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Cantero-García N, Flores-Burgess A, Pineda-Gómez JP, Orio L, Serrano A, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Millón C. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1−15) reduces alcohol seeking and alcohol relapse in rats: Involvement of mesocorticolimbic system. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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2
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
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Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111826. [PMID: 35681521 PMCID: PMC9180493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.
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Zhang R, Li D, Mao H, Wei X, Xu M, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Wang C, Xin Q, Chen X, Li G, Ji B, Yan M, Cai X, Dong B, Randeva HS, Liu C, Chen J. Disruption of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor and orexin receptor 1 heterodimer formation affects novel G protein-dependent signaling pathways and has antidepressant effects in vivo. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:122. [PMID: 35338110 PMCID: PMC8956632 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers are new targets for the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence supports the importance of serotonergic and orexin-producing neurons in numerous physiological processes, possibly via a crucial interaction between 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and orexin receptor 1 (OX1R). However, little is known about the function of 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers. It is unclear how the transmembrane domains (TMs) of the dimer affect its function and whether its modulation mediates antidepressant-like effects. Here, we examined the mechanism of 5-HT1AR/OX1R dimerization and downstream G protein-dependent signaling. We found that 5-HT1AR and OX1R form constitutive heterodimers that induce novel G protein-dependent signaling, and that this heterodimerization does not affect recruitment of β-arrestins to the complex. In addition, we found that the structural interface of the active 5-HT1AR/OX1R dimer transforms from TM4/TM5 in the basal state to TM6 in the active conformation. We also used mutation analyses to identify key residues at the interface (5-HT1AR R1514.40, 5-HT1AR Y1985.41, and OX1R L2305.54). Injection of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats with TM4/TM5 peptides improved their depression-like emotional status and decreased the number of endogenous 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers in the rat brain. These antidepressant effects may be mediated by upregulation of BDNF levels and enhanced phosphorylation and activation of CREB in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. This study provides evidence that 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers are involved in the pathological process of depression. Peptides including TMs of the 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimer interface are candidates for the development of compounds with fast-acting antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dandan Li
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaonan Wei
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - MingDong Xu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qing Xin
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Guorong Li
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Cai
- grid.268079.20000 0004 1790 6079Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bo Dong
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110478. [PMID: 34801611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood disorders on the patients themselves, they challenge the health care system with enormous social and economic impacts. Due to the high proportion of patients not responding to existing drugs, finding new treatment strategies has become an important topic in neurobiology, and there is much evidence that neuropeptides are not only involved in the physiology of stress but may also be clinically important. Based on preclinical trial data, new neuropharmaceutical candidates may target neuropeptides and their receptors and are expected to be essential and valuable tools in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the current article, we have summarized data obtained from animal models of depressive disorder and transgenic mouse models. We also focus on previously published research data of clinical studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stress research fields.
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The Combination of Galanin (1–15) and Escitalopram in Rats Suggests a New Strategy for Alcohol Use Disorder Comorbidity with Depression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020412. [PMID: 35203621 PMCID: PMC8962322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent, and over 50% of AUD patients also suffer major depressive disorders. Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can reduce rodent ethanol drinking but exert modest clinical efficacy in alcoholic individuals. Finding new pharmacological strategies that could modulate alcohol consumption and depression is necessary. We have analyzed the effect of Galanin (1–15) [GAL(1–15)] on escitalopram (ESC)-mediated effect in alcohol consumption using the alcohol self-administration test, the nuclei involved in the effect, and whether GAL(1–15) + ESC modulated the response in despair or anxiety tests in animals under chronic alcohol intake. GAL(1–15) + ESC combination substantially reduced alcohol intake in the alcohol self-administration test and, moreover, enhanced the reduction of reward capacity of ESC on different reinforcers such as sucrose or saccharine. GAL(1–15) + ESC coadministration significantly decreases the number of C-Fos-IR TH cell bodies in the VTA, and PCA analysis suggests that one functional network, including VTA, RMTg and DR, is involved in these effects. Significantly in rats with chronic alcohol consumption, GAL(1–15) reversed adverse ESC-mediated effects in the depression-related behavioural test and forced swimming test. The results open up the possibility of using GAL(1–15) in combination with the SSRI Escitalopram as a novel strategy in AUD comorbidity with depression.
