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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) Enhances the Behavioral Effects of Fluoxetine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Rat, Suggesting a New Augmentation Strategy in Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:307-318. [PMID: 34891163 PMCID: PMC9017770 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for the treatment of major depression. However, they are effective for remission in only 30% of patients. Recently, we observed that Galanin (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced the antidepressant effects of FLX in naïve animals, suggesting a new augmentation strategy in depression. METHODS We have analyzed in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rats, the effect of GAL(1-15) on FLX-mediated responses in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test and the involvement of GAL receptor 2 with its antagonist, M871. We have also studied the corticosterone levels in OBX after the coadministration of GAL(1-15) with FLX. Moreover, we studied whether the effects of GAL(1-15) on FLX actions were mediated via auto- and heteroreceptor 5-HT1A (5-HT1AR), analyzing the binding characteristics, mRNA levels, and functionality of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus. RESULTS GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in OBX animals in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test. The involvement of the GALR2 was demonstrated with M871. Importantly, the mechanism underlying the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions in the OBX animals involves the 5-HT1AR in the hippocampus at the plasma membrane (increase of affinity and density of 5HT1AR in the DG) and transcriptional (increase of 5HT1AR mRNA levels in DG and CA1) levels. Besides, the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX also reduced OBX-increased corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS The results open the possibility to use GAL(1-15) in combination with FLX as a novel strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belen Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology ,University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Correspondence: Z. Díaz-Cabiale, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080 Málaga, Spain ()
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García-Durán L, Flores-Burgess A, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Santín L, Millón C, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin(1-15) Potentiates the Antidepressant-like Effects Induced by Escitalopram in a Rat Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10848. [PMID: 34639188 PMCID: PMC8509384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) are the first choice in major depressive disorder (MDD), but 50% of affected patients do not show improvement. Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced Fluoxetine antidepressant-like effects in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX); however, further detailed analysis of GAL(1-15) effects as augmentation treatment in OBX rats are needed. In OBX rats, we analysed the effect of GAL(1-15) on Escitalopram (ESC)-mediated responses in behavioural tests related to despair. We studied whether GAL(1-15) effects involved 5-HT1AR using an in vivo model siRNA 5-HT1A knockdown rats. Moreover, we analysed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the immediate-early gene c-Fos (c-Fos IR) after the administration of GAL(1-15)+ESC in OBX rats in several nuclei involved in MDD. GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects of ESC, and the GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions. The downregulation of 5-HT1AR by siRNA was sufficient to block GAL(1-15) effects. Our immunohistochemistry and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis suggest that two functional networks are involved in these effects; one includes the lateral (LHb) and medial (mHb) habenula, dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the other consists of the dentate gyrus (DG), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results open up the possibility of using GAL(1-15) in combination with SSRIs as a novel strategy for treating MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
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Silva-Peña D, García-Marchena N, Alén F, Araos P, Rivera P, Vargas A, García-Fernández MI, Martín-Velasco AI, Villanúa MÁ, Castilla-Ortega E, Santín L, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rubio G, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Alcohol-induced cognitive deficits are associated with decreased circulating levels of the neurotrophin BDNF in humans and rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1019-1033. [PMID: 30277635 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with neurocognitive and memory deficits, dramatically affecting plasticity and connectivity, with maximal expression as dementia. Neurotrophic factors may contribute to alcohol-related cognitive decline. For further investigation, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the association of cognitive impairment, by using frontal assessment battery, and memory loss, using memory failures everyday, with the circulating levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) in abstinent subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs, N = 58, average of 17.9 years of problematic use and 4.3 months of abstinence) compared with healthy control subjects (N = 22). This association was also explored in a pre-clinical model of adolescent rats chronically exposed to alcohol up to adulthood (~77 days old) in a three-bottle free-choice (5-10-20 percent), repeated abstinence and relapse paradigm. AUD subjects had low educational level and cognitive impairment associated with teenage consumption and lower circulating levels of BDNF and NT-3. Only BDNF concentration showed a positive correlation with frontal assessment battery in AUD patients. In the ethanol-exposed rats, the plasma levels of BDNF and NT-3 were also decreased, and a negative correlation between hippocampal Bdnf mRNA levels and recognition memory was found. The ethanol-exposed rat hippocampus showed a decrease in the mRNA levels of neurotrophic (Bdnf and Ntf-3) and neurogenic (Mki67, Sox2, Dcx, Ncam1 and Calb1) factors, associated to a deactivation of the neurogenic regulator mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Results suggest a relevant role of BDNF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 signaling in alcohol-induced cognitive impairment and suggest that early alcohol exposure-derived effects on cognition are associated with neurotrophin signaling deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Silva-Peña
