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Chen W, Li X, Jiang Y, Ni D, Yang L, Wu J, Gao M, Wang J, Song J, Shi W. Pancancer analysis of the correlations of HS6ST2 with prognosis, tumor immunity, and drug resistance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19209. [PMID: 37932473 PMCID: PMC10628205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HS6ST2 has ability to encodes a member of the heparan sulfate (HS) sulfotransferase gene family, which catalyze the transfer of sulfate to HS and a crucial regulator of cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Although mounting evidence supports a vital role for HS6ST2 in tumorigenesis of some cancers, no pan-cancer analysis of HS6ST2 has been reported. Therefore, we aimed to explore the prognostic value of HS6ST2 in 33 cancer types and investigate its potential immune function. Based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Cancer Cell Lines Encyclopedia, Genotype Tissue Expression, and GSCA, we used a range of bioinformatics approaches to explore the potential carcinogenic role of HS6ST2, analysis of HS6ST2 and prognosis, DNA methylation, RNA methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and immune cell infiltration in different tumors. The results show that HS6ST2 was highly expressed in most cancers but lower in Breast invasive carcinoma, Kidney Chromophobe, Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, and Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. Moreover, HS6ST2 is positively or negatively associated with prognosis in different cancers. HS6ST2 expression was not only associated with MSI in 5 cancer types and associated with TMB in 10 cancer types, and it's significantly correlated with DNA methylation in 13 types of cancer, but it's correlated with RNA methylation related genes in most cancer. HS6ST2 expression was correlated with immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, tumor immune microenvironment, and drug resistance in various cancers. Eventually, HS6ST2 was validated in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Our study reveals that HS6ST2 can function as a prognostic marker in various malignant tumors because of its role in tumorigenesis and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of General Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Youqin Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Daguang Ni
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Jixiang Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Mingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China.
| | - Jianxiang Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224002, China.
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China.
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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2
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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3
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Lin ZS, Chung CC, Liu YC, Chang CH, Liu HC, Liang YY, Huang TL, Chen TM, Lee CH, Tang CH, Hung MC, Chen YH. EZH2/hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression. eLife 2023; 12:79432. [PMID: 36622753 PMCID: PMC9829410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are primary cancers of cartilaginous tissue and capable of alteration to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate at 11 months for dedifferentiated subtype. At present, the surgical resection of chondrosarcoma is the only effective treatment, and no other treatment options including targeted therapies, conventional chemotherapies, or immunotherapies are available for these patients. Here, we identify a signal pathway way involving EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis that contributes to malignancy of chondrosarcoma and provides a potential therapeutic option for the disease. A non-biased chromatin immunoprecipitation sequence, cDNA microarray analysis, and validation of chondrosarcoma cell lines identified sulfatase 1 (SULF1) as the top EZH2-targeted gene to regulate chondrosarcoma progression. Overexpressed EZH2 resulted in downregulation of SULF1 in chondrosarcoma cell lines, which in turn activated cMET pathway. Pharmaceutical inhibition of cMET or genetically silenced cMET pathway significantly retards the chondrosarcoma growth and extends mice survival. The regulation of EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis were further validated in patient samples with chondrosarcoma. The results not only established a signal pathway promoting malignancy of chondrosarcoma but also provided a therapeutic potential for further development of effective target therapy to treat chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Shin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chiao-Chen Chung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chu-Han Chang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hui-Chia Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yung-Yi Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Teng-Le Huang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan,Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ya-Huey Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
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Elmajee M, Osman K, Dermanis A, Duffaydar H, Soon WC, czyz M. A literature Review: The genomic landscape of spinal chondrosarcoma and potential diagnostic, prognostic & therapeutic implications. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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5
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Wang R, Li S, Wen W, Zhang J. Multi-Omics Analysis of the Effects of Smoking on Human Tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:704910. [PMID: 34796198 PMCID: PMC8592943 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.704910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies on cancer patients with different smoking histories, including non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers, remain elusive. Therefore, we conducted a multi-omics analysis to explore the effect of smoking history on cancer patients. Patients with smoking history were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and their multi-omics data and clinical information were downloaded. A total of 2,317 patients were included in this study, whereby current smokers presented the worst prognosis, followed by former smokers, while non-smokers showed the best prognosis. More importantly, smoking history was an independent prognosis factor. Patients with different smoking histories exhibited different immune content, and former smokers had