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Qiu GL, Peng LJ, Wang P, Yang ZL, Zhang JQ, Liu H, Zhu XN, Rao J, Liu XS. In vivo imaging reveals a synchronized correlation among neurotransmitter dynamics during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia. Zool Res 2024; 45:679-690. [PMID: 38766749 PMCID: PMC11188615 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice. However, the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown. Here, we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters, including γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine, in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective. Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia. Notably, the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups. These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zhi-Lai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Ji-Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. E-mail:
| | - Jin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China. E-mail:
| | - Xue-Sheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China. E-mail:
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Gu T, Dong J, Ge J, Feng J, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu J. Neurotoxic lesions of the anterior claustrum influence cued fear memory in rats. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1387507. [PMID: 38707622 PMCID: PMC11066318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1387507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The claustrum (CLA), a subcortical area between the insular cortex and striatum, innervates almost all cortical regions of the mammalian brain. There is growing evidence that CLA participates in many brain functions, including memory, cognition, and stress response. It is proposed that dysfunction or malfunction of the CLA might be the pathology of some brain diseases, including stress-induced depression and anxiety. However, the role of the CLA in fear memory and anxiety disorders remains largely understudied. Methods We evaluated the influences of neurotoxic lesions of the CLA using auditory-cued fear memory and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Results We found that lesions of anterior CLA (aCLA) but not posterior CLA (pCLA) before fear conditioning attenuated fear retrieval, facilitated extinction, and reduced freezing levels during the extinction retention test. Post-learning lesions of aCLA but not pCLA facilitated fear extinction and attenuated freezing behavior during the extinction retention test. Lesions of aCLA or pCLA did not affect anxiety-like behaviors evaluated by the open field test and elevated plus-maze test. Conclusion These data suggested that aCLA but not pCLA was involved in fear memory and extinction. Future studies are needed to further investigate the anatomical and functional connections of aCLA subareas that are involved in fear conditioning, which will deepen our understanding of CLA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Gu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jialu Feng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoliu Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Rodríguez-Vidal L, Alcauter S, Barrios FA. The functional connectivity of the human claustrum, according to the Human Connectome Project database. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298349. [PMID: 38635579 PMCID: PMC11025802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is an irregular and fine sheet of grey matter in the basolateral telencephalon present in almost all mammals. The claustrum has been the object of several studies using animal models and, more recently, in human beings using neuroimaging. One of the most extended cognitive processes attributed to the claustrum is the salience process, which is also related to the insular cortex. In the same way, studies with human subjects and functional magnetic resonance imaging have reported the coactivation of the claustrum/insular cortex in the integration of sensory signals. This coactivation has been reported in the left claustrum/insular cortex or in the right claustrum/insular cortex. The asymmetry has been reported in task studies and literature related to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, relating the severity of delusions with the reduction in left claustral volume. We present a functional connectivity study of the claustrum. Resting-state functional and anatomical MRI data from 100 healthy subjects were analyzed; taken from the Human Connectome Project (HCP, NIH Blueprint: The Human Connectome Project), with 2x2x2 mm3 voxel resolution. We hypothesize that 1) the claustrum is a node involved in different brain networks, 2) the functional connectivity pattern of the claustrum is different from the insular cortex's pattern, and 3) the asymmetry is present in the claustrum's functional connectivity. Our findings include at least three brain networks related to the claustrum. We found functional connectivity between the claustrum, frontoparietal network, and the default mode network as a distinctive attribute. The functional connectivity between the right claustrum with the frontoparietal network and the dorsal attention network supports the hypothesis of claustral asymmetry. These findings provide functional evidence, suggesting that the claustrum is coupled with the frontoparietal network serving together to instantiate new task states by flexibly modulating and interacting with other control and processing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluviana Rodríguez-Vidal
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Fernando A. Barrios
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
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Hinova-Palova D, Landzhov B, Edelstein L, Fakih K, Alexandrov A, Kiriakova T, Radeva E, Gaydarski L, Denaro F, Paloff A. Identification of degenerated synaptic boutons in the dorsal claustrum of the cat after electrolytic lesions of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. J Histotechnol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38564246 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2024.2335827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether the dorsal claustrum receives afferent input from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei - centromedian nucleus, central lateral nucleus and paracentral nucleus. The intralaminar thalamic nuclei of eight cats were electrolytically lesioned. We obtained samples from the dorsal claustrum for electron microscopic analysis from the second to the seventh post-procedural day. Two types of degenerated synaptic boutons were observed: electron-dense which formed the majority of boutons, and electron-lucent comprising the remaining samples. Between the second and seventh post-procedural day, we observed a steady increase in the number of electron-dense boutons which were diffusely distributed throughout the dorsal claustrum. Electron-dense degenerated boutons formed asymmetrical contacts with dendritic spines as well as with small and medium-sized dendrites. In contrast, electron-lucent degenerated boutons were observed in earlier post-procedural periods and formed symmetrical axodendritic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimka Hinova-Palova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lawrence Edelstein
