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Dai Y, Zhong Y, Pan R, Yuan L, Fu Y, Chen Y, Du J, Li M, Wang X, Liu H, Shi C, Liu G, Zhu P, Shimeld S, Zhou X, Li G. Evolutionary origin of the chordate nervous system revealed by amphioxus developmental trajectories. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1693-1710. [PMID: 39025981 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The common ancestor of all vertebrates had a highly sophisticated nervous system, but questions remain about the evolution of vertebrate neural cell types. The amphioxus, a chordate that diverged before the origin of vertebrates, can inform vertebrate evolution. Here we develop and analyse a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset from seven amphioxus embryo stages to understand chordate cell type evolution and to study vertebrate neural cell type origins. We identified many new amphioxus cell types, including homologues to the vertebrate hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, rooting the evolutionary origin of these structures. On the basis of ancestor-descendant reconstruction of cell trajectories of the amphioxus and other species, we inferred expression dynamics of transcription factor genes throughout embryogenesis and identified three ancient developmental routes forming chordate neurons. We characterized cell specification at the mechanistic level and generated mutant lines to examine the function of five key transcription factors involved in neural specification. Our results show three developmental origins for the vertebrate nervous system: an anterior FoxQ2-dependent mechanism that is deeply conserved in invertebrates, a less-conserved route leading to more posterior neurons in the vertebrate spinal cord and a mechanism for specifying neuromesoderm progenitors that is restricted to chordates. The evolution of neuromesoderm progenitors may have led to a dramatic shift in posterior neural and mesodermal cell fate decisions and the body elongation process in a stem chordate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yongheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gaoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Pingfen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xuming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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López-González L, Martínez-de-la-Torre M, Puelles L. Populational heterogeneity and partial migratory origin of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: genoarchitectonic analysis in the mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:537-576. [PMID: 36598560 PMCID: PMC9944059 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) is one of the most distinctive hypothalamic tuberal structures, subject of numerous classic and modern functional studies. Commonly, the adult VMH has been divided in several portions, attending to differences in cell aggregation, cell type, connectivity, and function. Consensus VMH partitions in the literature comprise the dorsomedial (VMHdm), and ventrolateral (VMHvl) subnuclei, which are separated by an intermediate or central (VMHc) population (topographic names based on the columnar axis). However, some recent transcriptome analyses have identified a higher number of different cell types in the VMH, suggesting additional subdivisions, as well as the possibility of separate origins. We offer a topologic and genoarchitectonic developmental study of the mouse VMH complex using the prosomeric axis as a reference. We analyzed genes labeling specific VMH subpopulations, with particular focus upon the Nkx2.2 transcription factor, a marker of the alar-basal boundary territory of the prosencephalon, from where some cells seem to migrate dorsoventrally into VMH. We also identified separate neuroepithelial origins of a Nr2f1-positive subpopulation, and a new Six3-positive component, as well as subtle differences in origin of Nr5a1 positive versus Nkx2.2-positive cell populations entering dorsoventrally the VMH. Several of these migrating cell types are born in the dorsal tuberal domain and translocate ventralwards to reach the intermediate tuberal domain, where the adult VMH mass is located in the adult. This work provides a more detailed area map on the intrinsic organization of the postmigratory VMH complex, helpful for deeper functional studies of this basal hypothalamic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara López-González
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Margaret Martínez-de-la-Torre
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, El Palmar, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Diaz C, de la Torre MM, Rubenstein JLR, Puelles L. Dorsoventral Arrangement of Lateral Hypothalamus Populations in the Mouse Hypothalamus: a Prosomeric Genoarchitectonic Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:687-731. [PMID: 36357614 PMCID: PMC9849321 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has a heterogeneous cytoarchitectonic organization that has not been elucidated in detail. In this work, we analyzed within the framework of the prosomeric model the differential expression pattern of 59 molecular markers along the ventrodorsal dimension of the medial forebrain bundle in the mouse, considering basal and alar plate subregions of the LH. We found five basal (LH1-LH5) and four alar (LH6-LH9) molecularly distinct sectors of the LH with neuronal cell groups that correlate in topography with previously postulated alar and basal hypothalamic progenitor domains. Most peptidergic populations were restricted to one of these LH sectors though some may have dispersed into a neighboring sector. For instance, histaminergic Hdc-positive neurons were mostly contained within the basal LH3, Nts (neurotensin)- and Tac2 (tachykinin 2)-expressing cells lie strictly within LH4, Hcrt (hypocretin/orexin)-positive and Pmch (pro-melanin-concentrating hormone)-positive neurons appeared within separate LH5 subdivisions, Pnoc (prepronociceptin)-expressing cells were mainly restricted to LH6, and Sst (somatostatin)-positive cells were identified within the LH7 sector. The alar LH9 sector, a component of the Foxg1-positive telencephalo-opto-hypothalamic border region, selectively contained Satb2-expressing cells. Published studies of rodent LH subdivisions have not described the observed pattern. Our genoarchitectonic map should aid in systematic approaches to elucidate LH connectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Margaret Martinez de la Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Medical School, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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4
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Mazan S, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. Developmental genoarchitectonics as a key tool to interpret the mature anatomy of the chondrichthyan hypothalamus according to the prosomeric model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:901451. [PMID: 35991967 PMCID: PMC9385951 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.901451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key vertebrate brain region involved in survival and physiological functions. Understanding hypothalamic organization and evolution is important to deciphering many aspects of vertebrate biology. Recent comparative studies based on gene expression patterns have proposed the existence of hypothalamic histogenetic domains (paraventricular, TPa/PPa; subparaventricular, TSPa/PSPa; tuberal, Tu/RTu; perimamillary, PM/PRM; and mamillary, MM/RM), revealing conserved evolutionary trends. To shed light on the functional relevance of these histogenetic domains, this work aims to interpret the location of developed cell groups according to the prosomeric model in the hypothalamus of the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a representative of Chondrichthyans (the sister group of Osteichthyes, at the base of the gnathostome lineage). To this end, we review in detail the expression patterns of ScOtp, ScDlx2, and ScPitx2, as well as Pax6-immunoreactivity in embryos at stage 32, when the morphology of the adult catshark hypothalamus is already organized. We also propose homologies with mammals when possible. This study provides a comprehensive tool to better understand previous and novel data on hypothalamic development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Santos-Durán