the highest immune cells and tumor immune microenvironment. Smokers are under a higher incidence of genomic instability that can be reversed following smoking cessation in some changes. We also noted that smoking reduced the sensitivity of patients to chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas smoking cessation can reverse the situation. Competing endogenous RNA network revealed that mir-193b-3p, mir-301b, mir-205-5p, mir-132-3p, mir-212-3p, mir-1271-5p, and mir-137 may contribute significantly in tobacco-mediated tumor formation. We identified 11 methylation driver genes (including EIF5A2, GBP6, HGD, HS6ST1, ITGA5, NR2F2, PLS1, PPP1R18, PTHLH, SLC6A15, and YEATS2), and methylation modifications of some of these genes have not been reported to be associated with tumors. We constructed a 46-gene model that predicted overall survival with good predictive power. We next drew nomograms of each cancer type. Interestingly, calibration diagrams and concordance indexes are verified that the nomograms were highly accurate for the prognosis of patients. Meanwhile, we found that the 46-gene model has good applicability to the overall survival as well as to disease-specific survival and progression-free intervals. The results of this research provide new and valuable insights for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cancer patients with different smoking histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
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7
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Xu Z, Chen S, Feng D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu L. Biological role of heparan sulfate in osteogenesis: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118490. [PMID: 34420746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is extensively expressed in cells, for example, cell membrane and extracellular matrix of most mammalian cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth and development of life by maintaining homeostasis and implicating in the etiology and diseases. Recent studies have revealed that HS is involved in osteogenesis via coordinating multiple signaling pathways. The potential effect of HS on osteogenesis is a complicated and delicate biological process, which involves the participation of osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and a variety of cytokines. In this review, we summarized the structural and functional characteristics of HS and highlighted the molecular mechanism of HS in bone metabolism to provide novel research perspectives for the further medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Shayang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Dehong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Tianshu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Berdiaki A, Neagu M, Giatagana EM, Kuskov A, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Glycosaminoglycans: Carriers and Targets for Tailored Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:395. [PMID: 33800172 PMCID: PMC8001210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), natural biomacromolecules, essential ECM, and cell membrane components are extensively altered in cancer tissues. During disease progression, the GAG fine structure changes in a manner associated with disease evolution. Thus, changes in the GAG sulfation pattern are immediately correlated to malignant transformation. Their molecular weight, distribution, composition, and fine modifications, including sulfation, exhibit distinct alterations during cancer development. GAGs and GAG-based molecules, due to their unique properties, are suggested as promising effectors for anticancer therapy. Considering their participation in tumorigenesis, their utilization in drug development has been the focus of both industry and academic research efforts. These efforts have been developing in two main directions; (i) utilizing GAGs as targets of therapeutic strategies and (ii) employing GAGs specificity and excellent physicochemical properties for targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. This review will comprehensively discuss recent developments and the broad potential of GAG utilization for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eirini-Maria Giatagana
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Andrey Kuskov
- Department of Technology of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
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Gulberti S, Mao X, Bui C, Fournel-Gigleux S. The role of heparan sulfate maturation in cancer: A focus on the 3O-sulfation and the enigmatic 3O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs). Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Heparanase: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Sarcomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:405-431. [PMID: 32274719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin including more than 70 subtypes. They may arise in muscle, bone, cartilage and other connective tissues. Their high histological and genetic heterogeneity makes diagnosis and treatment very challenging. Deregulation of heparanase has been found in several sarcoma subtypes and high expression levels have been correlated with poor prognosis in Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Altered expression of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes has also been observed. Advances in molecular pathogenesis of sarcomas have evidenced the critical role of several heparan sulfate binding growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases, highly interconnected with the microenvironment, in sustaining tumor growth and progression. Interference with heparanase/heparan sulfate functions represents a potential therapeutic approach in sarcoma. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological significance of heparanase expression and its potential as a therapeutic target in subtypes of both soft tissue and bone sarcomas. Particular emphasis is given to the involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and their synthesizing and modifying enzymes in bone physiology and disorders leading up to the pathobiology of bone sarcomas. The chapter also describes the cooperation between exostin loss-of-function and heparanase upregulation in hereditary Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome as a paradigmatic example of constitutive alteration of the heparanase/heparan sulfate proteoglycan system which may contribute to progression to malignant secondary chondrosarcoma. Preclinical evidence of the role of heparanase as a promising therapeutic target in various sarcoma subtypes is finally resumed.