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Nuria García-Marchena
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Departamento de Endocrinología; Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | | | | | | | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Luis Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, IBIMA, Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Departamento de Psiquiatría; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología; Universidad Complutense; Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Spain
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Coveñas R, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1–15)-fluoxetine interaction in the novel object recognition test. Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Gago B, Alén F, Orio L, García-Durán L, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Role of the galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anhedonia: Involvement of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:737-747. [PMID: 31081442 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119844188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a core feature of depressive disorders. The galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) plays a role in mood regulation since it induces depression and anxiogenic-like effects in rats. In this study, we analysed galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) actions in anhedonic-like behaviours in rats using operant and non-operant tests and the areas involved with these effects. METHODS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) effects were analysed in saccharin self-administration, sucrose preference, novelty-suppressed feeding and female urine sniffing tests. The areas involved in galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects were studied with positron emission tomography for in vivo imaging, and we analysed the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) had effects on the mRNA expression of the dopamine transporters Dat and Vmat2; the C-Fos gene; the dopamine receptors D1, D2, D3, D5; and the galanin receptors 1 and 2. RESULTS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) at a concentration of 3 nmol induced a strong anhedonia-like phenotype in all tests. The involvement of galanin receptor 2 was demonstrated with the galanin receptor 2 antagonist M871 (3 nmol). The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicated the action of galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) over several nuclei of the limbic system. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects also involved changes in the expression of Dat, Vmat2, D3 and galanin receptors in the ventral tegmental area as well as the expression of C-Fos, D1, D2 and D3 and TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) exerts strong anhedonic-like effects and that this effect was accompanied by changes in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. These results may provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies using galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) analogues for the treatment of depression and reward-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Narváez
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- 4 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Castilla-Ortega E, Gago B, García-Fernandez M, Serrano A, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Central administration of galanin N-terminal fragment 1-15 decreases the voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:76-87. [PMID: 29210146 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is considered a major risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. In the absence of effective treatments in alcohol use disorders, it is important to find new biological targets that could modulate alcohol consumption. We tested the role of the N-terminal galanin fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] in voluntary ethanol consumption in rats using the two-bottle choice paradigm as well as compare the effects of GAL(1-15) with the whole molecule of GAL. We describe for the first time that GAL(1-15), via central mechanisms, induces a strong reduction in preference and ethanol consumption in rats. These effects were significantly different than GAL. GAL receptor (GALR) 2 was involved in these effects, because the specific GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions in preference and ethanol intake. Importantly, the mechanism of this action involves changes in GALR expression and also in immediate-early gene C-Fos and receptors-internalization-related gene Rab5 in the striatum. The relevance of the striatum as a target for GAL(1-15) was supported by the effect of GAL(1-15) on the locomotor activity of rats after ethanol administration. These results may give the basis for the development of novel therapeutics strategies using GAL(1-15) analogues for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - María García-Fernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