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS-UMR 7232, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Océanologique, Paris, France
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eva Candal,
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5
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Self-organization of human dorsal-ventral forebrain structures by light induced SHH. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6768. [PMID: 34799555 PMCID: PMC8604999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizing centers secrete morphogens that specify the emergence of germ layers and the establishment of the body's axes during embryogenesis. While traditional experimental embryology tools have been instrumental in dissecting the molecular aspects of organizers in model systems, they are impractical in human in-vitro model systems to dissect the relationships between signaling and fate along embryonic coordinates. To systematically study human embryonic organizer centers, we devised a collection of optogenetic ePiggyBac vectors to express a photoactivatable Cre-loxP recombinase, that allows the systematic induction of organizer structures by shining blue-light on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We used a light stimulus to geometrically confine SHH expression in neuralizing hESCs. This led to the self-organization of mediolateral neural patterns. scRNA-seq analysis established that these structures represent the dorsal-ventral forebrain, at the end of the first month of development. Here, we show that morphogen light-stimulation is a scalable tool that induces self-organizing centers.
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6
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López JM, Jiménez S, Morona R, Lozano D, Moreno N. Analysis of Islet-1, Nkx2.1, Pax6, and Orthopedia in the forebrain of the sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus identifies conserved prosomeric characteristics. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:834-855. [PMID: 34547112 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distribution patterns of a set of conserved brain developmental regulatory transcription factors were analyzed in the forebrain of the basal actinopterygian fish Acipenser ruthenus, consistent with the prosomeric model. In the telencephalon, the pallium was characterized by ventricular expression of Pax6. In the subpallium, the combined expression of Nkx2.1/Islet-1 (Isl1) allowed to propose ventral and dorsal areas, as the septo-pallidal (Nkx2.1/Isl1+) and striatal derivatives (Isl1+), respectively, and a dorsal portion of the striatal derivatives, ventricularly rich in Pax6 and devoid of Isl1 expression. Dispersed Orthopedia (Otp) cells were found in the supracommissural and posterior nuclei of the ventral telencephalon, related to the medial portion of the amygdaloid complex. The preoptic area was identified by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression. In the alar hypothalamus, an Otp-expressing territory, lacking Nkx2.1/Isl1, was identified as the paraventricular domain. The adjacent subparaventricular domain (Spa) was subdivided in a rostral territory expressing Nkx2.1 and an Isl1+ caudal one. In the basal hypothalamus, the tuberal region was defined by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression and a rostral Otp-expressing domain was identified. Moreover, the Otp/Nkx2.1 combination showed an additional zone lacking Isl1, tentatively identified as the mamillary area. In the diencephalon, both Pax6 and Isl1 defined the prethalamic domain, and within the basal prosomere 3, scattered Pax6- and Isl1-expressing cells were observed in the posterior tubercle. Finally, a small group of Pax6 cells was observed in the pretectal area. These results improve the understanding of the forebrain evolution and demonstrate that its basic bauplan is present very early in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Zhou X, Risold PY, Alvarez-Bolado G. Development of the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101997. [PMID: 34182088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years we assist to an unexpected deluge of genomic data on hypothalamic development and structure. Perhaps most surprisingly, the Lateral Zone has received much attention too. The new information focuses first of all on transcriptional heterogeneity. Many already known and a number of hitherto unknown lateral hypothalamic neurons have been described to an enormous degree of detail. Maybe the most surprising novel discoveries are two: First, some restricted regions of the embryonic forebrain neuroepithelium generate specific LHA neurons, either GABAergic or glutamatergic. Second, evidence is mounting that supports the existence of numerous kinds of "bilingual" lateral hypothalamic neurons, expressing (and releasing) glutamate and GABA both as well as assorted neuropeptides. This is not accepted by all, and it could be that genomic researchers need a common set of rules to interpret their data (sensitivity, significance, age of analysis). In any case, some of the new results appear to confirm hypotheses about the ability of the hypothalamus and in particular its Lateral Zone to achieve physiological flexibility on a fixed connectivity ("biochemical switching"). Furthermore, the results succinctly reviewed here are the basis for future advances, since the transcriptional databases generated can now be mined e.g. for adhesion genes, to figure out the causes of the peculiar histology of the Lateral Zone; or for ion channel genes, to clarify present and future electrophysiological data. And with the specific expression data about small subpopulations of neurons, their connections can now be specifically labeled, revealing novel relations with functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlei Zhou