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Synthesis Is Dysregulated in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:632-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Veraldi N, Parra A, Urso E, Cosentino C, Locatelli M, Corsini S, Pedrini E, Naggi A, Bisio A, Sangiorgi L. Structural Features of Heparan Sulfate from Multiple Osteochondromas and Chondrosarcomas. Molecules 2018; 23:E3277. [PMID: 30544937 PMCID: PMC6321082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is a hereditary disorder associated with benign cartilaginous tumors, known to be characterized by absence or highly reduced amount of heparan sulfate (HS) in the extracellular matrix of growth plate cartilage, which alters proper signaling networks leading to improper bone growth. Although recent studies demonstrated accumulation of HS in the cytoplasm of MO chondrocytes, nothing is known on the structural alterations which prevent HS from undergoing its physiologic pathway. In this work, osteochondroma (OC), peripheral chondrosarcoma, and healthy cartilaginous human samples were processed following a procedure previously set up to structurally characterize and compare HS from pathologic and physiologic conditions, and to examine the phenotypic differences that arise in the presence of either exostosin 1 or 2 (EXT1 or EXT2) mutations. Our data suggest that HS chains from OCs are prevalently below 10 kDa and slightly more sulfated than healthy ones, whereas HS chains from peripheral chondrosarcomas (PCSs) are mostly higher than 10 kDa and remarkably more sulfated than all the other samples. Although deeper investigation is still necessary, the approach here applied pointed out, for the first time, structural differences among OC, PCS, and healthy HS chains extracted from human cartilaginous excisions, and could help in understanding how the structural features of HS are modulated in the presence of pathological situations also involving different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Veraldi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Parra
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, V. di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cesare Cosentino
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Manuela Locatelli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopaedic Diseases-IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, V. di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Corsini
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopaedic Diseases-IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, V. di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Pedrini
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopaedic Diseases-IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, V. di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopaedic Diseases & CLIBI Laboratory-IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, V. di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
The peritoneum protects the intraabdominal organs. This function is exploited by aggressive cancers originating from organs within the abdomen, resulting in peritoneal metastasis. We discuss genomic variants that may lead to peritoneal metastasis from multiple cancers. Peritoneal malignancies are attributed to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These metastatic lesions harbor similar genetic mutations to the primary tumor yet may manifest clone-specific aberrations that promote propagation. Peritoneal metastasis are increasingly being treated with surgical resection as an adjunct to radiation, chemotherapy, and other biologic therapies. We describe genetic and genomic variances that are predictive markers for metastasis and burgeoning indicators for peritoneal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enusha Karunasena
- Department of Oncology, GI Clinical Cancer Research and Cancer Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan Sham
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kevin Wyatt McMahon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA.
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14
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Jin Y, He J, Du J, Zhang RX, Yao HB, Shao QS. Overexpression of HS6ST2 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6191-6197. [PMID: 29113266 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of the expression of heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2) in gastric cancer (GC). The Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array (Affymetrix; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was used to identify differentially expressed genes in GC tissues vs. adjacent non-tumor gastric tissues. Candidate genes were further verified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, an independent dataset was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and a survival analysis was performed. Microarray analysis demonstrated that HS6ST2 was upregulated (>12-fold) in GC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. RT-qPCR and IHC analysis of HS6ST2 in GC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues confirmed the microarray data. Furthermore, a positive association was demonstrated between HS6ST2 overexpression with the depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, and tumor-node metastasis stage. Survival analysis revealed an association between patients with increased expression of HS6ST2 and a poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Cox regression analysis indicated that the expression of HS6ST2 was an independent negative prognostic factor for GC. The expression of HS6ST2 in GC was significantly associated with specific clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of disease, thus we propose that HS6ST2 may represent a novel biomarker for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Xuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Shu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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15
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Cleven AHG, Suijker J, Agrogiannis G, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Frizzell N, Hoekstra AS, Wijers-Koster PM, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG. IDH1 or - 2 mutations do not predict outcome and do not cause loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine or altered histone modifications in central chondrosarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res 2017; 7:8. [PMID: 28484589 PMCID: PMC5418698 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-017-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 or -2 are found in ~50% of conventional central chondrosarcomas and in up to 87% of their assumed benign precursors enchondromas. The mutant enzyme acquires the activity to convert α-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2-HG), which competitively inhibits α-ketoglutarate dependent enzymes such as histone- and DNA demethylases. METHODS We therefore evaluated the effect of IDH1 or -2 mutations on histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3), chromatin remodeler ATRX expression, DNA modifications (5-hmC and 5-mC), and TET1 subcellular