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Elias E, Zhang AY, Manners MT. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Depression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020196. [PMID: 35207483 PMCID: PMC8879976 DOI: 10.3390/life12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. Monoamine-based antidepressants were the first drugs developed to treat major depressive disorder. More recently, ketamine and other analogues were introduced as fast-acting antidepressants. Unfortunately, currently available therapeutics are inadequate; lack of efficacy, adverse effects, and risks leave patients with limited treatment options. Efforts are now focused on understanding the etiology of depression and identifying novel targets for pharmacological treatment. In this review, we discuss promising novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Targeting receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 39, metabotropic glutamate receptors, galanin and opioid receptors has potential antidepressant effects. Compounds targeting biological processes: inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, and gut microbiota have also shown therapeutic potential. Additionally, natural products including plants, herbs, and fatty acids improved depressive symptoms and behaviors. In this review, a brief history of clinically available antidepressants will be provided, with a primary focus on novel pharmaceutical approaches with promising antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Abebe EC, Mengstie MA, Seid MA, Dejenie TA. Regulatory effects and potential therapeutic implications of alarin in depression, and arguments on its receptor. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1051235. [PMID: 36506414 PMCID: PMC9732279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarin is a pleiotropic peptide involved in a multitude of putative biological activities, notably, it has a regulatory effect on depression-like behaviors. Although further elucidating research is needed, animal-based cumulative evidence has shown the antidepressant-like effects of alarin. In light of its regulatory role in depression, alarin could be used as a promising antidepressant in future treatment for depression. Nevertheless, the available information is still insufficient and the therapeutic relevance of alarin in depression is still of concern. Moreover, a plethora of studies have reported that the actions of alarin, including antidepressant activities, are mediated by a separate yet unidentified receptor, highlighting the need for more extensive research. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulatory effects and future therapeutic relevance of alarin on depression, and the arguments on its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) Enhances the Behavioral Effects of Fluoxetine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Rat, Suggesting a New Augmentation Strategy in Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:307-318. [PMID: 34891163 PMCID: PMC9017770 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for the treatment of major depression. However, they are effective for remission in only 30% of patients. Recently, we observed that Galanin (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced the antidepressant effects of FLX in naïve animals, suggesting a new augmentation strategy in depression. METHODS We have analyzed in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rats, the effect of GAL(1-15) on FLX-mediated responses in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test and the involvement of GAL receptor 2 with its antagonist, M871. We have also studied the corticosterone levels in OBX after the coadministration of GAL(1-15) with FLX. Moreover, we studied whether the effects of GAL(1-15) on FLX actions were mediated via auto- and heteroreceptor 5-HT1A (5-HT1AR), analyzing the binding characteristics, mRNA levels, and functionality of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus. RESULTS GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in OBX animals in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test. The involvement of the GALR2 was demonstrated with M871. Importantly, the mechanism underlying the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions in the OBX animals involves the 5-HT1AR in the hippocampus at the plasma membrane (increase of affinity and density of 5HT1AR in the DG) and transcriptional (increase of 5HT1AR mRNA levels in DG and CA1) levels. Besides, the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX also reduced OBX-increased corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS The results open the possibility to use GAL(1-15) in combination with FLX as a novel strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belen Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology ,University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Correspondence: Z. Díaz-Cabiale, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080 Málaga, Spain ()
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García-Durán L, Flores-Burgess A, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Santín L, Millón C, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin(1-15) Potentiates the Antidepressant-like Effects Induced by Escitalopram in a Rat Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10848. [PMID: 34639188 PMCID: PMC8509384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) are the first choice in major depressive disorder (MDD), but 50% of affected patients do not show improvement. Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced Fluoxetine antidepressant-like effects in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX); however, further detailed analysis of GAL(1-15) effects as augmentation treatment in OBX rats are needed. In OBX rats, we analysed the effect of GAL(1-15) on Escitalopram (ESC)-mediated responses in behavioural tests related to despair. We studied whether GAL(1-15) effects involved 5-HT1AR using an in vivo model siRNA 5-HT1A knockdown rats. Moreover, we analysed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the immediate-early gene c-Fos (c-Fos IR) after the administration of GAL(1-15)+ESC in OBX rats in several nuclei involved in MDD. GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects of ESC, and the GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions. The downregulation of 5-HT1AR by siRNA was sufficient to block GAL(1-15) effects. Our immunohistochemistry and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis suggest that two functional networks are involved in these effects; one includes the lateral (LHb) and medial (mHb) habenula, dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the other consists of the dentate gyrus (DG), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results open up the possibility of using GAL(1-15) in combination with SSRIs as a novel strategy for treating MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
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11
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Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia-Relevance for Mental Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081902. [PMID: 34440670 PMCID: PMC8392445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1-15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.
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12
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Mlyniec K, Siodłak D, Doboszewska U, Nowak G. GPCR oligomerization as a target for antidepressants: Focus on GPR39. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107842. [PMID: 33746052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At present most of the evidence for the relevance of oligomerization for the pharmacology of depression comes from in vitro studies which identified oligomers, and from neuropsychopharmacological studies of receptors which participate in oligomerization. For example, behavioural and biochemical studies in knockout animals suggest that GPR39 may mediate the antidepressant action of monoaminergic antidepressants. We have recently found long-lasting antidepressant-like effects of GPR39 agonist, thus suggesting GPR39 as a target for the development of novel antidepressant drugs. In vitro studies have shown that GPR39 oligomerizes with other GPCRs. Oligomerization of GPR39 should thus be considered in relation to the development of new antidepressants targeting this receptor as well as antidepressants targeting other receptors that may form complexes with GPR39. Here, we summarize recent data suggestive of the importance of oligomerization for the pharmacology of depression and discuss approaches for validation of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dominika Siodłak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland; Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Ambrogini P, Chruścicka B, Lindskog M, Crespo-Ramirez M, Hernández-Mondragón JC, Perez de la Mora M, Schellekens H, Fuxe K. The Role of Central Serotonin Neurons and 5-HT Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Pathophysiology of Depression: A Historical Perspective and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041927. [PMID: 33672070 PMCID: PMC7919680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin communication operates mainly in the extracellular space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), using volume transmission with serotonin moving from source to target cells (neurons and astroglia) via energy gradients, leading to the diffusion and convection (flow) of serotonin. One emerging concept in depression is that disturbances in the integrative allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in highly vulnerable 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to causing major depression and become novel targets for the treatment of major depression (MD) and anxiety. For instance, a disruption and/or dysfunction in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin neuron systems can contribute to the development of MD. It leads inter alia to reduced neuroplasticity and potential atrophy in the raphe-cortical and raphe-striatal 5-HT pathways and in all its forebrain networks. Reduced 5-HT1A auto-receptor function, increased plasticity and trophic activity in the midbrain raphe 5-HT neurons can develop via agonist activation of allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heterocomplex. Additionally, the inhibitory allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in the 5-HT1AR-5-HT2AR isoreceptor complex therefore likely have a significant role in modulating mood, involving a reduction of postjunctional 5-HT1AR protomer signaling in the forebrain upon activation of the 5-HT2AR protomer. In addition, oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) play a significant and impressive role in modulating social and cognitive related behaviors like bonding and attachment, reward and motivation. Pathological blunting of the OXTR protomers in 5-HT2AR and especially in 5-HT2CR heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to the development of depression and other types of psychiatric diseases involving disturbances in social behaviors. The 5-HTR heterocomplexes are novel targets for the treatment of MD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Depression/metabolism
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Humans
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Lab B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy;
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
- Correspondence: (D.O.B.-E.); (K.F.); Tel.: +46-760-396-319 (D.O.B.-E.)