- Dept. Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA481, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- Dept. Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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López-González L, Alonso A, García-Calero E, de Puelles E, Puelles L. Tangential Intrahypothalamic Migration of the Mouse Ventral Premamillary Nucleus and Fgf8 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676121. [PMID: 34095148 PMCID: PMC8170039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tuberal hypothalamic ventral premamillary nucleus (VPM) described in mammals links olfactory and metabolic cues with mating behavior and is involved in the onset of puberty. We offer here descriptive and experimental evidence on a migratory phase in the development of this structure in mice at E12.5–E13.5. Its cells originate at the retromamillary area (RM) and then migrate tangentially rostralward, eschewing the mamillary body, and crossing the molecularly distinct perimamillary band, until they reach a definitive relatively superficial ventral tuberal location. Corroborating recent transcriptomic studies reporting a variety of adult glutamatergic cell types in the VPM, and different projections in the adult, we found that part of this population heterogeneity emerges already early in development, during tangential migration, in the form of differential gene expression properties of at least 2–3 mixed populations possibly derived from subtly different parts of the RM. These partly distribute differentially in the core and shell parts of the final VPM. Since there is a neighboring acroterminal source of Fgf8, and Fgfr2 is expressed at the early RM, we evaluated a possible influence of Fgf8 signal on VPM development using hypomorphic Fgf8neo/null embryos. These results suggested a trophic role of Fgf8 on RM and all cells migrating tangentially out of this area (VPM and the subthalamic nucleus), leading in hypomorphs to reduced cellularity after E15.5 without alteration of the migrations proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara López-González
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena García-Calero
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo de Puelles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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9
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Jager P, Moore G, Calpin P, Durmishi X, Salgarella I, Menage L, Kita Y, Wang Y, Kim DW, Blackshaw S, Schultz SR, Brickley S, Shimogori T, Delogu A. Dual midbrain and forebrain origins of thalamic inhibitory interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:e59272. [PMID: 33522480 PMCID: PMC7906600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of inhibitory interneurons in the thalamus of primates contrasts with the sparsity of interneurons reported in mice. Here, we identify a larger than expected complexity and distribution of interneurons across the mouse thalamus, where all thalamic interneurons can be traced back to two developmental programmes: one specified in the midbrain and the other in the forebrain. Interneurons migrate to functionally distinct thalamocortical nuclei depending on their origin: the abundant, midbrain-derived class populates the first and higher order sensory thalamus while the rarer, forebrain-generated class is restricted to some higher order associative regions. We also observe that markers for the midbrain-born class are abundantly expressed throughout the thalamus of the New World monkey marmoset. These data therefore reveal that, despite the broad variability in interneuron density across mammalian species, the blueprint of the ontogenetic organisation of thalamic interneurons of larger-brained mammals exists and can be studied in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Jager
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gerald Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Padraic Calpin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Xhuljana Durmishi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Irene Salgarella
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy Menage
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Yan Wang
- RIKEN, Center for Brain Science (CBS)SaitamaJapan
| | - Dong Won Kim
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Simon R Schultz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brickley
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Alessio Delogu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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10
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Puelles L, Diaz C, Stühmer T, Ferran JL, Martínez‐de la Torre M, Rubenstein JLR. LacZ-reporter mapping of Dlx5/6 expression and genoarchitectural analysis of the postnatal mouse prethalamus. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:367-420. [PMID: 32420617 PMCID: PMC7671952 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0-P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdivisions and corresponding nuclear derivatives, in the context of local tract landmarks. The study used as fundamental material brains from a transgenic mouse line that expresses LacZ under the control of an intragenic enhancer of Dlx5 and Dlx6 (Dlx5/6-LacZ). Subtle shadings of LacZ signal, jointly with pan-DLX immunoreaction, and several other ancillary protein or RNA markers, including Calb2 and Nkx2.2 ISH (for the prethalamic eminence, and derivatives of the rostral zona limitans shell domain, respectively) were mapped across the prethalamus. The resulting model of the prethalamic region postulates tetrapartite rostrocaudal and dorsoventral subdivisions, as well as a tripartite radial stratification, each cell population showing a characteristic molecular profile. Some novel nuclei are proposed, and some instances of potential tangential cell migration were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB‐Arrixaca InstituteUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological DisabilitiesUniversity of Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - Thorsten Stühmer
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of PsychiatryUCSF Medical SchoolSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - José L. Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB‐Arrixaca InstituteUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | | | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of PsychiatryUCSF Medical SchoolSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Garcia-Calero E, López-González L, Martínez-de-la-Torre M, Fan CM, Puelles L. Sim1-expressing cells illuminate the origin and course of migration of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract in the mouse amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:519-562. [PMID: 33492553 PMCID: PMC7910384 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We focus this report on the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT), a superficial amygdalar nucleus receiving olfactory input. Mixed with its Tbr1-expressing layer 2 pyramidal cell population (NLOT2), there are Sim1-expressing cells whose embryonic origin and mode of arrival remain unclear. We examined this population with Sim1-ISH and a Sim1-tauLacZ mouse line. An alar hypothalamic origin is apparent at the paraventricular area, which expresses Sim1 precociously. This progenitor area shows at E10.5 a Sim1-expressing dorsal prolongation that crosses the telencephalic stalk and follows the terminal sulcus, reaching the caudomedial end of the pallial amygdala. We conceive this Sim1-expressing hypothalamo-amygdalar corridor (HyA) as an evaginated part of the hypothalamic paraventricular area, which participates in the production of Sim1-expressing cells. From E13.5 onwards, Sim1-expressing cells migrated via the HyA penetrate the posterior pallial amygdalar radial unit and associate therein to the incipient Tbr1-expressing migration stream which swings medially past the amygdalar anterior basolateral nucleus (E15.5), crosses the pallio-subpallial boundary (E16.5), and forms the NLOT2 within the anterior amygdala by E17.5. We conclude that the Tbr1-expressing NLOT2 cells arise strictly within the posterior pallial amygdalar unit, involving a variety of required gene functions we discuss. Our results are consistent with the experimental data on NLOT2 origin reported by Remedios et al. (Nat Neurosci 10:1141–1150, 2007), but we disagree on their implication in this process of the dorsal pallium, observed to be distant from the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garcia-Calero