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Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Santín L, Millón C, Gago B, Flores-Burgess A, Barbancho MA, Pérez de la Mora M, Narváez J, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. A Novel Integrative Mechanism in Anxiolytic Behavior Induced by Galanin 2/Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptor Interactions on Medial Paracapsular Intercalated Amygdala in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:119. [PMID: 29765307 PMCID: PMC5938606 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is evoked by a threatening situation and display adaptive or defensive behaviors, found similarly in animals and humans. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor (NPYY1R) and Galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in several regions of the limbic system, including the amygdala. In a previous study, GALR2 enhanced NPYY1R mediated anxiolytic actions on spatiotemporal parameters in the open field and elevated plus maze, involving the formation of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes in the amygdala. Moreover, the inclusion of complementary ethological parameters provides a more comprehensive profile on the anxiolytic effects of a treatment. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the anxiolytic effects and circuit activity modifications caused by coactivation of GALR2 and NPYY1R. Ethological measurements were performed in the open field, the elevated plus-maze and the light-dark box, together with immediate early gene expression analysis within the amygdala-hypothalamus-periaqueductal gray (PAG) axis, as well as in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) to demonstrate the formation of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes. GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation resulted in anxiolytic behaviors such as increased rearing and head-dipping, reduced stretch attend postures and freezing compared to single agonist or aCSF injection. Neuronal activity indicated by cFos expression was decreased in the dorsolateral paracapsular intercalated (ITCp-dl) subregion of the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) nucleus and ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), while increased in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus (PFX) following coactivation of GALR2 and NPYY1R. Moreover, an increased density of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes was explicitly observed in ITCp-dl, following GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation. Besides, knockdown of GALR2 was found to reduce the density of complexes in ITCp-dl. Taken together, these results open up the possibility that the increased anxiolytic activity demonstrated upon coactivation of NPYY1R and GALR2 receptor was related to actions on the ITCp-dl. GALR2-NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes may inhibit neuronal activity, by also modifying the neuronal networks of the hypothalamus and the PAG. These results indicate that GALR2/NPYY1R interactions in medial paracapsular intercalated amygdala can provide a novel integrative mechanism in anxiolytic behavior and the basis for the development of heterobivalent agonist drugs targeting GALR2/NPYY1R heteromers, especially in the ITCp-dl of the amygdala for the treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.,Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Luis Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Barbancho
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Pérez de la Mora
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rivera A, Gago B, Suárez-Boomgaard D, Yoshitake T, Roales-Buján R, Valderrama-Carvajal A, Bilbao A, Medina-Luque J, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Craenenbroeck KV, Borroto-Escuela DO, Kehr J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín L, de la Calle A, Fuxe K. Dopamine D 4 receptor stimulation prevents nigrostriatal dopamine pathway activation by morphine: relevance for drug addiction. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1232-1245. [PMID: 27212105 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most effective drugs used for pain management, but it is also highly addictive. Morphine elicits acute and long-term adaptive changes at cellular and molecular level in the brain, which play a critical role in the development of tolerance, dependence and addiction. Previous studies indicated that the dopamine D4 receptor (D4 R) activation counteracts morphine-induced adaptive changes of the μ opioid receptor (MOR) signaling in the striosomes of the caudate putamen (CPu), as well as the induction of several Fos family transcription factors. Thus, it has been suggested that D4 R could play an important role avoiding some of the addictive effects of morphine. Here, using different drugs administration paradigms, it is determined that the D4 R agonist PD168,077 prevents morphine-induced activation of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and morphological changes of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons, leading to a restoration of dopamine levels and metabolism in the CPu. Results from receptor autoradiography indicate that D4 R activation modulates MOR function in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the striosomes of the CPu, suggesting that these regions are critically involved in the modulation of SNc dopamine neuronal function through a functional D4 R/MOR interaction. In addition, D4 R activation counteracts the rewarding effects of morphine, as well as the development of hyperlocomotion and physical dependence without any effect on its analgesic properties. These results provide a novel role of D4 R agonist as a pharmacological strategy to prevent the adverse effects of morphine in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rivera
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | - Diana Suárez-Boomgaard
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Karolinska Institute; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ruth Roales-Buján
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | | | - Ainhoa Bilbao
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - José Medina-Luque
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Karolinska Institute; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Kehr
- Karolinska Institute; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Psicología; Málaga Spain
| | - Adelaida de la Calle
