1
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Wang M, Feng N, Qin J, Wang S, Chen J, Qian S, Liu Y, Luo F. Abdominal surgery under ketamine anesthesia during second trimester impairs hippocampal learning and memory of offspring by regulating dendrite spine remodeling in rats. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:82-92. [PMID: 38346645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence showed that general anesthesia produces long-term neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. However, it remains unclear whether maternal non-obstetric surgery under ketamine anesthesia during second trimester causes cognitive impairment in offspring. The present study assigned pregnant rats into three groups: 1) normal control group receiving no anesthesia and no surgery, 2) ketamine group receiving ketamine anesthesia for 2 h on the 14th day of gestation but no surgery, and 3) surgery group receiving abdominal surgery under ketamine anesthesia on the 14th day of gestation. On postnatal day 1, the offspring rats in Ketamine group and surgery group were assigned to receive intra-peritoneal injection of Senegenin (15 mg/kg), once per day for consecutive 14 days. The offspring's spatial perception, anxiety-like behavior, and learning and memory were evaluated. Then the offspring's hippocampal tissues were collected. The offspring of the surgery group were impaired in the spatial perception in the cliff avoidance test and the spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze test. Accordingly, the activity of histone deacetylases increased, the protein levels of NEDD9, BDNF, p-TrkB, Syn and PSD-95 decreased, and the density of dendritic spines reduced in the hippocampus of the offspring of the surgery group, and such effects were not seen in the offspring of the ketamine group, neither in the offspring of control group. Senegenin alleviated the learning and memory impairment, and increased the protein levels of NEDD9, BDNF, p-TrkB, Syn and PSD-95 and the density of dendritic spines in the offspring of the surgery group. ketamine anesthesia plus surgery during second trimester impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, and the deficits could be rescued by treatment with Senegenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Namin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia Qin
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yichun People's Hospital, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Jiabao Chen
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Shaojie Qian
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Foquan Luo
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
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2
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Vezzoli E, Calì C, De Roo M, Ponzoni L, Sogne E, Gagnon N, Francolini M, Braida D, Sala M, Muller D, Falqui A, Magistretti PJ. Ultrastructural Evidence for a Role of Astrocytes and Glycogen-Derived Lactate in Learning-Dependent Synaptic Stabilization. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2114-2127. [PMID: 31807747 PMCID: PMC7174989 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory formation (LTM) is a process accompanied by energy-demanding structural changes at synapses and increased spine density. Concomitant increases in both spine volume and postsynaptic density (PSD) surface area have been suggested but never quantified in vivo by clear-cut experimental evidence. Using novel object recognition in mice as a learning task followed by 3D electron microscopy analysis, we demonstrate that LTM induced all aforementioned synaptic changes, together with an increase in the size of astrocytic glycogen granules, which are a source of lactate for neurons. The selective inhibition of glycogen metabolism in astrocytes impaired learning, affecting all the related synaptic changes. Intrahippocampal administration of l-lactate rescued the behavioral phenotype, along with spine density within 24 hours. Spine dynamics in hippocampal organotypic slices undergoing theta burst-induced long-term potentiation was similarly affected by inhibition of glycogen metabolism and rescued by l-lactate. These results suggest that learning primes astrocytic energy stores and signaling to sustain synaptic plasticity via l-lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vezzoli
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Calì
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - M De Roo
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Ponzoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Sogne
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Gagnon
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Francolini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D Braida
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Sala
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - D Muller
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Falqui
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - P J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Parajuli LK, Koike M. Three-Dimensional Structure of Dendritic Spines Revealed by Volume Electron Microscopy Techniques. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:627368. [PMID: 34135737 PMCID: PMC8200415 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.627368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM)-based synaptology is a fundamental discipline for achieving a complex wiring diagram of the brain. A quantitative understanding of synaptic ultrastructure also serves as a basis to estimate the relative magnitude of synaptic transmission across individual circuits in the brain. Although conventional light microscopic techniques have substantially contributed to our ever-increasing understanding of the morphological characteristics of the putative synaptic junctions, EM is the gold standard for systematic visualization of the synaptic morphology. Furthermore, a complete three-dimensional reconstruction of an individual synaptic profile is required for the precise quantitation of different parameters that shape synaptic transmission. While volumetric imaging of synapses can be routinely