- University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lara López-González
- University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca Institute of Biomedical Research, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Sheng JA, Bales NJ, Myers SA, Bautista AI, Roueinfar M, Hale TM, Handa RJ. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601939. [PMID: 33519393 PMCID: PMC7838595 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can further result in long-term alterations in neuropeptide and neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system, as well as glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the periphery. Together, these changes can potentially lead to a disruption in neuroendocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic functions in adulthood. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the HPA axis and its development. We will also examine the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disruption of the normal fetal environment which becomes a major risk factor for many neurodevelopmental pathologies in adulthood, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta A. Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Natalie J. Bales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sage A. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna I. Bautista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mina Roueinfar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Taben M. Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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13
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Diaz C, Puelles L. Developmental Genes and Malformations in the Hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:607111. [PMID: 33324176 PMCID: PMC7726113 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.607111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a heterogeneous rostral forebrain region that regulates physiological processes essential for survival, energy metabolism, and reproduction, mainly mediated by the pituitary gland. In the updated prosomeric model, the hypothalamus represents the rostralmost forebrain, composed of two segmental regions (terminal and peduncular hypothalamus), which extend respectively into the non-evaginated preoptic telencephalon and the evaginated pallio-subpallial telencephalon. Complex genetic cascades of transcription factors and signaling molecules rule their development. Alterations of some of these molecular mechanisms acting during forebrain development are associated with more or less severe hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctions, which may be associated with brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly or septo-optic dysplasia. Studies on transgenic mice with mutated genes encoding critical transcription factors implicated in hypothalamic-pituitary development are contributing to understanding the high clinical complexity of these pathologies. In this review article, we will analyze first the complex molecular genoarchitecture of the hypothalamus resulting from the activity of previous morphogenetic signaling centers and secondly some malformations related to alterations in genes implicated in the development of the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Murcia-Ramón R, Company V, Juárez-Leal I, Andreu-Cervera A, Almagro-García F, Martínez S, Echevarría D, Puelles E. Neuronal tangential migration from Nkx2.1-positive hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2857-2869. [PMID: 33145610 PMCID: PMC7674375 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system, the immature neurons suffer different migration processes. It is well known that Nkx2.1-positive ventricular layer give rise to critical tangential migrations into different regions of the developing forebrain. Our aim was to study this phenomenon in the hypothalamic region. With this purpose, we used a transgenic mouse line that expresses the tdTomato reporter driven by the promotor of Nkx2.1. Analysing the Nkx2.1-positive derivatives at E18.5, we found neural contributions to the prethalamic region, mainly in the zona incerta and in the mes-diencephalic tegmental region. We studied the developing hypothalamus along the embryonic period. From E10.5 we detected that the Nkx2.1 expression domain was narrower than the reporter distribution. Therefore, the Nkx2.1 expression fades in a great number of the early-born neurons from the Nkx2.1-positive territory. At the most caudal positive part, we detected a thin stream of positive neurons migrating caudally into the mes-diencephalic tegmental region using time-lapse experiments on open neural tube explants. Late in development, we found a second migratory stream into the prethalamic territory. All these tangentially migrated neurons developed a gabaergic phenotype. In summary, we have described the contribution of interneurons from the Nkx2.1-positive hypothalamic territory into two different rostrocaudal territories: the mes-diencephalic reticular formation through a caudal tangential migration and the prethalamic zona incerta complex through a dorsocaudal tangential migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Murcia-Ramón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Verónica Company
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Iris Juárez-Leal
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisca Almagro-García
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarría
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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15
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Schredelseker T, Veit F, Dorsky RI, Driever W. Bsx Is Essential for Differentiation of Multiple Neuromodulatory Cell Populations in the Secondary Prosencephalon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:525. [PMID: 32581684 PMCID: PMC7290237 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is characterized by great neuronal diversity, with many neuropeptides and other neuromodulators being expressed within its multiple anatomical domains. The regulatory networks directing hypothalamic development have been studied in detail, but, for many neuron types, control of differentiation is still not understood. The highly conserved Brain-specific homeobox (Bsx) transcription factor has previously been described in regulating Agrp and Npy expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) in mice. While Bsx is expressed in many more subregions of both tuberal and mamillary hypothalamus, the functions therein are not known. Using genetic analyses in zebrafish, we show that most bsx expression domains are dependent on Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.4 homeodomain transcription factors, while a subset depends on Otp. We show that the anatomical pattern of the ventral forebrain appears normal in bsx mutants, but that Bsx is necessary for the expression of many neuropeptide encoding genes, including agrp, penka, vip, trh, npb, and nts, in distinct hypothalamic anatomical domains. We also found Bsx to be critical for normal expression of two Crh family members, crhb and uts1, as well as crhbp, in the hypothalamus and the telencephalic septal region. Furthermore, we demonstrate a crucial role for Bsx in serotonergic, histaminergic and nitrergic neuron development in the hypothalamus. We conclude that Bsx is critical for the terminal differentiation of multiple neuromodulatory cell types in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schredelseker
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Florian Veit