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30 252 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, 75 105 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Minerva Crespo-Ramirez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Juan C. Hernández-Mondragón
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Miguel Perez de la Mora
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Lab B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.O.B.-E.); (K.F.); Tel.: +46-760-396-319 (D.O.B.-E.)
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14
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Cinelli E, Mutolo D, Iovino L, Pantaleo T, Bongianni F. Key role of 5-HT 1A receptors in the modulation of the neuronal network underlying the respiratory rhythm generation in lampreys. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3903-3917. [PMID: 32378271 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, 5-HTexcitatory respiratory effects imply 5-HT1A receptor-mediated disinhibition of pre-Bötzinger complex neurons. In the lamprey, 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the neural control of locomotion, but their role in the respiratory regulation, particularly at the level of the putative respiratory rhythm generator, the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG), is not known. We here investigate the respiratory function of inhibitory 5-HT1A receptors within the pTRG of the isolated brainstem of the adult lamprey. The 5-HT1A receptor agonists either bath applied or microinjected into the pTRG did not cause significant effects. However, the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (S)-WAY 100135 bath applied or microinjected into the pTRG induced depressing respiratory effects or even apnoea, thus revealing that 5-HT exerts a 5-HT1A receptor-mediated potent tonic influence on respiration and contributes to maintain baseline levels of respiratory activity. Microinjections of strychnine or bicuculline, either alone or in combination, into the pTRG prevented (S)-WAY 100135-induced apnoea. In addition, immunohistochemical studies corroborate the present findings suggesting that 5-HT1A receptors are widely expressed in close apposition to the soma of glycine-immunoreactive cells located within the pTRG region. The results show that in the lamprey respiratory network, 5-HT exerts a tonic influence on respiration by a potent inhibitory control on both GABAergic and glycinergic mechanisms. The observed disinhibitory effects resemble the excitatory respiratory modulation exerted by 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibition of glycinergic and/or GABAergic neurons present in mammals, supporting the notion that some features of the neuronal network subserving respiratory rhythm generation are highly conserved throughout phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenia Cinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ludovica Iovino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tito Pantaleo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Demsie DG, Altaye BM, Weldekidan E, Gebremedhin H, Alema NM, Tefera MM, Bantie AT. Galanin Receptors as Drug Target for Novel Antidepressants: Review. Biologics 2020; 14:37-45. [PMID: 32368008 PMCID: PMC7183331 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s240715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a 29-amino-acid neuropeptide that serves multiple physiological functions throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Its role involves in a range of physiological and pathological functions including control of food intake, neuro-protection, neuronal regeneration, energy expenditure, reproduction, water balance, mood, nociception and various neuroendocrine functions. The use of currently available antidepressant drugs raises concerns regarding efficacy and onset of action; therefore, the need for antidepressants with novel mechanisms is increasing. Presently, various studies revealed the link between GAL and depression. Attenuation of depressive symptoms is achieved through inhibition of GalR1 and GalR3 and activation of GalR2. However, lack of receptor selectivity of ligands has limited the complete elucidation of effects of different receptors in depression-like behavior. Studies have suggested that GAL enhances the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and promotes availability of transcription proteins. This review addresses the role of GAL, GAL receptors (GALRs) ligands including selective peptides, and the mechanism of ligand receptor interaction in attenuating depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Getnet Demsie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Etsay Weldekidan
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hagazi Gebremedhin
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Abere Tilahun Bantie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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16
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Marin P, Bécamel C, Chaumont-Dubel S, Vandermoere F, Bockaert J, Claeysen S. Classification and signaling characteristics of 5-HT receptors: toward the concept of 5-HT receptosomes. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li Y, Gao M, Zeng K, Xing JX, Xu FL, Xuan JF, Xia X, Liu YP, Yao J, Wang BJ. Association Between Polymorphisms in the 5' Region of the GALR1 Gene and Schizophrenia in the Northern Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1519-1532. [PMID: 32606704 PMCID: PMC7306470 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s256644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are among the causes of schizophrenia. Galanin receptor 1 is an inhibitory receptor of galanin that is widely distributed in the central nervous system. This study mainly explored the relationship between polymorphisms of the 5' region of the GALR1 gene and schizophrenia in the northern Chinese Han population. METHODS A 1545 bp fragment of the 5' regulatory region of the GALR1 gene was amplified and sequenced in 289 schizophrenia patients and 347 healthy controls. RESULTS Among the haplotypes composed of the 16 detected SNPs, the haplotype H3 was identified as conferring a risk of schizophrenia (p=0.011, OR=1.430, 95% CI=1.084-1.886). In addition, the haplotypes H4 and H7 were both protective against schizophrenia (p=0.024, OR=0.526, 