localization in a genotyped cohort (IDH, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and fumarate hydratase (FH)) of enchondromas and central chondrosarcomas (n = 101) using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IDH1 or -2 mutations were found in 60.8% of the central cartilaginous tumours, while mutations in FH and SDH were absent. The mutation status did not correlate with outcome. Chondrosarcomas are strongly positive for the histone modifications H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, which was independent of the IDH1 or -2 mutation status. Two out of 36 chondrosarcomas (5.6%) show complete loss of ATRX. Levels of 5-hmC and 5-mC are highly variable in central cartilaginous tumours and are not associated with mutation status. In tumours with loss of 5-hmC, expression of TET1 was more prominent in the cytoplasm than the nucleus (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In summary, in central chondrosarcoma IDH1 or -2 mutations do not affect immunohistochemical levels of 5-hmC, 5mC, trimethylation of H3K4, -K9 and K27 and outcome, as compared to wildtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen H G Cleven
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johnny Suijker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Agrogiannis
- 1st Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Inge H Briaire-de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Attje S Hoekstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M Wijers-Koster
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Iravani O, Bay BH, Yip GWC. Silencing HS6ST3 inhibits growth and progression of breast cancer cells through suppressing IGF1R and inducing XAF1. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:380-389. [PMID: 28017727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfation is biologically edited by 6-O-sulfotransferases (HS6STs) within heparan sulfate chains. Three isoforms of HS6ST have been identified. These enzymes are found to be differentially expressed in a variety of tissues. Recently, several studies have shown that dysregulation of 6-O-sulfotransferases could be involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers. This study aimed to analyze the expression and function of HS6ST3 in breast cancer. HS6ST3 was found up-regulated in T47D, MCF7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. HS6ST3 was then silenced in T47D and MCF7 using siRNA. Silencing HS6ST3 diminished tumor cell growth, migration and invasion, but enhanced cell adhesion and apoptosis in breast cancer. Gene microarray analysis revealed that silencing HS6ST3 significantly changed the expression of IGF1R and XAF1 in breast cancer cells. Further functional studies showed that the cellular processes were mediated by IGF1R and XAF1 after silencing HS6ST3 in breast cancer cells. Together these results indicate that HS6ST3 might be involved in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer and it could be a promising target in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Iravani
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Wai-Cheong Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Liep J, Kilic E, Meyer HA, Busch J, Jung K, Rabien A. Cooperative Effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in the Regulation of Targets in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157801. [PMID: 27336447 PMCID: PMC4919070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the poor prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and for prognostic markers to identify high risk tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in tumors, play a crucial role during carcinogenesis and therefore might be promising new biomarkers. In previous studies, we identified miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p to be downregulated in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Our objective was to investigate the functional association of these miRNAs, focusing on the cooperative regulation of new specific targets and their role in ccRCC progression. Methods The effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p on cell migration was examined by overexpression in 786-O cells. New targets of both miRNAs were identified by miRWalk, validated in 786-O and ACHN cells and additionally characterized in ccRCC tissue on mRNA and protein level. Results In functional analysis, a tumor suppressive effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p by decreasing migration and invasion of RCC cells could be shown. Furthermore, co-overexpression of the miRNAs seemed to result in an increased inhibition of cell migration. Both miRNAs were recognized as post-transcriptional regulators of the targets EAPP, HS6ST2, LOX, TGFB2 and VRK2. Additionally, they showed a cooperative effect again as demonstrated by a significantly increased inhibition of HS6ST2 and LOX expression after simultaneous overexpression of both miRNAs. In ccRCC tissue, LOX mRNA expression was strongly increased compared to normal tissue, allowing also to distinguish between non-metastatic and already metastasized primary tumors. Finally, in subsequent tissue microarray analysis LOX protein expression showed a prognostic relevance for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Conclusion These results illustrate a jointly strengthening effect of the dysregulated miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in various tumor associated processes. Focusing on the cooperative effect of miRNAs provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies and offers novel prognostic and diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liep
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmuth A. Meyer
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of matched primary and peritoneal metastatic gastric carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13750. [PMID: 26330360 PMCID: PMC4557136 DOI: 10.1038/srep13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Approximately 40% of global gastric cancer cases occur in China, with peritoneal metastasis being the prevalent form of recurrence and metastasis in advanced disease. Currently, there are limited clinical approaches for predicting and treatment of peritoneal metastasis, resulting in a 6-month average survival time. By comprehensive genome analysis will uncover the pathogenesis of peritoneal metastasis. Here we describe a comprehensive whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing analysis of one advanced gastric cancer case, including non-cancerous mucosa, primary cancer and matched peritoneal metastatic cancer. The peripheral blood is used as normal control. We identified 27 mutated genes, of which 19 genes are reported in COSMIC database (ZNF208, CRNN, ATXN3, DCTN1, RP1L1, PRB4, PRB1, MUC4, HS6ST3, MUC17, JAM2, ITGAD, IREB2, IQUB, CORO1B, CCDC121, AKAP2, ACAN and ACADL), and eight genes have not previously been described in gastric cancer (CCDC178, ARMC4, TUBB6, PLIN4, PKLR, PDZD2, DMBT1and DAB1).Additionally,GPX4 and MPND in 19q13.3-13.4 region, is characterized as a novel fusion-gene. This study disclosed novel biological markers and tumorigenic pathways that would predict gastric cancer occurring peritoneal metastasis.