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Richard I Dorsky
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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16
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Toval A, Vicente-Conesa F, Martínez-Ortega P, Kutsenko Y, Morales-Delgado N, Garrigos D, Alonso A, Ribeiro Do Couto B, Popović M, Ferran JL. Hypothalamic Crh/ Avp, Plasmatic Glucose and Lactate Remain Unchanged During Habituation to Forced Exercise. Front Physiol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32499715 PMCID: PMC7243680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that physical activity contributes to a healthier life. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the neural mechanisms producing these effects. One of the keystones to deal with this problem is to use training programs with equal loads of physical activity. However, irregular motor and stress responses have been found in murine exercise models. Habituation to forced exercise facilitates a complete response to a training program in all rodents, reaching the same load of physical activity among animals. Here, it was evaluated if glucose and lactate - which are stress biomarkers - are increased during the habituation to exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats received an 8-days habituation protocol with progressive increments of time and speed of running. Then, experimental and control (non-habituated) rats were subjected to an incremental test. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasmatic glucose and lactate levels before, immediately after and 30 min after each session of training. Crh and Avp mRNA expression was determined by two-step qPCR. Our results revealed that glucose and lactate levels are not increased during the habituation period and tend to decrease toward the end of the protocol. Also, Crh and Avp were not chronically activated by the habituation program. Lactate and glucose, determined after the incremental test, were higher in control rats without previous contact with the wheel, compared with habituated and wheel control rats. These results suggest that the implementation of an adaptive phase prior to forced exercise programs might avoid non-specific stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente-Conesa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Ortega
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miroljub Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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17
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Schredelseker T, Driever W. Conserved Genoarchitecture of the Basal Hypothalamus in Zebrafish Embryos. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 32116574 PMCID: PMC7016197 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of genoarchitecture recently stimulated substantial revisions of anatomical models for the developing hypothalamus in mammalian and other vertebrate systems. The prosomeric model proposes the hypothalamus to be derived from the secondary prosencephalon, and to consist of alar and basal regions. The basal hypothalamus can further be subdivided into tuberal and mamillary regions, each with distinct subregions. Albeit being a widely used model system for neurodevelopmental studies, no detailed genoarchitectural maps exist for the zebrafish (Danio rerio) hypothalamus. Here, we compare expression domains of zebrafish genes, including arxa, shha, otpa, isl1, lhx5, nkx2.1, nkx2.2a, pax6, and dlx5a, the orthologs of which delimit specific subregions within the murine basal hypothalamus. We develop the highly conserved brain-specific homeobox (bsx) gene as a novel marker for genoarchitectural analysis of hypothalamic regions. Our comparison of gene expression patterns reveals that the genoarchitecture of the basal hypothalamus in zebrafish embryos 48 hours post fertilization is highly similar to mouse embryos at E13.5. We found the tuberal hypothalamus in zebrafish embryos to be relatively large and to comprise previously ill-defined regions around the posterior hypothalamic recess. The mamillary hypothalamus is smaller and concentrates to rather medial areas in proximity to the anterior end of the neural tube floor plate. Within the basal hypothalamus we identified longitudinal and transverse tuberal and mamillary subregions topologically equivalent to those previously described in other vertebrates. However, the hypothalamic diencephalic boundary region and the posterior tuberculum still provide a challenge. We applied the updated prosomeric model to the developing zebrafish hypothalamus to facilitate cross-species comparisons. Accordingly, we applied the mammalian nomenclature of hypothalamic organization to zebrafish and propose it to replace some controversial previous nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schredelseker
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS and BIOSS - Centres for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS and BIOSS - Centres for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Longitudinal developmental analysis of prethalamic eminence derivatives in the chick by mapping of Tbr1 in situ expression. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:481-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Collins JE, White RJ, Staudt N, Sealy IM, Packham I, Wali N, Tudor C, Mazzeo C, Green A, Siragher E, Ryder E, White JK, Papatheodoru I, Tang A, Füllgrabe A, Billis K, Geyer SH, Weninger WJ, Galli A, Hemberger M, Stemple DL, Robertson E, Smith JC, Mohun T, Adams DJ, Busch-Nentwich EM. Common and distinct transcriptional signatures of mammalian embryonic lethality. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2792. [PMID: 31243271 PMCID: PMC6594971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders programme has analysed the morphological and molecular phenotypes of embryonic and perinatal lethal mouse mutant lines in order to investigate the causes of embryonic lethality. Here we show that individual whole-embryo RNA-seq of 73 mouse mutant lines (>1000 transcriptomes) identifies transcriptional events underlying embryonic lethality and associates previously uncharacterised genes with specific pathways and tissues. For example, our data suggest that Hmgxb3 is involved in DNA-damage repair and cell-cycle regulation. Further, we separate embryonic delay signatures from mutant line-specific transcriptional changes by developing a baseline mRNA expression catalogue of wild-type mice during early embryogenesis (4-36 somites). Analysis of transcription outside coding sequence identifies deregulation of repetitive elements in Morc2a mutants and a gene involved in gene-specific splicing. Collectively, this work provides a large scale resource to further our understanding of early embryonic developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Collins
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard J White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nicole Staudt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ian M Sealy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ian Packham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Neha Wali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Tudor
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cecilia Mazzeo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Angela Green
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Siragher
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Irene Papatheodoru