95% CI=0.298-0.927; p=0.037, OR=0.197, 95% CI=0.044-0.885, respectively). In the subgroup analysis by sex, it was found that seven SNP alleles (rs72978691, rs11662010, rs11151014, rs11151015, rs13306374, rs5373, rs13306375) conferred a risk of schizophrenia in females (p<0.05), while allele G of rs7242919 (p=0.007) was protective against schizophrenia in females. Moreover, the rs72978691 AA+AC genotype (p=0.006, OR=1.874, 95% CI=1.196-2.937, power=0.780), rs7242919 CC+CG genotype (p=0.002, OR=2.027, 95% CI=1.292-3.180, power=0.861), rs11151014 GG+GT genotype (p=0.008, OR=1.834, 95% CI=1.168-2.879, power=0.735), rs11151015 GG+AG genotype (p=0.002, OR=2.013, 95% CI =1.291-3.137, power=0.843), rs13306374 CC+AC genotype (p=0.006, OR=1.881, 95% CI=1.198-2.953, power=0.788), and rs13306375 GG+AG genotype (p=0.006, OR=1.868, 95% CI=1.194-2.921, power=0.770) increased the risk of schizophrenia in females. The haplotype FH2 consisting of rs72978691, rs11662010, rs7242919, rs11151014, rs11151015, rs13306374, rs5373, and rs13306375 may also be associated with the risk of schizophrenia in females (p=0.024). CONCLUSION This study identified an association between polymorphisms in the 5' region of the GALR1 gene and schizophrenia, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
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18
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Coveñas R, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1–15)-fluoxetine interaction in the novel object recognition test. Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Marcinkiewcz CA, Bierlein-De La Rosa G, Dorrier CE, McKnight M, DiBerto JF, Pati D, Gianessi CA, Hon OJ, Tipton G, McElligott ZA, Delpire E, Kash TL. Sex-Dependent Modulation of Anxiety and Fear by 5-HT 1A Receptors in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3154-3166. [PMID: 31140276 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) coordinates behavioral responses to stress through a variety of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors distributed across functionally diverse neuronal networks in the central nervous system. Efferent 5-HT projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are generally thought to enhance anxiety and aversive learning by activating 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) signaling in the BNST, although an opposing role for postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors has recently been suggested. In the present study, we sought to delineate a role for postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the BNST in aversive behaviors using a conditional knockdown of the 5-HT1A receptor. Both males and females were tested to dissect out sex-specific effects. We found that male mice have significantly reduced fear memory recall relative to female mice and inactivation of 5-HT1A receptor in the BNST increases contextual fear conditioning in male mice so that they resemble the females. This coincided with an increase in neuronal excitability in males, suggesting that 5-HT1A receptor deletion may enhance contextual fear recall by disinhibiting fear memory circuits in the BNST. Interestingly, 5-HT1A receptor knockdown did not significantly alter anxiety-like behavior in male or female mice, which is in agreement with previous findings that anxiety and fear are modulated by dissociable circuits in the BNST. Overall, these results suggest that BNST 5-HT1A receptors do not significantly alter behavior under basal conditions, but can act as a molecular brake that buffer against excessive activation of aversive circuits in more threatening contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Marcinkiewcz
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Cayce E. Dorrier
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mackenzie McKnight
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey F. DiBerto
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Dipanwati Pati
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carol A. Gianessi
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olivia J. Hon
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Greg Tipton
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zoe A. McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Luminescence- and Fluorescence-Based Complementation Assays to Screen for GPCR Oligomerization: Current State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122958. [PMID: 31213021 PMCID: PMC6627893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the propensity to form homo- and heterodimers. Dysfunction of these dimers has been associated with multiple diseases, e.g., pre-eclampsia, schizophrenia, and depression, among others. Over the past two decades, considerable efforts have been made towards the development of screening assays for studying these GPCR dimer complexes in living cells. As a first step, a robust in vitro assay in an overexpression system is essential to identify and characterize specific GPCR–GPCR interactions, followed by methodologies to demonstrate association at endogenous levels and eventually in vivo. This review focuses on protein complementation assays (PCAs) which have been utilized to study GPCR oligomerization. These approaches are typically fluorescence- and luminescence-based, making identification and localization of protein–protein interactions feasible. The GPCRs of interest are fused to complementary fluorescent or luminescent fragments that, upon GPCR di- or oligomerization, may reconstitute to a functional reporter, of which the activity can be measured. Various protein complementation assays have the disadvantage that the interaction between the reconstituted split fragments is irreversible, which can lead to false positive read-outs. Reversible systems offer several advantages, as they do not only allow to follow the kinetics of GPCR–GPCR interactions, but also allow evaluation of receptor complex modulation by ligands (either agonists or antagonists). Protein complementation assays may be used for high throughput screenings as well, which is highly relevant given the growing interest and effort to identify small molecule drugs that could potentially target disease-relevant dimers. In addition to providing an overview on how PCAs have allowed to gain better insights into GPCR–GPCR interactions, this review also aims at providing practical guidance on how to perform PCA-based assays.
