to neighboring neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thacker
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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21
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Rivera LR, Poole DP, Thacker M, Furness JB. The involvement of nitric oxide synthase neurons in enteric neuropathies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:980-8. [PMID: 21895878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the neural nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS) is a transmitter of inhibitory neurons supplying the muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Transmission from these neurons is necessary for sphincter relaxation that allows the passage of gut contents, and also for relaxation of muscle during propulsive activity in the colon. There are deficiencies of transmission from NOS neurons to the lower esophageal sphincter in esophageal achalasia, to the pyloric sphincter in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and to the internal anal sphincter in colonic achalasia. Deficits in NOS neurons are observed in two disorders in which colonic propulsion fails, Hirschsprung's disease and Chagas' disease. In addition, damage to NOS neurons occurs when there is stress to cells, in diabetes, resulting in gastroparesis, and following ischemia and reperfusion. A number of factors may contribute to the propensity of NOS neurons to be involved in enteric neuropathies. One of these is the failure of the neurons to maintain Ca(2+) homeostasis. In neurons in general, stress can increase cytoplasmic Ca(2+), causing a Ca(2+) toxicity. NOS neurons face the additional problem that NOS is activated by Ca(2+). This is hypothesized to produce an excess of NO, whose free radical properties can cause cell damage, which is exacerbated by peroxynitrite formed when NO reacts with oxygen free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Rusu MC, Pop F, Hostiuc S, Curcă GC, Streinu-Cercel A. Extrahepatic and intrahepatic human portal interstitial Cajal cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1382-92. [PMID: 21714117 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Portal interstitial cells of Cajal (PICCs), acting as vascular pacemakers, were previously only identified in nonhumans. Moreover, there is no evidence available about the presence of such cells within the liver. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether or not PICCs are identifiable in humans and, if they are, whether or not they are following the scaffold of portal vein (PV) branches within the liver. We obtained extrahepatic PVs and liver samples from six adult human cadavers, negative for liver disease, in accordance with ethical rules. They were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Giemsa, and then we performed immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens for CD117/c-kit, a marker of the Cajal's cells. Immune labeling was also performed for S-100 protein, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilaments, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and CD34. c-kit-Positive PICCs were identified within the extrahepatic PV, in portal spaces, and septa. On adjacent sections, these PICCs were negative for all the other antibodies used. In conclusion, our study confirms the presence of extrahepatic PICCs on humans, which may act as a possible intrinsic pacemaker in the human PV. However, the intrahepatic PICCs, which were evidenced here for the first time, are in need for further experimental studies to evaluate their functional role. A promising further direction of the study is the PICCs role in the idiopathic portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Discipline of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Rivera LR, Thacker M, Pontell L, Cho HJ, Furness JB. Deleterious effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse enteric nervous system are associated with protein nitrosylation. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:111-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Damaging effects of ischemia/reperfusion on intestinal muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:411-9. [PMID: 21153664 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Periods of ischemia followed by restoration of blood flow cause ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the intestine, I/R damage to the mucosa and neurons is prominent. Functionally, abnormalities occur in motility, most conspicuously a slowing of transit, possibly as a consequence of damage to neurons and/or muscle. Here, we describe degenerative and regenerative changes that have not been previously reported in intestinal muscle. The mouse small intestine was made ischemic for 1 h, followed by re-perfusion for 1 h to 7 days. The tissues were examined histologically, after hematoxylin/eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, and by myeloperoxidase histochemistry to detect inflammatory reactions to I/R. Histological analysis revealed changes in the mucosa, muscle, and neurons. The mucosa was severely but transiently damaged. The mucosal surface was sloughed off at 1-3 h, but re-epithelialization occurred by 12 h, and the epithelium appeared healthy by 1-2 days. Longitudinal muscle degeneration was followed by regeneration, but little effect on the circular muscle was noted. The first signs of muscle change were apparent at 3-12 h, and by 1 and 2 days, extensive degeneration within the muscle was observed, which included clear cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and apoptotic bodies. The muscle recovered quickly and appeared normal at 7 days. Histological evidence of neuronal damage was apparent at 1-7 days. Neutrophils were not present in the muscle layers and were infrequent in the mucosa. However, they were often seen in the longitudinal muscle at 1-3 days and were also present in the circular muscle. Neutrophil numbers increased in the mucosa in both I/R and sham-operated animals and remained elevated from 1 h to 7 days. We conclude that I/R causes severe longitudinal muscle damage, which might contribute to the long-term motility deficits observed after I/R injury to the intestine.