obtained from the transmission EM (TEM) imaging of ultrathin sections, it requires an unimaginable amount of effort and time to reconstruct very long segments of dendrites and their spines from the serial section TEM images. The challenges of low throughput EM imaging have been addressed to an appreciable degree by the development of automated EM imaging tools that allow imaging and reconstruction of dendritic segments in a realistic time frame. Here, we review studies that have been instrumental in determining the three-dimensional ultrastructure of synapses. With a particular focus on dendritic spine synapses in the rodent brain, we discuss various key studies that have highlighted the structural diversity of spines, the principles of their organization in the dendrites, their presynaptic wiring patterns, and their activity-dependent structural remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumar Parajuli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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The importance of ultrastructural analysis of memory. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:28-36. [PMID: 33984429 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus is believed to underlie learning and memory processes. Surprisingly, very few studies report long-lasting structural changes of synapses induced by behavioral training. It remains, therefore, unclear which synaptic changes in the hippocampus contribute to memory storage. Here, we systematically compare how long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (LTP) (a primary form of synaptic plasticity and cellular model of memory) and behavioral training affect hippocampal glutamatergic synapses at the ultrastructural level enabled by electron microscopy. The review of the literature indicates that while LTP induces growth of dendritic spines and post-synaptic densities (PSD), that represent postsynaptic part of a glutamatergic synapse, after behavioral training there is transient (< 6 h) synaptogenesis and long-lasting (> 24 h) increase in PSD volume (without a significant change of dendritic spine volume), indicating that training-induced PSD growth may reflect long-term enhancement of synaptic functions. Additionally, formation of multi-innervated spines (MIS), is associated with long-term memory in aged mice and LTP-deficient mutant mice. Since volume of PSD, as well as atypical synapses, can be reliably observed only with electron microscopy, we argue that the ultrastructural level of analysis is required to reveal synaptic changes that are associated with long-term storage of information in the brain.
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5
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Luo J, Hong B, Jiang Y, Li L, Xie Q, Han H. Automatic Classification for the Type of Multiple Synapse Based on Deep Learning. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:40-43. [PMID: 31945840 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the synaptic plasticity induced by development and learning can promote the formation of multiple synapse. With the rapid development of electron microscopy (EM) technology, we can closely observe the multiple synapse structure with high resolution. Although the multiple synapse has been widely researched by recent researchers, the classification accuracy for the type of multiple synapse has not been documented. In this paper, we propose an effective automatic classification method for the type of multiple synapse. The main steps are summarized as three parts: synaptic cleft segmentation, vesicle band segmentation, multiple synapse classification. The experiments on four datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can reach an average accuracy about 97%.
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6
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Kim HW, Oh S, Lee SH, Lee S, Na JE, Lee KJ, Rhyu IJ. Different types of multiple-synapse boutons in the cerebellar cortex between physically enriched and ataxic mutant mice. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:25-32. [PMID: 29774619 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent synapse remodeling is associated with information storage in the nervous system. Neuronal synapses show alteration in various neurological and cognitive disorders in their structure and function. At the ultrastructural level, parallel fiber boutons contacting multiple spines of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex are commonly observed in physiologically enriched animals as well as pathological ataxic mutants. However, the dendritic origin of those spines on parallel fiber multiple-synapse boutons (MSBs) has been poorly understood. Here, we investigated this issue by 3-dimensional ultrastructural analysis to determine synaptic connectivity of MSBs in both mice housed in physically enriched environment and cerebellar ataxic mutants. Our results demonstrated that environmental enrichment selectively induced MSBs to contact spines from the same parent dendrite, indicating focal strengthening of synapse through the simultaneous activation of two adjacent spines. In contrast, ataxic mutants displaying impaired motor coordination had significantly more MSBs involving spines originating from different neighboring dendrites compared to both wild-type and environmentally enriched animals, suggesting that compromising multiple synapse formation may lead to abnormal motor behavior in the mutant mice. These findings propose that environmental stimulation in normal animals mainly involves the refinement of preexisting synaptic networks, whereas pathological ataxic conditions may results from less-selective but compromising multiple synaptic formation. This study underscores that different types of multiple synapse boutons may have disparate effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seunghak Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Synaptic Circuit Plasticity, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
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7