- Department of Experimental Neuroanatomy, Medimark Corporation, Del Mar, CA, USA
| | - Khodor Fakih
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexandar Alexandrov
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Kiriakova
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elka Radeva
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Gaydarski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Frank Denaro
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Paloff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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5
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Pałasz A, Lipiec-Borowicz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Kistowska J, Horká P, Kaśkosz A, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A, Worthington JJ, Mordecka-Chamera K. Spexin and nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the male human claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102400. [PMID: 38342331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities being responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The purpose of this concise, structural and qualitative investigation was to map the possible immunoreactivity of the novel regulatory peptides: spexin (SPX) and nesfatin-1 within the human claustrum. SPX is a newly identified peptide, a natural ligand for the galanin receptors (GALR) 2/3, with no molecular structure similarities to currently known regulatory factors. SPX seems to have multiple physiological functions, with an involvement in reproduction and food-intake regulation recently revealed in animal studies. Nesfatin-1, a second pleiotropic neuropeptide, which is a derivative of the nucleobindin-2 (NUCB-2) protein, is characterized by a wide distribution in the brain. Nesfatin-1 is a substance with a strong anorexigenic effect, playing an important role in the neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. On the other hand, nesfatin-1 may be involved in several important brain functions such as sleep, reproductive behaviour, cognitive processes, stress responses and anxiety. For the first time we detected and described a population of nesfatin-1 and SPX expressing neurons in the human claustrum using immunohistochemical and fluorescent methods. The study presents the novel identification of SPX and nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the human claustrum and their assemblies show similar patterns of distribution in the whole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Lipiec-Borowicz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Kistowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petra Horká
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrzej Kaśkosz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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6
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Liaw YS, Augustine GJ. The claustrum and consciousness: An update. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100405. [PMID: 37701759 PMCID: PMC10493512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal paper of Crick and Koch (2005) proposed that the claustrum, an enigmatic and thin grey matter structure that lies beside the insular cortex, may be involved in the processing of consciousness. As a result, this otherwise obscure structure has received ever-increasing interest in the search for neural correlates of consciousness. Here we review theories of consciousness and discuss the possible relationship between the claustrum and consciousness. We review relevant experimental evidence collected since the Crick and Koch (2005) paper and consider whether these findings support or contradict their hypothesis. We also explore how future experimental work can be designed to clarify how consciousness emerges from neural activity and to understand the role of the claustrum in consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Siang Liaw
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - George J. Augustine
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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7
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Szalak R, Matysek M, Mozel S, Arciszewski MB. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide Is Co-Expressed with Parvalbumin, Neuropeptide Y and Somatostatin in the Claustrum of the Chinchilla. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2177. [PMID: 37443975 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although for many years, researchers have been working on understanding the function of the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide at the central- and peripheral-nervous-system level, data describing the presence of CART in the claustrum are still missing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically investigate the CART expression in the claustrum neurons in chinchillas as well as the CART co-localization with somatostatin (SOM), parvalbumin (PV), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) using double-immunohistochemical staining. The claustrum is divided into two main parts: the dorsal segment (CL), which is located above the rhinal fissure, and the ventral segment (EN), located below the rhinal fissure. The presence of HU C/D-IR CART-IR-positive neurons was detected in both the insular claustrum (CL) and the endopiriform nucleus (EN). The vast majority of CART-IR neurons were predominantly small and medium in size and were evenly scattered throughout the claustrum. CART co-localization with selected neurotransmitters/neuromodulators (SOM, NPY, and PV) showed the presence of a CART-IR reaction only in the neurons, while the nerve fibers were, in all cases, devoid of the CART-IR response. Our research supplements missing knowledge about the distribution and co-localization pattern of CART with SOM, NPY, and PV in the chinchilla claustrum, and also provides a better understanding of the similarities and differences compared to other species of rodents and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Szalak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Matysek
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mozel