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19
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Wang W, Ju X, Sun Z, Hou W, Yang L, Zhang R. Overexpression of heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase-2 enhances fibroblast growth factor-mediated chondrocyte growth and differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:825-32. [PMID: 26133911 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported that heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase‑2 (HS6ST2) plays an important role in the cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease and that it regulates aggrecan (Acan) metabolism and the viability of chondrocytes. However, its role in chondrocyte differentiation remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of HS6ST2 in chondrocyte differentiation in vitro using mouse prechondrocytic cells. We found that the overexpression or silencing of HS6ST2 significantly enhanced or abrogated the effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‑2 on chondrocyte growth, respectively. We found that the overexpression of HS6ST2 significantly induced the expression of Acan as well as the amount of total proteoglycans in the prechondrocytic cells in the presence of FGF‑2, whereas the silencing of HS6ST2 caused the opposite effect. Furthermore, the expresssion of FGF‑2‑induced sex‑determining region Y‑type high mobility group box protein 9 (SOX9), a major transcription factor for chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, was also enhanced or blocked by HS6ST2 overexpression or HS6ST2 knockdown, respectively. Additionally, Wnt/β‑catenin signaling, which inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, was suppressed by HS6ST2. Taken together, these data suggest that HS6ST2 plays an important role in regulating chondrocyte growth and differentiation by modulating FGF‑2 signaling, thus indicating that it may be a potential and valuable molecular target for the treatment of skeletal dysplasias, such as dwarfism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xichi Ju
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of The Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Weikun Hou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, The Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Laboratory of Orthopedics, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, The Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
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20
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NY-ESO-1 (CTAG1B) expression in mesenchymal tumors. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:587-95. [PMID: 25412843 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1, CTAG1B) is a cancer-testis antigen and currently a focus of several targeted immunotherapeutic strategies. We performed a large-scale immunohistochemical expression study of NY-ESO-1 using tissue microarrays of mesenchymal tumors from three institutions in an international collaboration. A total of 1132 intermediate and malignant and 175 benign mesenchymal lesions were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarrays using a monoclonal antibody for NY-ESO-1. Among mesenchymal tumors, myxoid liposarcomas showed the highest positivity for NY-ESO-1 (88%), followed by synovial sarcomas (49%), myxofibrosarcomas (35%), and conventional chondrosarcomas (28%). Positivity of NY-ESO-1 in the remaining mesenchymal tumors was consistently low, and no immunoreactivity was observed in benign mesenchymal lesions. On the basis of these findings, nearly 90% of myxoid liposarcomas, as well as a significant proportion of synovial sarcomas, myxofibrosarcomas, and conventional chondrosarcomas are good candidates for immunotherapy targeting NY-ESO-1.