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Kanzari A, Bourcier-Lucas C, Freyssin A, Abrous DN, Haddjeri N, Lucas G. Inducing a long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus is sufficient to produce rapid antidepressant-like effects. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:587-596. [PMID: 28485406 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent hypotheses propose that one prerequisite to obtain a rapid antidepressant (AD) effect would reside in processes of synaptic reinforcement occurring within the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus independently from neurogenesis. However, to date no relationship has been established between an increased DG synaptic plasticity, and rapid AD-like action. To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that inducing a long-term potentiation (LTP) within the DG by stimulating the perforant pathway (PP) is sufficient to induce such effects. Thus, Sprague-Dawley rats having undergone a successful LTP displayed a significant reduction of immobility when passed acutely 3 days thereafter in the forced swimming test (FST). Further, in a longitudinal paradigm using the pseudo-depressed Wistar-Kyoto rat strain, LTP elicited a decrease of FST immobility after only 2 days, whereas the AD desipramine was not effective before 16 days. In both models, the influence of LTP was transient, as it was no more observed after 8-9 days. No effects were observed on the locomotor activity or on anxiety-related behavior. Theta-burst stimulation of a brain region anatomically adjacent to the PP remained ineffective in the FST. Immunoreactivity of DG cells for phosphorylated histone H3 and doublecortin were not modified three days after LTP, indicating a lack of effect on both cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Finally, depleting brain serotonin contents reduced the success rate of LTP but did not affect its subsequent AD-like effects. These results confirm the 'plastic DG' theory of rapid AD efficacy. Beyond, they point out stimulations of the entorhinal cortex, from which the PP originates, as putative new approaches in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanzari
- INSERM and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau U846, Lyon, France.,Department of Biology, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C Bourcier-Lucas
- INSERM and Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Freyssin
- INSERM and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau U846, Lyon, France
| | - D N Abrous
- INSERM and Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Haddjeri
- INSERM and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau U846, Lyon, France
| | - G Lucas
- INSERM and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau U846, Lyon, France.,INSERM and Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Bosch C, Masachs N, Exposito-Alonso D, Martínez A, Teixeira CM, Fernaud I, Pujadas L, Ulloa F, Comella JX, DeFelipe J, Merchán-Pérez A, Soriano E. Reelin Regulates the Maturation of Dendritic Spines, Synaptogenesis and Glial Ensheathment of Newborn Granule Cells. Cereb Cortex 2018; 26:4282-4298. [PMID: 27624722 PMCID: PMC5066826 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance Statement The extracellular protein Reelin has an important role in neurological diseases, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and psychiatric diseases, targeting hippocampal circuits. Here we address the role of Reelin in the development of synaptic contacts in adult-generated granule cells (GCs), a neuronal population that is crucial for learning and memory and implicated in neurological and psychiatric diseases. We found that the Reelin pathway controls the shapes, sizes, and types of dendritic spines, the complexity of multisynaptic innervations and the degree of the perisynaptic astroglial ensheathment that controls synaptic homeostasis. These findings show a pivotal role of Reelin in GC synaptogenesis and provide a foundation for structural circuit alterations caused by Reelin deregulation that may occur in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona 08023, Spain
| | - Nuria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - David Exposito-Alonso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Cátia M Teixeira
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Instituto Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona 08023, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Joan X Comella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona 08023, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Instituto Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Angel Merchán-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Sistemas Informáticos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona 08023, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Academia, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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9
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Dos Santos M, Salery M, Forget B, Garcia Perez MA, Betuing S, Boudier T, Vanhoutte P, Caboche J, Heck N. Rapid Synaptogenesis in the Nucleus Accumbens Is Induced by a Single Cocaine Administration and Stabilized by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Interacting Kinase-1 Activity. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:806-818. [PMID: 28545678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated cocaine exposure produces new spine formation in striatal projection neurons (SPNs) of the nucleus accumbens. However, an acute exposure to cocaine can trigger long-lasting synaptic plasticity in SPNs leading to behavioral alterations. This raises the intriguing question as to whether a single administration of cocaine could enduringly modify striatal connectivity. METHODS A three-dimensional morphometric analysis of presynaptic glutamatergic boutons and dendritic spines was performed on SPNs 1 hour and 1 week after a single cocaine administration. Time-lapse two-photon microscopy in adult slices was used to determine the precise molecular-events sequence responsible for the rapid spine formation. RESULTS A single injection triggered a rapid synaptogenesis and persistent increase in glutamatergic connectivity in SPNs from the shell part of