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Gago B, Alén F, Orio L, García-Durán L, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Role of the galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anhedonia: Involvement of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:737-747. [PMID: 31081442 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119844188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a core feature of depressive disorders. The galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) plays a role in mood regulation since it induces depression and anxiogenic-like effects in rats. In this study, we analysed galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) actions in anhedonic-like behaviours in rats using operant and non-operant tests and the areas involved with these effects. METHODS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) effects were analysed in saccharin self-administration, sucrose preference, novelty-suppressed feeding and female urine sniffing tests. The areas involved in galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects were studied with positron emission tomography for in vivo imaging, and we analysed the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) had effects on the mRNA expression of the dopamine transporters Dat and Vmat2; the C-Fos gene; the dopamine receptors D1, D2, D3, D5; and the galanin receptors 1 and 2. RESULTS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) at a concentration of 3 nmol induced a strong anhedonia-like phenotype in all tests. The involvement of galanin receptor 2 was demonstrated with the galanin receptor 2 antagonist M871 (3 nmol). The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicated the action of galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) over several nuclei of the limbic system. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects also involved changes in the expression of Dat, Vmat2, D3 and galanin receptors in the ventral tegmental area as well as the expression of C-Fos, D1, D2 and D3 and TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) exerts strong anhedonic-like effects and that this effect was accompanied by changes in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. These results may provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies using galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) analogues for the treatment of depression and reward-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Narváez
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- 4 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. Adenosine heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia are implicated in Parkinson's disease and its treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:455-471. [PMID: 30637481 PMCID: PMC6456481 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine homo, iso and heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia play a highly significant role in modulating the indirect and direct pathways and the striosomal projections to the nigro-striatal DA system. The major adenosine receptor complexes in the striato-pallidal GABA neurons can be the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-mGluR5 receptor complexes, in which A2AR protomers and mGluR5 protomers can allosterically interact to inhibit D2R protomer signaling. Through a reorganization of these heteroreceptor complexes upon chronic dopaminergic treatment a pathological and prolonged inhibition of D2R receptor protomer signaling can develop with motor inhibition and wearing off of the therapeutic effects of levodopa and dopamine receptor agonists. The direct pathway is enriched in D1R in and around glutamate synapses enhancing the ability of these GABA neurons to be activated and increase motor initiation. The brake on these GABA neurons is in this case exerted by A1R forming A1R-D1R heteroreceptor complexes in which they allosterically inhibit D1R signaling and thereby reduce motor initiation. Upon chronic levodopa treatment a reorganization of the D1R heteroreceptor complexes develops with the formation of putative A1R-D1R-D3 in addition to D1R-D3R complexes in which D3R enhances D1R protomer signaling and may make the A1R protomer brake less effective. Alpha-synuclein monomers-dimers are postulated to form complexes with A2AR homo and heteroprotomers in the plasma membrane enhancing alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. The alpha-synuclein fibrils formed in the A2AR enriched dendritic spines of the striato-pallidal GABA neurons may reach the surrounding DA terminals via extracellular-vesicle-mediated volume transmission involving internalization of the vesicles and their cargo (alpha-synuclein fibrils) into the vulnerable DA terminals, enhancing their degeneration followed by retrograde flow of these fibrils in the DA axons to the vulnerable nigral DA nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Castilla-Ortega E, Gago B, García-Fernandez M, Serrano A, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Central administration of galanin N-terminal fragment 1-15 decreases the voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:76-87. [PMID: 29210146 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is considered a major risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. In the absence of effective treatments in alcohol use disorders, it is important to find new biological targets that could modulate alcohol consumption. We tested the role of the N-terminal galanin fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] in voluntary ethanol consumption in rats using the two-bottle choice paradigm as well as compare the effects of GAL(1-15) with the whole molecule of GAL. We describe for the first time that GAL(1-15), via central mechanisms, induces a strong reduction in preference and ethanol consumption in rats. These effects were significantly different than GAL. GAL receptor (GALR) 2 was involved in these effects, because the specific GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions in preference and ethanol intake. Importantly, the mechanism of this action involves changes in GALR expression and also in immediate-early gene C-Fos and receptors-internalization-related gene Rab5 in the striatum. The relevance of the striatum as a target for GAL(1-15) was supported by the effect of GAL(1-15) on the locomotor activity of rats after ethanol administration. These results may give the basis for the development of novel therapeutics strategies using GAL(1-15) analogues for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - María García-Fernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions as a Widespread Phenomenon: Novel Targets for Drug Development? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30833931 PMCID: PMC6387912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions (RRI) has expanded our understanding of the role that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in intercellular communication. The finding that GPCRs can operate as receptor complexes, and not only as monomers, suggests that several different incoming signals could already be integrated at the plasma membrane level via direct allosteric interactions between the protomers that form the complex. Most research in this field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of a large number of RRI. However, RRI have been seen to occur not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and, outside the central nervous system, in cells of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems and in cancer cells. Furthermore, RRI involving the formation of macromolecular complexes are not limited to GPCRs, being also observed in other families of receptors. Thus, RRI appear as a widespread phenomenon and oligomerization as a common mechanism for receptor function and regulation. The discovery of these macromolecular assemblies may well have a major impact on pharmacology. Indeed, the formation of receptor complexes significantly broadens the spectrum of mechanisms available to receptors for recognition and signaling, which may be implemented through modulation of the binding sites of the adjacent protomers and of their signal transduction features. In this context, the possible appearance of novel allosteric sites in the receptor complex structure may be of particular relevance. Thus, the existence of RRI offers the possibility of new therapeutic approaches, and novel pharmacological strategies for disease treatment have already been proposed. Several challenges, however, remain. These include the accurate characterization of the role that the receptor complexes identified so far play in pathological conditions and the development of ligands specific to given receptor complexes, in order to efficiently exploit the pharmacological properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Diego Guidolin
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Narváez M, Ambrogini P, Ferraro L, Brito I, Romero-Fernandez W, Andrade-Talavera Y, Flores-Burgess A, Millon C, Gago B, Narvaez JA, Odagaki Y, Palkovits M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Receptor⁻Receptor Interactions in Multiple 5-HT1A Heteroreceptor Complexes in Raphe-Hippocampal 5-HT Transmission and Their Relevance for Depression and Its Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061341. [PMID: 29865267 PMCID: PMC6099659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the binding to a number of proteins to the receptor protomers in receptor heteromers in the brain, the term "heteroreceptor complexes" was introduced. A number of serotonin 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes were recently found to be linked to the ascending 5-HT pathways known to have a significant role in depression. The 5-HT1A⁻FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes were involved in synergistically enhancing neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and in the dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cells. The 5-HT1A protomer significantly increased FGFR1 protomer signaling in wild-type rats. Disturbances in the 5-HT1A⁻FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT system were found in a genetic rat model of depression (Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats). Deficits in FSL rats were observed in the ability of combined FGFR1 and 5-HT1A agonist cotreatment to produce antidepressant-like effects. It may in part reflect a failure of FGFR1 treatment to uncouple the 5-HT1A postjunctional receptors and autoreceptors from the hippocampal and dorsal raphe GIRK channels, respectively. This may result in maintained inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal nerve cell and dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cell firing. Also, 5-HT1A⁻5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes were recently demonstrated to exist in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. They may play a role in depression through an ability of 5-HT2A protomer signaling to inhibit the 5-HT1A protomer recognition and signaling. Finally, galanin (1⁻15) was reported to enhance the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine through the putative formation of GalR1⁻GalR2⁻5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. Taken together, these novel 5-HT1A receptor complexes offer new targets for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zaya 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVEB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Ismel Brito
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zaya 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | | | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Carmelo Millon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Belen Gago
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jose Angel Narvaez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Saitama Medical University, 3388570 Saitama, Japan.
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. Faculty of Medicine. Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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de Souza MM, Silote GP, Herbst LS, Funck VR, Joca SRL, Beijamini V. The antidepressant-like effect of galanin in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats involves GAL 2 receptors. Neurosci Lett 2018; 681:26-30. [PMID: 29787787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide distributed in human and rat brain regions that are involved with emotional regulation, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Galanin effects in the DRN are mediated by GAL1 and GAL2 receptors. Intracerebral infusion of a GAL2 (AR-M1896) or a GAL1 (M617) agonist induced either antidepressant or depressive-like effect, respectively, in rats exposed to the forced swimming test (FST). However, it is not clear if GAL1 and/or GAL2 receptors present in the DRN would be involved in such effects. Therefore, we investigated the effects induced by intra-DRN infusion of galanin (0.3 nmol), AR-M1896 (1 nmol, GAL2 agonist), or M617 (GAL1 agonist) in rats exposed to the FST. Galanin and AR-M1896 intra-DRN administration induced antidepressant-like effect in the FST. However, M617 did not induce any change in the FST. Neither M617 nor AR-M1896 changed the locomotor activity of rats in the open field test. Intra-DRN pre-treatment with M871 (1 nmol), a selective GAL2 antagonist, counteracted the antidepressant-like effect induced by galanin. These results suggest that galanin signaling through GAL2 receptors in the DRN produces triggers antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Machado de Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pandini Silote
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia Santos Herbst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Rafael Funck
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043-900, Brazil
| | - Samia Regiane Lourenço Joca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Beijamini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043-900, Brazil.