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21
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Lu J, Auduong L, White ES, Yue X. Up-regulation of heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:106-14. [PMID: 23962103 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0204oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are integral components of the lung. Changes in HSPGs have been documented in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Many of the biological functions of HSPGs are mediated by heparan sulfate (HS) side chains, and little is understood about these side chains in the pathogenesis of IPF. The aims of this study were to compare HS structure between normal and IPF lungs and to examine how changes in HS regulate the fibrotic process. HS disaccharide analysis revealed that HS 6-O-sulfation was significantly increased in IPF lungs compared with normal lungs, concomitant with overexpression of HS 6-O-sulfotransferases 1 and 2 (HS6ST1/2) mRNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed that HS6ST2 was specifically expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, including those lining the honeycomb cysts in IPF lungs, whereas HS6ST1 had a broad expression pattern. Lung fibroblasts in the fibroblastic foci of IPF lungs expressed HS6ST1, and overexpression of HS6ST1 mRNA was observed in primary lung fibroblasts isolated from IPF lungs compared with those from normal lungs. In vitro, small interference RNA-mediated silencing of HS6ST1 in primary normal lung fibroblasts resulted in reduced Smad2 expression and activation and in reduced expression of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin after TGF-β1 stimulation. Similar results were obtained in primary IPF lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, silencing of HS6ST1 in normal and IPF lung fibroblasts resulted in significant down-regulation of TβRIII (betaglycan). In summary, HS 6-O-sulfation is up-regulated in IPF with overexpression of HS6ST1 and HS6ST2, and overexpression of HS6ST1 in lung fibroblasts may regulate their fibrotic responses to TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingning Lu
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
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22
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Kobayashi Y, Masuda K, Banno K, Kobayashi N, Umene K, Nogami Y, Tsuji K, Ueki A, Nomura H, Sato K, Tominaga E, Shimizu T, Saya H, Aoki D. Glycan profiling of gestational choriocarcinoma using a lectin microarray. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1121-6. [PMID: 24424471 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification, in which attachment of glycans to proteins has effects on biological functions and carcinogenesis. Analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin, a glycoprotein hormone produced by placental trophoblasts and trophoblastic tumors, has contributed to the diagnosis and treatment of trophoblastic disease, resulting in reduced incidence and mortality. However, alterations of the glycan structure itself in choriocarcinoma have not been characterized. We established a new choriocarcinoma cell line, induced choriocarcinoma cell-1 (iC3-1), which mimics the clinical pathohistology in vivo, to examine the tumorigenesis and pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma. In this study, the alterations of glycan structures in the development of choriocarcinoma were examined by performance of comprehensive glycan profiling in clinical samples and in iC3-1 cells using a conventional microarray and the recently introduced lectin microarray. Microarray comparison showed significant upregulation of several characteristic glycogenes in the iC3-1 cells as compared to the parental HTR8/SVneo cells. The lectin array showed increased α-2-6-sialic acid, Galβ1-4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAc, and decreased α-1-6 core fucose, high mannose, GalNacβ1-4Gal, GALNAc (Tn antigen) and Galβ1-3Gal in choriocarcinoma tissue compared to normal villi. This is the first report of a lectin array analysis in choriocarcinoma and provides useful information for understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Kobayashi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Umene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nogami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Ueki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsune Shimizu
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Zhang YX, van Oosterwijk JG, Sicinska E, Moss S, Remillard SP, van Wezel T, Bühnemann C, Hassan AB, Demetri GD, Bovée JVMG, Wagner AJ. Functional profiling of receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signaling in human chondrosarcomas identifies pathways for rational targeted therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3796-807. [PMID: 23714727 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chondrosarcomas are notoriously resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. We sought to identify critical signaling pathways that contribute to their survival and proliferation, and which may provide potential targets for rational therapeutic interventions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) was surveyed using phospho-RTK arrays. S6 phosphorylation and NRAS mutational status were examined in chondrosarcoma primary tumor tissues. siRNA or small-molecule inhibitors against RTKs or downstream signaling proteins were applied to chondrosarcoma cells and changes in biochemical signaling, cell cycle, and cell viability were determined. In vivo antitumor activity of BEZ235, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR inhibitor, was evaluated in a chondrosarcoma xenograft model. RESULTS Several RTKs were identified as critical mediators of cell growth, but the RTK dependencies varied among cell lines. In exploration of downstream signaling pathways, strong S6 phosphorylation was found in 69% of conventional chondrosarcomas and 44% of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Treatment with BEZ235 resulted in dramatic reduction in the growth of all chondrosarcoma cell lines. Tumor growth was similarly inhibited in a xenograft model of chondrosarcoma. In addition, chondrosarcoma cells with an NRAS mutation were sensitive to treatment with a mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Functional NRAS mutations were found in 12% of conventional central chondrosarcomas. CONCLUSIONS RTKs are commonly activated in chondrosarcoma, but because of their considerable heterogeneity, targeted inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway represents a rational therapeutic strategy. Chondrosarcomas with NRAS mutations may benefit from treatment with MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Zhang
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard and Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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