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Amy Tang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Anja Füllgrabe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Konstantinos Billis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Stefan H Geyer
- Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Weninger
- Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Camena Bioscience, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Robertson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - James C Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Timothy Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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20
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Qin C, Li J, Tang K. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3458-3472. [PMID: 30052854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main types of neurons, magnocellular, parvocellular, and long-projecting neurons, which play imperative roles in the regulation of energy balance and various endocrinological activities. In this review, we focus mainly on recent findings about the early development of the hypothalamus and the PVH, the functions of the PVH in the modulation of energy homeostasis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and human diseases associated with the PVH, such as obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus. Thus, the investigations of the PVH will benefit not only understanding of the development of the central nervous system but also the etiology of and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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21
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Development of neuroendocrine neurons in the mammalian hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:23-39. [PMID: 29869716 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system consists of a heterogeneous collection of (mostly) neuropeptidergic neurons found in four hypothalamic nuclei and sharing the ability to secrete neurohormones (all of them neuropeptides except dopamine) into the bloodstream. There are, however, abundant hypothalamic non-neuroendocrine neuropeptidergic neurons developing in parallel with the neuroendocrine system, so that both cannot be entirely disentangled. This heterogeneity results from the workings of a network of transcription factors many of which are already known. Olig2 and Fezf2 expressed in the progenitors, acting through mantle-expressed Otp and Sim1, Sim2 and Pou3f2 (Brn2), regulate production of magnocellular and anterior parvocellular neurons. Nkx2-1, Rax, Ascl1, Neurog3 and Dbx1 expressed in the progenitors, acting through mantle-expressed Isl1, Dlx1, Gsx1, Bsx, Hmx2/3, Ikzf1, Nr5a2 (LH-1) and Nr5a1 (SF-1) are responsible for tuberal parvocellular (arcuate nucleus) and other neuropeptidergic neurons. The existence of multiple progenitor domains whose progeny undergoes intricate tangential migrations as one source of complexity in the neuropeptidergic hypothalamus is the focus of much attention. How neurosecretory cells target axons to the medial eminence and posterior hypophysis is gradually becoming clear and exciting progress has been made on the mechanisms underlying neurovascular interface formation. While rat neuroanatomy and targeted mutations in mice have yielded fundamental knowledge about the neuroendocrine system in mammals, experiments on chick and zebrafish are providing key information about cellular and molecular mechanisms. Looking forward, data from every source will be necessary to unravel the ways in which the environment affects neuroendocrine development with consequences for adult health and disease.
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22
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Moreno N, López JM, Morona R, Lozano D, Jiménez S, González A. Comparative Analysis of Nkx2.1 and Islet-1 Expression in Urodele Amphibians and Lungfishes Highlights the Pattern of Forebrain Organization in Early Tetrapods. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:42. [PMID: 29867380 PMCID: PMC5968111 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression patterns of Nkx2.1 and Islet-1 (Isl1), which encode transcription factors that are key in the regionalization of the forebrain, were analyzed by combined immunohistochemical methods in young adult specimens of two lungfishes (Neoceratodus forsteri and Protopterus dolloi) and a urodele amphibian (Pleurodeles waltl). We aimed to get insights into the possible organization of the forebrain in the common ancestor of all tetrapods because of the pivotal phylogenetic significance of these two groups, being lungfishes the closest living relatives of tetrapods, and representing urodeles a model of simple brain organization with most shared features with amniotes. These transcription factors display regionally restricted expression domains in adult (juvenile) brains that are best interpreted according to the current prosomeric model. The regional patterns observed serve to identify regions and compare between the three species studied, and with previous data reported mainly for amniotes. We corroborate that Nkx2.1 and Isl1 expressions have very similar topologies in the forebrain. Common features in all sarcopterygians (lungfishes and tetrapods) have been observed, such as the Isl1 expression in most striatal neurons, whereas Nkx2.1 is restricted to migrated interneurons that reach the ventral pallium (VP). In the pallidal derivatives, the combination of both markers allows the identification of the boundaries between the ventral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the preoptic commissural region. In addition, the high Isl1 expression in the central amygdala (CeA), its boundary with the lateral amygdala (LA), and the scattered Nkx2.1 expression in the medial amygdala (MeA) are also shared features. The alar and basal hypothalamic territories, and the prethalamus and posterior tubercle (TP) in the diencephalon, have maintained a common pattern of expression. This regional distribution of Isl1 and Nkx2.1 observed in the forebrain of urodeles and lungfishes contributes further to our understanding of the first terrestrial vertebrates and their ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Puelles L, Tvrdik P, Martínez-de-la-torre M. The Postmigratory Alar Topography of Visceral Cranial Nerve Efferents Challenges the Classical Model of Hindbrain Columns. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:485-504. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, School of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - Petr Tvrdik
- Department of Neurosurgery-Physiology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Margaret Martínez-de-la-torre
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, School of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia 30071 Spain