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin B Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Ayyildiz S, Velioglu HA, Ayyildiz B, Sutcubasi B, Hanoglu L, Bayraktaroglu Z, Yildirim S, Atasever A, Yulug B. Differentiation of claustrum resting-state functional connectivity in healthy aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1741-1750. [PMID: 36515182 PMCID: PMC9921234 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a sheet-like of telencephalic gray matter structure whose function is poorly understood. The claustrum is considered a multimodal computing network due to its reciprocal connections with almost all cortical areas as well as subcortical structures. Although the claustrum has been involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, specific changes in connections of the claustrum remain unclear in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Resting-state fMRI and T1-weighted structural 3D images from healthy elderly (n = 15), AD (n = 16), and PD (n = 12) subjects were analyzed. Seed-based FC analysis was performed using CONN FC toolbox and T1-weighted images were analyzed with the Computational Anatomy Toolbox for voxel-based morphometry analysis. While we observed a decreased FC between the left claustrum and sensorimotor cortex, auditory association cortex, and cortical regions associated with social cognition in PD compared with the healthy control group (HC), no significant difference was found in alterations in the FC of both claustrum comparing the HC and AD groups. In the AD group, high FC of claustrum with regions of sensorimotor cortex and cortical regions related to cognitive control, including cingulate gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and insular cortex were demonstrated. In addition, the structural results show significantly decreased volume in bilateral claustrum in AD and PD compared with HC. There were no significant differences in the claustrum volumes between PD and AD groups so the FC may offer more precise findings in distinguishing changes for claustrum in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevilay Ayyildiz
- Anatomy PhD Program, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Aziz Velioglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Functional Imaging and Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience Lab (fINCAN), Health Sciences and Technology Research Institute (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Behcet Ayyildiz
- Anatomy PhD Program, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernis Sutcubasi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Hanoglu
- Functional Imaging and Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience Lab (fINCAN), Health Sciences and Technology Research Institute (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Bayraktaroglu
- Functional Imaging and Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience Lab (fINCAN), Health Sciences and Technology Research Institute (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yildirim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Atasever
- Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
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Zhang X. Magnetic resonance imaging of the monkey fetal brain in utero. INVESTIGATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 2022; 26:177-190. [PMID: 36937817 PMCID: PMC10019598 DOI: 10.13104/imri.2022.26.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are the closest living relatives of the human and play a critical role in investigating the effects of maternal viral infection and consumption of medicines, drugs, and alcohol on fetal development. With the advance of contemporary fast MRI techniques with parallel imaging, fetal MRI is becoming a robust tool increasingly used in clinical practice and preclinical studies to examine congenital abnormalities including placental dysfunction, congenital heart disease (CHD), and brain abnormalities non-invasively. Because NHPs are usually scanned under anesthesia, the motion artifact is reduced substantially, allowing multi-parameter MRI techniques to be used intensively to examine the fetal development in a single scanning session or longitudinal studies. In this paper, the MRI techniques for scanning monkey fetal brains in utero in biomedical research are summarized. Also, a fast imaging protocol including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion MRI, resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to examine rhesus monkey fetal brains in utero on a clinical 3T scanner is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- EPC Imaging Center and Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, USA
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10
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Luo T, Li L, Li J, Cai S, Wang Y, Zhang L, Yu S, Yu T. Claustrum modulates behavioral sensitivity and EEG activity of propofol anesthesia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:378-389. [PMID: 36353753 PMCID: PMC9804072 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The claustrum has long been regarded as a vital center for conscious control. Electrical stimulation or damage to the claustrum can result in decreased awareness or loss of consciousness, suggesting that the claustrum may be a target for the action of general anesthetics. This study aimed to determine the role of the claustrum in propofol anesthesia. METHODS We first applied a fiber photometry calcium signal recording system to record the claustral neuronal activity during the entire process of propofol anesthesia. Chemogenetic activation of claustral neurones was then performed to verify their role in anesthesia. Finally, muscimol (GABAa receptor agonist) and gabazine (GABAa receptor antagonist) were microinjected into the claustrum to determine whether their GABAa receptors were involved in modulating propofol anesthesia. EEG and behavioral indicators, such as anesthetic sensitivity and efficacy, were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS An evident anesthesia-related change in claustrum neuronal activity was suppressed during propofol-induced unconsciousness and restored following recovery from anesthesia. Chemogenetic activation of claustrum neurons results in attenuated propofol sensitivity, a shorter anesthesia duration, and an EEG shift toward wakefulness. Manipulation of GABAa receptors in the claustrum showed bidirectional control of propofol sensitivity, as activation decreases anesthesia efficiency while inactivation augments it. Additionally, inhibiting claustrum GABAa receptors increases cortical EEG slow waves. CONCLUSIONS Claustrum neurones and their GABAa receptors are implicated in the modulation of propofol anesthesia in both behavioral and EEG assessments. Our findings create scope to reveal the brain targets of anesthetic action further and add to the existing evidence on the consciousness-modulating role of the claustrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Yuan Luo