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27
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. G protein-coupled receptor-receptor interactions give integrative dynamics to intercellular communication. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:703-726. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proposal of receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs) in the early 1980s broadened the view on the role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the dynamics of the intercellular communication. RRIs, indeed, allow GPCR to operate not only as monomers but also as receptor complexes, in which the integration of the incoming signals depends on the number, spatial arrangement, and order of activation of the protomers forming the complex. The main biochemical mechanisms controlling the functional interplay of GPCR in the receptor complexes are direct allosteric interactions between protomer domains. The formation of these macromolecular assemblies has several physiologic implications in terms of the modulation of the signaling pathways and interaction with other membrane proteins. It also impacts on the emerging field of connectomics, as it contributes to set and tune the synaptic strength. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the transfer of GPCR and GPCR complexes between cells via the exosome pathway could enable the target cells to recognize/decode transmitters and/or modulators for which they did not express the pertinent receptors. Thus, this process may also open the possibility of a new type of redeployment of neural circuits. The fundamental aspects of GPCR complex formation and function are the focus of the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , I-41121 Modena , Italy
- Department of Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , S-17177 Stockholm , Sweden
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28
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Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Dynamic GPCRs Interactions Using Flow Cytometry-Based FRET. RECEPTOR-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8576-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Fang P, Yu M, Wan D, Zhang L, Han L, Shen Z, Shi M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Bo P. Regulatory effects of galanin system on development of several age-related chronic diseases. Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Li X, Tarakanov AO, Savelli D, Narváez M, Shumilov K, Andrade-Talavera Y, Jimenez-Beristain A, Pomierny B, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P, Lindskog M, Fuxe K. Existence of Brain 5-HT1A-5-HT2A Isoreceptor Complexes with Antagonistic Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions Regulating 5-HT1A Receptor Recognition. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4779-4789. [PMID: 28920103 PMCID: PMC5597955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors have established that disturbances in the ascending 5-HT neuron systems and their 5-HT receptor subtypes and collateral networks to the forebrain contribute to the etiology of major depression and are targets for treatment. The therapeutic action of serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors is of proven effectiveness, but the mechanisms underlying their effect are still unclear. There are many 5-HT subtypes involved; some need to be blocked (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7), whereas others need to be activated (e.g., postjunctional 5-HT1A and 5-HT4). These state-of-the-art developments are in line with the hypothesis that the development of major depression can involve an imbalance of the activity between different types of 5-HT isoreceptors. In the current study, using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we report evidence for the existence of brain 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes validated in cellular models with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET2) assay. A high density of PLA-positive clusters visualizing 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes was demonstrated in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1-CA3 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. A marked reduction in the density of PLA-positive clusters was observed in the CA1 and CA2 regions 24 h after a forced swim test session, indicating the dynamics of this 5-HT isoreceptor complex. Using a bioinformatic approach, previous work indicates that receptors forming heterodimers demonstrate triplet amino acid homologies. The receptor interface of the 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor dimer was shown to contain the LLG and QNA protriplets in the transmembrane and intracellular domain, respectively. The 5-HT2A agonist TCB2 markedly reduced the affinity of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone for the 5-HT1A agonist binding sites in the frontal lobe using the 5-HT1A radioligand binding assay. This action was blocked by the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin. It is proposed that the demonstrated 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes may play a role in depression through integration of 5-HT recognition, signaling and trafficking in the plasma membrane in two major 5-HT receptor subtypes known to be involved in depression. Antagonistic allosteric receptor-receptor interactions appear to be involved in this integrative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo
Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Alexander O. Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - David Savelli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Jimenez-Beristain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Von Eulers väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Gago B, Santín L, Castilla-Ortega E, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. The neuropeptides Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-like behaviours. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:39-45. [PMID: 28196617 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in neurons within the central nervous system. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-receptors and participates in a number of functions, including mood regulation. Not only Galanin but also Galanin N-terminal fragments like Galanin(1-15) are active at the central level. In this work, we review the latest findings in studies on Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-related behaviours. Our focus is on animal models for depression, and we pay some attention to research data obtained in human studies. Since Serotonin (5-HT), especially through 5-HT1A, and Galanin receptors interact at both pre-and postsynaptic level, the development of drugs targeting potential GAL1-GAL2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes linked to the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neurons may represent new treatment strategies in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E. Short N-terminal galanin fragments are occurring naturally in vivo. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:1-13. [PMID: 28434790 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The galanin family currently consists of four peptides, namely galanin, galanin-message associated peptide, galanin-like peptide and alarin. Unlike galanin that signals through three different G protein-coupled receptors; GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, binding at its N-terminal end, the cognate receptors for other members of the galanin family are currently unknown. Research using short N-terminal galanin fragments generated either by enzymatic cleavage or solid-phase synthesis has revealed differences in their receptor binding properties exerting numerous biological effects distinct from galanin(1-29) itself. Our studies on tissue extracts derived from rat small intestine and bovine gut using chromatographic techniques and sensitive galanin(1-16)-specific radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of immunoreactive compounds reacting with antiserum against galanin(1-16) distributed in distinct elution volumes. These results suggested a possible presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments also in vivo. Moreover, employing immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by mass spectrometry allowed specific enrichment of these immunoreactive compounds from rat tissues and identification of their molecular structure. Indeed, our study revealed presence of several distinct short N-terminal galanin sequences in rat tissue. To prove their receptor binding, four of the identified sequences were synthetized, namely, galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), galanin(1-20), galanin(6-20), and tested on coronal rat brain sections competing with 125I-labeled galanin(1-29). Our autoradiographs confirmed that galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), and galanin(1-20) comprehensively displaced 125I-galanin(1-29) but galanin(6-20) did not. Here we show, for the first time, that short N-terminal galanin fragments occur naturally in rat tissues and that similar or identical galanin sequences can be present also in tissues of other species. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is first to provide an evidence of the presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments in vivo in a biological system and provides further foundations for the previous studies using synthetized short N-terminal galanin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Mengod G, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) enhancement of the behavioral effects of Fluoxetine in the forced swimming test gives a new therapeutic strategy against depression. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:233-241. [PMID: 28288814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of major depression is mainly based on drugs elevating serotonergic (5-HT) activity. Specifically, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, including Fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for treatment of major depression. However, the understanding of the mechanism of action of FLX beyond its effect of elevating 5-HT is limited. The interaction between serotoninergic system and neuropeptides signaling could be a key aspect. We examined the ability of the neuropeptide Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] to modulate the behavioral effects of FLX in the forced swimming test (FST) and studied feasible molecular mechanisms. The data show that GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in the FST, and we demonstrate the involvement of GALR1/GALR2 heteroreceptor complex in the GAL(1-15)-mediated effect using in vivo rat models for siRNA GALR1 or GALR2 knockdown. Importantly, 5-HT1A receptors (5HT1A-R) also participate in the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions since the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 blocked the behavioral effects in the FST induced by the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX. The mechanism underlying GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions affected the binding characteristics as well as the mRNA levels of 5-HT1A-R specifically in the dorsal hippocampus while leaving unaffected mRNA levels and affinity and binding sites of this receptor in the dorsal raphe. The results open up the possibility to use GAL(1-15) as for a combination therapy with FLX as a novel strategy for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Mengod
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC,IDIBAPS,CIBERNED, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Carlsson J, Ambrogini P, Narváez M, Wydra K, Tarakanov AO, Li X, Millón C, Ferraro L, Cuppini R, Tanganelli S, Liu F, Filip M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Understanding the Role of GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes in Modulating the Brain Networks in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 28270751 PMCID: PMC5318393 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteroreceptor complexes of the central nervous system (CNS) gave a new dimension to brain integration and neuropsychopharmacology. The molecular basis of learning and memory was proposed to be based on the reorganization of the homo- and heteroreceptor complexes in the postjunctional membrane of synapses. Long-term memory may be created by the transformation of parts of the heteroreceptor complexes into unique transcription factors which can lead to the formation of specific adapter proteins. The observation of the GPCR heterodimer network (GPCR-HetNet) indicated that the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions dramatically increase GPCR diversity and biased recognition and signaling leading to enhanced specificity in signaling. Dysfunction of the GPCR heteroreceptor complexes can lead to brain disease. The findings of serotonin (5-HT) hetero and isoreceptor complexes in the brain over the last decade give new targets for drug development in major depression. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in depression via 5-HT, galanin peptides and zinc involve a number of GPCR heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal system: GalR1-5-HT1A, GalR1-5-HT1A-GPR39, GalR1-GalR2, and putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. The 5-HT1A receptor protomer remains a receptor enhancing antidepressant actions through its participation in hetero- and homoreceptor complexes listed above in balance with each other. In depression, neuromodulation of neuronal networks in the raphe-hippocampal system and the cortical regions via 5-HT and fibroblast growth factor 2 involves either FGFR1-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes or the 5-HT isoreceptor complexes such as 5-HT1A-5-HT7 and 5-HT1A-5-HT2A. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in cocaine use disorder via dopamine (DA) and adenosine signals involve A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal and ventral striatum. The excitatory modulation by A2AR agonists of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA anti-reward system via targeting the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complex holds high promise as a new way to treat cocaine use disorders. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in schizophrenia via DA, adenosine, glutamate, 5-HT and neurotensin peptides and oxytocin, involving A2AR-D2R, D2R-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R-mGluR5, D2R-5-HT2A and D2R-oxytocinR heteroreceptor complexes opens up a new world of D2R protomer targets in the listed heterocomplexes for treatment of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of UrbinoUrbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-EstudioYaguajay, Cuba
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Alterations in the neuropeptide galanin system in major depressive disorder involve levels of transcripts, methylation, and peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8472-E8481. [PMID: 27940914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617824113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a substantial burden to patients, families, and society, but many patients cannot be treated adequately. Rodent experiments suggest that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and its three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1-3, are involved in mood regulation. To explore the translational potential of these results, we assessed the transcript levels (by quantitative PCR), DNA methylation status (by bisulfite pyrosequencing), and GAL peptide by RIA of the GAL system in postmortem brains from depressed persons who had committed suicide and controls. Transcripts for all four members were detected and showed marked regional variations, GAL and galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) being most abundant. Striking increases in GAL and GALR3 mRNA levels, especially in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, in parallel with decreased DNA methylation, were found in both male and female suicide subjects as compared with controls. In contrast, GAL and GALR3 transcript levels were decreased, GALR1 was increased, and DNA methylation was increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of male suicide subjects, however, there were no changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Thus, GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of MDD subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. Such an epigenetic modification in GALR3, a hyperpolarizing receptor, might contribute to the dysregulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons implicated in the pathogenesis of MDD. Thus, one may speculate that a GAL3 antagonist could have antidepressant properties by disinhibiting the firing of these neurons, resulting in increased release of noradrenaline and serotonin in forebrain areas involved in mood regulation.
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Galanin subtype 1 and subtype 2 receptors mediate opposite anxiety-like effects in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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