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Basal Hypothalamus: Molecular Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29593505 PMCID: PMC5861214 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key integrative center of the vertebrate brain. To better understand its ancestral morphological organization and evolution, we previously analyzed the segmental organization of alar subdivisions in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a cartilaginous fish and thus a basal representative of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). With the same aim, we deepen here in the segmental organization of the catshark basal hypothalamus by revisiting previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScNkx2.1, ScShh expression and Shh immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScLhx5, ScEmx2, ScLmx1b, ScPitx2, ScPitx3a, ScFoxa1, ScFoxa2 and ScNeurog2 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. Our study reveals a complex genoarchitecture for chondrichthyan basal hypothalamus on which a total of 21 microdomains were identified. Six belong to the basal acroterminal region, the rostral-most point of the basal neural tube; seven are described in the tuberal region (Tu/RTu); four in the perimamillar region (PM/PRM) and four in the mamillar one (MM/RM). Interestingly, the same set of genes does not necessarily describe the same microdomains in mice, which in part contributes to explain how forebrain diversity is achieved. This study stresses the importance of analyzing data from basal vertebrates to better understand forebrain diversity and hypothalamic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- UMR7355, CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, UMR7232, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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25
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Yamamoto M, Takahashi Y. The Essential Role of SIRT1 in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:605. [PMID: 30405528 PMCID: PMC6205959 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system plays an essential role in the physiological adaptation to malnutrition. The adaptive response of various hormones directs the energy utilization toward the survival functions and away from growth and reproduction. Particularly, the hypothalamic pituitary axis plays an integral and a central role in the regulation of endocrine organs. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylase that is activated in response to calorie restriction (CR). SIRT1 is involved in cellular processes via the deacetylation of histone as well as various transcription factors and signal transduction molecules and thereby modulates the endocrine/metabolic functions. There is much evidence to demonstrate clearly that SIRT1 in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other target organs modifies the synthesis, secretion, and activities of hormones and in turn induces the adaptive responses. In this review, we discussed the role of SIRT1 in the hypothalamic pituitary axis and its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yamamoto
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yutaka Takahashi
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Alar Hypothalamus: Molecular Characterization of Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:113. [PMID: 27932958 PMCID: PMC5121248 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important physiologic center of the vertebrate brain involved in the elaboration of individual and species survival responses. To better understand the ancestral organization of the alar hypothalamus we revisit previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScTbr1, ScNkx2.1 expression and Pax6 immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScNeurog2, ScLhx9, ScLhx5, and ScNkx2.8 expression, in addition to immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and doublecortin (DCX) in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a key species for this purpose since cartilaginous fishes are basal representatives of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Our study revealed a complex genoarchitecture for the chondrichthyan alar hypothalamus. We identified terminal (rostral) and peduncular (caudal) subdivisions in the prosomeric paraventricular and subparaventricular areas (TPa/PPa and TSPa/PSPa, respectively) evidenced by the expression pattern of developmental genes like ScLhx5 (TPa) and immunoreactivity against Pax6 (PSPa) and 5-HT (PPa and PSPa). Dorso-ventral subdivisions were only evidenced in the SPa (SPaD, SPaV; respectively) by means of Pax6 and ScNkx2.8 (respectively). Interestingly, ScNkx2.8 expression overlaps over the alar-basal boundary, as Nkx2.2 does in other vertebrates. Our results reveal evidences for the existence of different groups of tangentially migrated cells expressing ScOtp, Pax6, and ScDlx2. The genoarchitectonic comparative analysis suggests alternative interpretations of the rostral-most alar plate in prosomeric terms and reveals a conserved molecular background for the vertebrate alar hypothalamus likely acquired before/during the agnathan-gnathostome transition, on which Otp, Pax6, Lhx5, and Neurog2 are expressed in the Pa while Dlx and Nkx2.2/Nkx2.8 are expressed in the SPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- CNRS, UMR 7355, University of Orleans Orleans, France
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS UMR7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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27
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Zhang Y, Alvarez-Bolado G. Differential developmental strategies by Sonic hedgehog in thalamus and hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Gao Y, Sun T. Molecular regulation of hypothalamic development and physiological functions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4275-85. [PMID: 26223804 PMCID: PMC4733441 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is composed of many heterogeneous nuclei that control distinct physiological functions. Investigating molecular mechanisms that regulate the specification of these nuclei and specific neuronal subtypes, and their contribution to diverse hypothalamic functions, is an exciting research focus. Here, we begin by summarizing the hypothalamic functions of feeding regulation, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and circadian rhythm, and describing their anatomical bases. Next, we review the molecular regulation of formation of hypothalamic territories, specification of nuclei and subnuclei, and generation of specific neurons. Finally, we highlight physiological and behavioral consequences of altered hypothalamic development. Identifying molecules that regulate hypothalamic development and function will increase our understanding of hypothalamus-related disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, and aid in the development of therapies aimed specifically at their etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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29
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Ferran JL, Puelles L, Rubenstein JLR. Molecular codes defining rostrocaudal domains in the embryonic mouse hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:46. [PMID: 25941476 PMCID: PMC4400913 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosomeric model proposes that the hypothalamus is a rostral forebrain entity, placed ventral to the telencephalon and rostral to the diencephalon. Gene expression markers differentially label molecularly distinct dorsoventral progenitor domains, which represent continuous longitudinal bands across the hypothalamic alar and basal regions. There is also circumstantial support for a rostrocaudal subdivision of the hypothalamus into transverse peduncular (caudal) and terminal (rostral) territories (PHy, THy). In addition, there is evidence for a specialized acroterminal domain at the rostral midline of the terminal hypothalamus (ATD). The PHy and THy transverse structural units are presently held to form part of two hypothalamo-telencephalic prosomeres (hp1 and hp2, respectively), which end dorsally at the telencephalic septocommissural roof. PHy and THy have distinct adult nuclei, at all dorsoventral levels. Here we report the results of data mining from the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas database, looking for