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica; Facultad de Ciencias; Málaga Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Karolinska Institute; Department of Neuroscience; Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Gago B, Santín L, Castilla-Ortega E, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. The neuropeptides Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-like behaviours. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:39-45. [PMID: 28196617 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in neurons within the central nervous system. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-receptors and participates in a number of functions, including mood regulation. Not only Galanin but also Galanin N-terminal fragments like Galanin(1-15) are active at the central level. In this work, we review the latest findings in studies on Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-related behaviours. Our focus is on animal models for depression, and we pay some attention to research data obtained in human studies. Since Serotonin (5-HT), especially through 5-HT1A, and Galanin receptors interact at both pre-and postsynaptic level, the development of drugs targeting potential GAL1-GAL2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes linked to the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neurons may represent new treatment strategies in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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de Fonseca FR, Castilla-Ortega E, Pavon FJ, García-Marchena N, Araos P, Royo JL, Estivill-Torrús G, Santín L, Serrano A. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor-1: A protective receptor on alcoholism? Preclinical and clinical studies. Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.02.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Mengod G, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) enhancement of the behavioral effects of Fluoxetine in the forced swimming test gives a new therapeutic strategy against depression. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:233-241. [PMID: 28288814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of major depression is mainly based on drugs elevating serotonergic (5-HT) activity. Specifically, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, including Fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for treatment of major depression. However, the understanding of the mechanism of action of FLX beyond its effect of elevating 5-HT is limited. The interaction between serotoninergic system and neuropeptides signaling could be a key aspect. We examined the ability of the neuropeptide Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] to modulate the behavioral effects of FLX in the forced swimming test (FST) and studied feasible molecular mechanisms. The data show that GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in the FST, and we demonstrate the involvement of GALR1/GALR2 heteroreceptor complex in the GAL(1-15)-mediated effect using in vivo rat models for siRNA GALR1 or GALR2 knockdown. Importantly, 5-HT1A receptors (5HT1A-R) also participate in the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions since the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 blocked the behavioral effects in the FST induced by the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX. The mechanism underlying GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions affected the binding characteristics as well as the mRNA levels of 5-HT1A-R specifically in the dorsal hippocampus while leaving unaffected mRNA levels and affinity and binding sites of this receptor in the dorsal raphe. The results open up the possibility to use GAL(1-15) as for a combination therapy with FLX as a novel strategy for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Mengod
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC,IDIBAPS,CIBERNED, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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12
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Castilla-Ortega E, Pavón FJ, Sánchez-Marín L, Estivill-Torrús G, Pedraza C, Blanco E, Suárez J, Santín L, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Serrano A. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of lysophosphatidic acid LPA1 receptor results in increased alcohol consumption. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Millón C, Gago B, Flores-Burgess A, Santín L, Fuxe K, Narváez JA, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin receptor 2-neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in the dentate gyrus are related with antidepressant-like effects. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4129-4139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Santín L, Parrado C, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. A role for galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu064. [PMID: 25522404 PMCID: PMC4360234 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin (GAL) plays a role in mood regulation. In this study we analyzed the action of the active N-terminal fragment [GAL(1-15)] in anxiety- and depression-related behavioral tests in rats. METHODS The effect of GAL(1-15) was analyzed in the forced swimming test, tail suspension test, open field test, and light/dark test. The proximity of GAL1 and GAL2 receptors was examined with the proximity ligation assay (PLA). We tested the GAL receptors involved in GAL(1-15) effects with the GAL2 receptor antagonist M871 and with an in vivo model of siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown or siRNA GAL1 receptor knockdown rats. The effects of GAL(1-15) were also studied in the cell line RN33B. RESULTS GAL(1-15) induced strong depression-like and anxiogenic-like effects in all the tests. These effects were stronger than the ones induced by GAL. The involvement of the GAL2 receptor was demonstrated with M871 and with the siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown rats. The PLA indicated the possible existence of GAL1 and GAL2 heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal hippocampus and especially in the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the siRNA GAL1 receptor knockdown rats the behavioral actions of GAL(1-15) disappeared, and in the siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown rats the reductions of the behavioral actions of GAL(1-15) was linked to a disappearance of PLA. In the cell line RN33B, GAL(1-15) decreased 5-HT immunoreactivity more strongly than GAL. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GAL(1-15) exerts strong depression-related and anxiogenic-like effects and may give the basis for the development of drugs targeting GAL1 and GAL2 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-limbic system for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España (PhD Millón, Flores-Burgess, M Narváez, Parrado, JA Narváez, and Díaz-Cabiale); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (PhD Borroto-Escuela and Fuxe); Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España (PhD Santín).