the nucleus accumbens, specifically. Synapse formation occurred through clustered growth of active spines contacting pre-existing axonal boutons. Spine growth required extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, while spine stabilization involved transcription-independent protein synthesis driven by mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinase-1, downstream from extracellular signal-regulated kinase. The maintenance of new spines driven by mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinase-1 was essential for long-term connectivity changes induced by cocaine in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study originally demonstrates that a single administration of cocaine is able to induce stable synaptic rewiring in the nucleus accumbens, which will likely influence responses to subsequent drug exposure. It also unravels a new functional role for cocaine-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway independently of nuclear targets. Finally, it reveals that mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinase-1 has a pivotal role in cocaine-induced connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dos Santos
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Marine Salery
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Forget
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Maria Alexandra Garcia Perez
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Boudier
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Heck
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, University Pierre and Marie Curie University of Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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10
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Mushroom spine dynamics in medium spiny neurons of dorsal striatum associated with memory of moderate and intense training. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6516-E6525. [PMID: 27698138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613680113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that treatments that typically impair memory consolidation become ineffective when animals are given intense training. This effect has been obtained by treatments interfering with the neural activity of several brain structures, including the dorsal striatum. The mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon are unknown. One possibility is that intense training promotes the transfer of information derived from the enhanced training to a wider neuronal network. We now report that inhibitory avoidance (IA) induces mushroom spinogenesis in the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the dorsal striatum in rats, which is dependent upon the intensity of the foot-shock used for training; that is, the effect is seen only when high-intensity foot-shock is used in training. We also found that the relative density of thin spines was reduced. These changes were evident at 6 h after training and persisted for at least 24 h afterward. Importantly, foot-shock alone did not increase spinogenesis. Spine density in MSNs in the accumbens was also increased, but the increase did not correlate with the associative process involved in IA; rather, it resulted from the administration of the aversive stimulation alone. These findings suggest that mushroom spines of MSNs of the dorsal striatum receive afferent information that is involved in the integrative activity necessary for memory consolidation, and that intense training facilitates transfer of information from the dorsal striatum to other brain regions through augmented spinogenesis.
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Fauth M, Tetzlaff C. Opposing Effects of Neuronal Activity on Structural Plasticity. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 27445713 PMCID: PMC4923203 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The connectivity of the brain is continuously adjusted to new environmental influences by several activity-dependent adaptive processes. The most investigated adaptive mechanism is activity-dependent functional or synaptic plasticity regulating the transmission efficacy of existing synapses. Another important but less prominently discussed adaptive process is structural plasticity, which changes the connectivity by the formation and deletion of synapses. In this review, we show, based on experimental evidence, that structural plasticity can be classified similar to synaptic plasticity into two categories: (i) Hebbian structural plasticity, which leads to an increase (decrease) of the number of synapses during phases of high (low) neuronal activity and (ii) homeostatic structural plasticity, which balances these changes by removing and adding synapses. Furthermore, based on experimental and theoretical insights, we argue that each type of structural plasticity fulfills a different function. While Hebbian structural changes enhance memory lifetime, storage capacity, and memory robustness, homeostatic structural plasticity self-organizes the connectivity of the neural network to assure stability. However, the link between functional synaptic and structural plasticity as well as the detailed interactions between Hebbian and homeostatic structural plasticity are more complex. This implies even richer dynamics requiring further experimental and theoretical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fauth
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg-August UniversityGöttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceGöttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceGöttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-OrganizationGöttingen, Germany