genes expressed differentially in the PHy, Thy, and ATD regions of the hypothalamus at several developmental stages. This search allowed us to identify additional molecular evidence supporting the postulated fundamental rostrocaudal bipartition of the mouse hypothalamus into the PHy and THy, and also corroborated molecularly the singularity of the ATD. A number of markers were expressed in Thy (Fgf15, Gsc, Nkx6.2, Otx1, Zic1/5), but were absent in PHy, while other genes showed the converse pattern (Erbb4, Irx1/3/5, Lmo4, Mfap4, Plagl1, Pmch). We also identified markers that selectively label the ATD (Fgf8/10/18, Otx2, Pomc, Rax, Six6). On the whole, these data help to explain why, irrespective of the observed continuity of all dorsoventral molecular hypothalamic subdivisions across PHy and THy, different nuclear structures originate within each of these two domains, and also why singular structures arise at the ATD, e.g., the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the arcuate nucleus, the median eminence and the neurohypophysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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Santos-Durán GN, Menuet A, Lagadec R, Mayeur H, Ferreiro-Galve S, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. Prosomeric organization of the hypothalamus in an elasmobranch, the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 25904850 PMCID: PMC4389657 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus has been a central topic in neuroanatomy because of its important physiological functions, but its mature organization remains elusive. Deciphering its embryonic and adult organization is crucial in an evolutionary approach of the organization of the vertebrate forebrain. Here we studied the molecular organization of the hypothalamus and neighboring telencephalic domains in a cartilaginous fish, the catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula, focusing on ScFoxg1a, ScShh, ScNkx2.1, ScDlx2/5, ScOtp, and ScTbr1 expression profiles and on the identification α-acetylated-tubulin-immunoreactive (ir), TH-ir, 5-HT-ir, and GFAP-ir structures by means of immunohistochemistry. Analysis of the results within the updated prosomeric model framework support the existence of alar and basal histogenetic compartments in the hypothalamus similar to those described in the mouse, suggesting the ancestrality of these subdivisions in jawed vertebrates. These data provide new insights into hypothalamic organization in cartilaginous fishes and highlight the generality of key features of the prosomeric model in jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans UMR7355, Orleans, France
| | - Ronan Lagadec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR2424, Development and Evolution of Vertebrates Group, Sorbonne Universités - Université Pierre et Marie Curie Roscoff, France
| | - Hélène Mayeur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR2424, Development and Evolution of Vertebrates Group, Sorbonne Universités - Université Pierre et Marie Curie Roscoff, France
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR2424, Development and Evolution of Vertebrates Group, Sorbonne Universités - Université Pierre et Marie Curie Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR2424, Development and Evolution of Vertebrates Group, Sorbonne Universités - Université Pierre et Marie Curie Roscoff, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Domínguez L, González A, Moreno N. Patterns of hypothalamic regionalization in amphibians and reptiles: common traits revealed by a genoarchitectonic approach. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25691860 PMCID: PMC4315040 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies in mammals and birds have demonstrated common patterns of hypothalamic development highlighted by the combination of developmental regulatory genes (genoarchitecture), supporting the notion of the hypothalamus as a component of the secondary prosencephalon, topologically rostral to the diencephalon. In our comparative analysis we have summarized the data on the expression patterns of different transcription factors and neuroactive substances, used as anatomical markers, in the developing hypothalamus of the amphibian Xenopus laevis and the juvenile turtle Pseudemys scripta. This analysis served to highlight the organization of the hypothalamus in the anamniote/amniotic transition. We have identified supraoptoparaventricular and the suprachiasmatic regions (SCs) in the alar part of the hypothalamus, and tuberal and mammillary regions in the basal hypothalamus. Shared features in the two species are: (1) The supraoptoparaventricular region (SPV) is defined by the expression of Otp and the lack of Nkx2.1/Isl1. It is subdivided into rostral, rich in Otp and Nkx2.2, and caudal, only Otp-positive, portions. (2) The suprachiasmatic area contains catecholaminergic cell groups and lacks Otp, and can be further divided into rostral (rich in Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2) and a caudal (rich in Isl1 and devoid of Nkx2.1) portions. (3) Expression of Nkx2.1 and Isl1 define the tuberal hypothalamus and only the rostral portion expresses Otp. (4) Its caudal boundary is evident by the lack of Isl1 in the adjacent mammillary region, which expresses Nkx2.1 and Otp. Differences in the anamnio-amniote transition were noted since in the turtle, like in other amniotes, the boundary between the alar hypothalamus and the telencephalic preoptic area shows distinct Nkx2.2 and Otp expressions but not in the amphibian (anamniote), and the alar SPV is defined by the expression of Otp/Pax6, whereas in Xenopus only Otp is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Díaz C, Morales-Delgado N, Puelles L. Ontogenesis of peptidergic neurons within the genoarchitectonic map of the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:162. [PMID: 25628541 PMCID: PMC4290630 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, the hypothalamic primordium undergoes anteroposterior and dorsoventral regionalization into diverse progenitor domains, each characterized by a differential gene expression code. The types of neurons produced selectively in each of these distinct progenitor domains are still poorly understood. Recent analysis of the ontogeny of peptidergic neuronal populations expressing Sst, Ghrh, Crh and Trh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus showed that these cell types originate from particular dorsoventral domains, characterized by specific combinations of gene markers. Such analysis implies that the differentiation of diverse peptidergic cell populations depends on the molecular environment where they are born. Moreover, a number of these peptidergic neurons were observed to migrate radially and/or tangentially, invading different adult locations, often intermingled with other cell types. This suggests that a developmental approach is absolutely necessary for the understanding of their adult distribution. In this essay, we examine comparatively the ontogenetic hypothalamic topography of twelve additional peptidergic populations documented in the Allen Developmental Mouse Brain Atlas, and discuss shared vs. variant aspects in their apparent origins, migrations and final distribution, in the context of the respective genoarchitectonic backgrounds. This analysis should aid ulterior attempts to explain causally the development of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus, and contribute to our understanding of its topographic complexity in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
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