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15
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Matas-Rico E, García-Diaz B, Llebrez-Zayas P, López-Barroso D, Santín L, Pedraza C, Smith-Fernández A, Fernández-Llebrez P, Tellez T, Redondo M, Chun J, De Fonseca FR, Estivill-Torrús G. Deletion of lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1 reduces neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:342-55. [PMID: 18708146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in certain regions of the adult brain including the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus wherein its regulation is essential, particularly in relation to learning, stress and modulation of mood. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular signaling phospholipid with important neural regulatory properties mediated by specific G protein-coupled receptors, LPA(1-5). LPA(1) is highly expressed in the developing neurogenic ventricular zone wherein it is required for normal embryonic neurogenesis, and, by extension may play a role in adult neurogenesis as well. By means of the analyses of a variant of the original LPA(1)-null mutant mouse, termed the Malaga variant or "maLPA(1)-null," which has recently been reported to have defective neurogenesis within the embryonic cerebral cortex, we report here a role for LPA(1) in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proliferation, differentiation and survival of newly formed neurons are defective in the absence of LPA(1) under normal conditions and following exposure to enriched environment and voluntary exercise. Furthermore, analysis of trophic factors in maLPA(1)-null mice demonstrated alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin growth factor 1 levels after enrichment and exercise. Morphological analyses of doublecortin positive cells revealed the anomalous prevalence of bipolar cells in the subgranular zone, supporting the operation of LPA(1) signaling pathways in normal proliferation, maturation and differentiation of neuronal precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Matas-Rico
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación IMABIS, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
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16
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Aller MA, García-Fernández MI, Sánchez-Patán F, Santín L, Rioja J, Anchuelo R, Arias J, Arias JL. Plasma redox status is impaired in the portacaval shunted rat--the risk of the reduced antioxidant ability. Comp Hepatol 2008; 7:1. [PMID: 18251997 PMCID: PMC2262055 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Portacaval shunting in rats produces a reduction of hepatic oxidant scavenging ability. Since this imbalance in hepatic oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis could coexist with systemic changes of oxidant stress/antioxidant status, plasma oxidants and antioxidant redox status in plasma of portacaval shunted-rats were determined. Results Male Wistar male: Control (n = 11) and with portacaval shunt (PCS; n = 11) were used. Plasma levels of the oxidant serum advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), the antioxidant total thiol (GSH) and total antioxidant status (TAX) were measured. Albumin, ammonia, Aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), thiostatin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP) were also assayed 4 weeks after the operation. AOPPs were significantly higher (50.51 ± 17.87 vs. 36.25 ± 7.21 μM; p = 0.02) and TAX was significantly lower (0.65 ± 0.03 vs. 0.73 ± 0.06 mM; p = 0.007) in PCS compared to control rats. Also, there was hypoalbuminemia (2.54 ± 0.08 vs. 2.89 ± 0.18 g/dl; p = 0.0001) and hyperammonemia (274.00 ± 92.25 vs. 104.00 ± 48.05 μM; p = 0.0001) and an increase of thiostatin (0.23 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.01 mg/ml; p = 0.001) in rats with a portacaval shunt. The serum concentration of ammonia is correlated with albumin levels (r = 0.624; p = 0.04) and TAX correlates with liver weight (r = 0.729; p = 0.017) and albumin levels (r = 0.79; p = 0.007) Conclusion These findings suggest that in rats with a portacaval shunt a systemic reduction of oxidant scavenging ability, correlated with hyperammonemia, is principally produced. It could be hypothesized, therefore, that the reduced antioxidant defences would mediate a systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Estivill-Torrús G, Llebrez-Zayas P, Matas-Rico E, Santín L, Pedraza C, De Diego I, Del Arco I, Fernández-Llebrez P, Chun J, De Fonseca FR. Absence of LPA1 signaling results in defective cortical development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 18:938-50. [PMID: 17656621 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple phospholipid with extracellular signaling properties mediated by specific G protein-coupled receptors. At least 2 LPA receptors, LPA(1) and LPA(2), are expressed in the developing brain, the former enriched in the neurogenic ventricular zone (VZ), suggesting a normal role in neurogenesis. Despite numerous studies reporting the effects of exogenous LPA using in vitro neural models, the first LPA(1) loss-of-function mutants reported did not show gross cerebral cortical defects in the 50% that survived perinatal demise. Here, we report a role for LPA(1) in cortical neural precursors resulting from analysis of a variant of a previously characterized LPA(1)-null mutant that arose spontaneously during colony expansion. These LPA(1)-null mice, termed maLPA(1), exhibit almost complete perinatal viability and show a reduced VZ, altered neuronal markers, and increased cortical cell death that results in a loss of cortical layer cellularity in adults. These data support LPA(1) function in normal cortical development and suggest that the presence of genetic modifiers of LPA(1) influences cerebral cortical development.
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