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Du Y, Ge MM, Xue W, Yang QQ, Wang S, Xu Y, Wang HL. Chronic Lead Exposure and Mixed Factors of Gender×Age×Brain Regions Interactions on Dendrite Growth, Spine Maturity and NDR Kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138112. [PMID: 26368815 PMCID: PMC4569283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NDR1/2 kinase is essential in dendrite morphology and spine formation, which is regulated by cellular Ca2+. Lead (Pb) is a potent blocker of L-type calcium channel and our recent work showed Pb exposure impairs dendritic spine outgrowth in hippocampal neurons in rats. But the sensitivity of Pb-induced spine maturity with mixed factors (gender×age×brain regions) remains unknown. This study aimed to systematically investigate the effect of Pb exposure on spine maturity in rat brain with three factors (gender×age×brain regions), as well as the NDR1/2 kinase expression. Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to Pb from parturition to postnatal day 30, 60, 90, respectively. Golgi-Cox staining was used to examine spine maturity. Western blot assay was applied to measure protein expression and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was used to examine mRNA levels. The results showed chronic Pb exposure significantly decreased dendritic length and impaired spine maturity in both rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. The impairment of dendritic length induced by Pb exposure tended to adolescence > adulthood, hippocampus > medial prefrontal cortex and female > male. Pb exposure induced significant damage in spine maturity during adolescence and early adult while little damage during adult in male rat brain and female medial prefrontal cortex. Besides, there was sustained impairment from adolescence to adulthood in female hippocampus. Interestingly, impairment of spine maturity followed by Pb exposure was correlated with NDR1/2 kinase. The reduction of NDR1/2 kinase protein expression after Pb exposure was similar to the result of spine maturity. In addition, NDR2 and their substrate Rabin3 mRNA levels were significantly decreased by Pb exposure in developmental rat brain. Taken together, Pb exposure impaired dendrite growth and maturity which was subject to gender×age×brain regions effects and related to NDR1/2 signal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Ge
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Weizhen Xue
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:211-40. [PMID: 26007200 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and especially their synapses often project long thin processes that can invaginate neighboring neuronal or glial cells. These "invaginating projections" can occur in almost any combination of postsynaptic, presynaptic, and glial processes. Invaginating projections provide a precise mechanism for one neuron to communicate or exchange material exclusively at a highly localized site on another neuron, e.g., to regulate synaptic plasticity. The best-known types are postsynaptic projections called "spinules" that invaginate into presynaptic terminals. Spinules seem to be most prevalent at large very active synapses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of all kinds of invaginating projections associated with both neurons in general and more specifically with synapses; we describe them in all animals including simple, basal metazoans. These structures may have evolved into more elaborate structures in some higher animal groups exhibiting greater synaptic plasticity. In addition to classic spinules and filopodial invaginations, we describe a variety of lesser-known structures such as amphid microvilli, spinules in giant mossy terminals and en marron/brush synapses, the highly specialized fish retinal spinules, the trophospongium, capitate projections, and fly gnarls, as well as examples in which the entire presynaptic or postsynaptic process is invaginated. These various invaginating projections have evolved to modify the function of a particular synapse, or to channel an effect to one specific synapse or neuron, without affecting those nearby. We discuss how they function in membrane recycling, nourishment, and cell signaling and explore how they might change in aging and disease.
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Nava N, Treccani G, Liebenberg N, Chen F, Popoli M, Wegener G, Nyengaard JR. Chronic desipramine prevents acute stress-induced reorganization of medial prefrontal cortex architecture by blocking glutamate vesicle accumulation and excitatory synapse increase. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu085. [PMID: 25522419 PMCID: PMC4360240 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a clear negative influence of chronic exposure to stressful experiences has been repeatedly demonstrated, the outcome of acute stress on key brain regions has only just started to be elucidated. Although it has been proposed that acute stress may produce enhancement of brain plasticity and that antidepressants may prevent such changes, we still lack ultrastructural evidence that acute stress-induced changes in neurotransmitter physiology are coupled with structural synaptic modifications. METHODS Rats were pretreated chronically (14 days) with desipramine (10mg/kg) and then subjected to acute foot-shock stress. By means of serial section electron microscopy, the structural remodeling of medial prefrontal cortex glutamate synapses was assessed soon after acute stressor cessation and stress hormone levels were measured. RESULTS Foot-shock stress induced a remarkable increase in the number of docked vesicles and small excitatory synapses, partially and strongly prevented by desipramine pretreatment, respectively. Acute stress-induced corticosterone elevation was not affected by drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Since desipramine pretreatment prevented the stress-induced structural plasticity but not the hormone level increase, we hypothesize that the preventing action of desipramine is located on pathways downstream of this process and/or other pathways. Moreover, because enhancement of glutamate system remodeling may contribute to overexcitation dysfunctions, this aspect could represent a crucial component in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Nava
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (Drs Nava, Chen, and Nyengaard); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark (Drs Nava, Treccani, Liebenberg, Chen, and Wegener); Pharmaceutical Research Center of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener); Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (Drs Treccani and Popoli).