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Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Horiguchi K, Tsugawa H, Matsuzaki J, Takagi T, Shimojima N, Hibi T. Delayed gastric emptying and disruption of the interstitial cells of Cajal network after gastric ischaemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:585-93, e126. [PMID: 20040059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tract is one of the most susceptible organ systems to ischaemia. Not only mucosal injury but also alterations of the intestinal motility and loss of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been reported in response to ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). However, there are few reports on the changes in the gastric motility after gastric I/R. The present study was designed to investigate the alterations in gastric emptying, the ICC and enteric nerves that regulate smooth muscle function in response to gastric I/R. METHODS Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to gastric I/R, and the gastric emptying rates at 12 and 48 h after I/R were evaluated by the phenol red method. Expressions of gene product of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit), a marker of ICC, and of neuronal proteins were also examined. KEY RESULTS Gastric emptying was transiently delayed at 12 h after I/R, but returned to normal by 48 h. Expression of c-Kit protein as assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining of the smooth muscle layer, as well as expression of the mRNA of stem cell factor, the ligand for c-Kit, were reduced at both 12 and 48 h after I/R. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein as assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining was also decreased at 12 h after I/R, but was restored to normal by 48 h. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Gastric I/R evokes transient gastroparesis with delayed gastric emptying, associated with disruption of the ICC network and nNOS-positive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Postnatal development of interstitial cells of Cajal in mouse colon in response to Kit signal blockade with Imatinib (Glivec). Acta Histochem 2010; 112:215-21. [PMID: 20199801 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the response of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in postnatal mouse colon to treatment with Imatinib (Glivec), a potent inhibitor of Kit receptor). ICC were revealed by immunofluorescent staining on frozen cross-sections and whole-mount preparations by anti-Kit and DOG1 antibodies. Kit and p-Kit protein were also evaluated by Western blot. After administration of Imatinib for 4 days beginning at 8 days post-partum (P8), the mean density of Kit+ ICC, which were localized around the myenteric nerve plexus (ICC-MY), within smooth muscle layers (ICC-IM) and in the connective tissue beneath the serosa (ICC-SS), was dramatically decreased to about 50% when compared with controls, but those Kit+ cells located at the submucosal border of circular smooth muscle layer (ICC-SM) seemed to be unchanged in both cell number and morphology. A small number of DOG1+/Kit(-) cells appeared during Imatinib administration. However, these Kit+ ICC were not changed in mice even after 12 days of Imatinib treatment from P24. When Imatinib was discontinued, the number of ICC recovered to normal within 4 days. Our results indicate that the postnatal development of ICC in the mouse colon is Kit dependent, but ICC-SM are unlikely, and the Kit dependence of ICC development is also age-dependent.
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Bone marrow derivation of interstitial cells of cajal in small intestine following intestinal injury. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:164986. [PMID: 20396598 PMCID: PMC2854535 DOI: 10.1155/2010/164986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in gastrointestinal tract are specialized cells serving as pacemaker cells. The origin of ICCs is currently not fully characterized. In this work, we aimed to study whether bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) could contribute to the origin of ICCs in the muscular plexus of small intestine using GFP-C57BL/6 chimeric mice.Engraftment of BMDCs in the intestine was investigated for GFP expression. GFP positive bone marrow mononuclear cells reached a proportion of 95.65% ± 3.72% at different times in chimerism. Donor-derived cells distributed widely in all the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. There were GFP positive BMDCs in the myenteric plexus, which resembled characteristics of ICCs, including myenteric location, c-Kit positive staining, and ramified morphology. Donor-derived ICCs in the myenteric plexus contributed to a percentage ranging 9.25% ± 4.9% of all the ICCs in the myenteric plexus. In conclusion, here we described that donor-derived BMDCs might differentiate into gastrointestinal ICCs after radiation injury, which provided an alternative source for the origin of the ICCs in the muscular plexus of adult intestine. These results further identified the plasticity of BMDCs and indicated therapeutic implications of BMDCs for the gastrointestinal dysmotility caused by ICCs disorders.
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Kang HJ, Lee HY, Jin MH, Jeong HJ, Han SW. Decreased Interstitial Cells of Cajal-like Cells, Possible Cause of Congenital Refluxing Megaureters: Histopathologic Differences in Refluxing and Obstructive Megaureters. Urology 2009; 74:318-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rivera LR, Thacker M, Castelucci P, Bron R, Furness JB. The reactions of specific neuron types to intestinal ischemia in the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:261-70. [PMID: 19466432 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Damage following ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is common in the intestine and can be caused during abdominal surgery, in several disease states and following intestinal transplantation. Most studies have concentrated on damage to the mucosa, although published evidence also points to effects on neurons. Moreover, alterations of neuronally controlled functions of the intestine persist after I/R. The present study was designed to investigate the time course of damage to neurons and the selectivity of the effect of I/R damage for specific types of enteric neurons. A branch of the superior mesenteric artery supplying the distal ileum of anesthetised guinea pigs was occluded for 1 h and the animals were allowed to recover for 2 h to 4 weeks before tissue was taken for the immunohistochemical localization of markers of specific neuron types in tissues from sham and I/R animals. The dendrites of neurons with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, which are inhibitory motor neurons and interneurons, were distorted and swollen by 24 h after I/R and remained enlarged up to 28 days. The total neuron profile areas (cell body plus dendrites) increased by 25%, but the sizes of cell bodies did not change significantly. Neurons of type II morphology (intrinsic primary afferent neurons), revealed by NeuN immunoreactivity, were transiently reduced in cell size, at 24 h and 7 days. These neurons also showed signs of minor cell surface blebbing. Calretinin neurons, many of which are excitatory motor neurons, were unaffected. Thus, this study revealed a selective damage to NOS neurons that was observed at 24 h and persisted up to 4 weeks, without a significant change in the relative numbers of NOS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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