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Neuman KM, Molina-Campos E, Musial TF, Price AL, Oh KJ, Wolke ML, Buss EW, Scheff SW, Mufson EJ, Nicholson DA. Evidence for Alzheimer's disease-linked synapse loss and compensation in mouse and human hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3143-65. [PMID: 25031178 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with alterations in the distribution, number, and size of inputs to hippocampal neurons. Some of these changes are thought to be neurodegenerative, whereas others are conceptualized as compensatory, plasticity-like responses, wherein the remaining inputs reactively innervate vulnerable dendritic regions. Here, we provide evidence that the axospinous synapses of human AD cases and mice harboring AD-linked genetic mutations (the 5XFAD line) exhibit both, in the form of synapse loss and compensatory changes in the synapses that remain. Using array tomography, quantitative conventional electron microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy for AMPARs, and whole-cell patch-clamp physiology, we find that hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in transgenic mice are host to an age-related synapse loss in their distal dendrites, and that the remaining synapses express more AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Moreover, the number of axonal boutons that synapse with multiple spines is significantly reduced in the transgenic mice. Through serial section electron microscopic analyses of human hippocampal tissue, we further show that putative compensatory changes in synapse strength are also detectable in axospinous synapses of proximal and distal dendrites in human AD cases, and that their multiple synapse boutons may be more powerful than those in non-cognitively impaired human cases. Such findings are consistent with the notion that the pathophysiology of AD is a multivariate product of both neurodegenerative and neuroplastic processes, which may produce adaptive and/or maladaptive responses in hippocampal synaptic strength and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina M Neuman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth Molina-Campos
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Timothy F Musial
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Andrea L Price
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Oh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Malerie L Wolke
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Eric W Buss
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel A Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Chau LS, Prakapenka AV, Zendeli L, Davis AS, Galvez R. Training-dependent associative learning induced neocortical structural plasticity: a trace eyeblink conditioning analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95317. [PMID: 24760074 PMCID: PMC3997347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing general learning and memory tasks have suggested the importance of neocortical structural plasticity for memory consolidation. However, these learning tasks typically result in learning of multiple different tasks over several days of training, making it difficult to determine the synaptic time course mediating each learning event. The current study used trace-eyeblink conditioning to determine the time course for neocortical spine modification during learning. With eyeblink conditioning, subjects are presented with a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a salient, unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an unconditioned response (UR). With multiple CS-US pairings, subjects learn to associate the CS with the US and exhibit a conditioned response (CR) when presented with the CS. Trace conditioning is when there is a stimulus free interval between the CS and the US. Utilizing trace-eyeblink conditioning with whisker stimulation as the CS (whisker-trace-eyeblink: WTEB), previous findings have shown that primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex is required for both acquisition and retention of the trace-association. Additionally, prior findings demonstrated that WTEB acquisition results in an expansion of the cytochrome oxidase whisker representation and synaptic modification in layer IV of barrel cortex. To further explore these findings and determine the time course for neocortical learning-induced spine modification, the present study utilized WTEB conditioning to examine Golgi-Cox stained neurons in layer IV of barrel cortex. Findings from this study demonstrated a training-dependent spine proliferation in layer IV of barrel cortex during trace associative learning. Furthermore, findings from this study showing that filopodia-like spines exhibited a similar pattern to the overall spine density further suggests that reorganization of synaptic contacts set the foundation for learning-induced neocortical modifications through the different neocortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S. Chau
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alesia V. Prakapenka
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Liridon Zendeli
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashley S. Davis
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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NCAM function in the adult brain: lessons from mimetic peptides and therapeutic potential. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1163-73. [PMID: 23494903 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are complexes of transmembranal proteins critical for cell-cell interactions. Initially recognized as key players in the orchestration of developmental processes involving cell migration, cell survival, axon guidance, and synaptic targeting, they have been shown to retain these functions in the mature adult brain, in relation to plastic processes and cognitive abilities. NCAMs are able to interact among themselves (homophilic binding) as well as with other molecules (heterophilic binding). Furthermore, they are the sole molecule of the central nervous system undergoing polysialylation. Most interestingly polysialylated and non-polysialylated NCAMs display opposite properties. The precise contributions each of these characteristics brings in the regulations of synaptic and cellular plasticity in relation to cognitive processes in the adult brain are not yet fully understood. With the aim of deciphering the specific involvement of each interaction, recent developments led to the generation of NCAM mimetic peptides that recapitulate identified binding properties of NCAM. The present review focuses on the information such advances have provided in the understanding of NCAM contribution to cognitive function.
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