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyiChina
| | - Long‐Yu Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyChongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineChongqingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyiChina
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina,Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyiChina
| | - Shou‐Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyiChina,Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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11
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Yang D, Qi G, Ding C, Feldmeyer D. Layer 6A Pyramidal Cell Subtypes Form Synaptic Microcircuits with Distinct Functional and Structural Properties. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2095-2111. [PMID: 34628499 PMCID: PMC9113278 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical layer 6 plays a crucial role in sensorimotor co-ordination and integration through functionally segregated circuits linking intracortical and subcortical areas. We performed whole-cell recordings combined with morphological reconstructions to identify morpho-electric types of layer 6A pyramidal cells (PCs) in rat barrel cortex. Cortico-thalamic (CT), cortico-cortical (CC), and cortico-claustral (CCla) PCs were classified based on their distinct morphologies and have been shown to exhibit different electrophysiological properties. We demonstrate that these three types of layer 6A PCs innervate neighboring excitatory neurons with distinct synaptic properties: CT PCs establish weak facilitating synapses onto other L6A PCs; CC PCs form synapses of moderate efficacy, while synapses made by putative CCla PCs display the highest release probability and a marked short-term depression. For excitatory-inhibitory synaptic connections in layer 6, both the presynaptic PC type and the postsynaptic interneuron type govern the dynamic properties of the respective synaptic connections. We have identified a functional division of local layer 6A excitatory microcircuits which may be responsible for the differential temporal engagement of layer 6 feed-forward and feedback networks. Our results provide a basis for further investigations on the long-range CC, CT, and CCla pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Yang
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Chao Ding
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, 52425 Juelich, Germany.,RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Dept of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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12
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Nikolenko VN, Rizaeva NA, Beeraka NM, Oganesyan MV, Kudryashova VA, Dubovets AA, Borminskaya ID, Bulygin KV, Sinelnikov MY, Aliev G. The mystery of claustral neural circuits and recent updates on its role in neurodegenerative pathology. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2021; 17:8. [PMID: 34233707 PMCID: PMC8261917 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The claustrum is a structure involved in formation of several cortical and subcortical neural microcircuits which may be involved in such functions as conscious sensations and rewarding behavior. The claustrum is regarded as a multi-modal information processing network. Pathology of the claustrum is seen in certain neurological disorders. To date, there are not enough comprehensive studies that contain accurate information regarding involvement of the claustrum in development of neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE Our review aims to provide an update on claustrum anatomy, ontogenesis, cytoarchitecture, neural networks and their functional relation to the incidence of neurological diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review was conducted using the Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI MedLine, and eLibrary databases. RESULTS Despite new methods that have made it possible to study the claustrum at the molecular, genetic and epigenetic levels, its functions and connectivity are still poorly understood. The anatomical location, relatively uniform cytoarchitecture, and vast network of connections suggest a divergent role of the claustrum in integration and processing of input information and formation of coherent perceptions. Several studies have shown changes in the appearance, structure and volume of the claustrum in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders. Taking into account the structure, ontogenesis, and functions of the claustrum, this literature review offers insight into understanding the crucial role of this structure in brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Moscow State University, Vrorbyebi Gori, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill V Bulygin
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Moscow State University, Vrorbyebi Gori, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia.
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia
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13
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Dayan-Riva A, Berger A, Anholt GE. Affordances, response conflict, and enhanced-action tendencies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an ERP study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:948-963. [PMID: 31907102 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts and/or behaviors. OCD symptoms are often triggered by external stimuli. Therefore, it has been suggested that difficulty inhibiting responses to stimuli associated with strong action tendencies may underlie symptoms. The present electrophysiological study examined whether stimuli evoking a strong automatic response are associated with enhanced action tendencies in OCD participants relative to healthy controls. METHODS The lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the N2 event-related potential (ERP) components were used as measures of action tendencies and inhibition, respectively. ERPs were recorded while 38 participants diagnosed with OCD and 38 healthy controls performed a variation of the Stroop task using colored arrows. RESULTS The OCD group presented with larger LRP amplitudes than the control group. This effect was found specifically in the incongruent condition. Furthermore, an interaction effect was found between group and congruency such that the OCD group showed a reduced N2 in the incongruent condition compared to the congruent condition, whereas the control group demonstrated the opposite effect. Results support the hypothesis that OCD is characterized by stronger readiness-for-action and impaired inhibitory mechanisms, particularly when the suppression of a dominant response tendency is required. Our results were supported by source localization analyses for the LRP and N2 components. These findings were specific to OCD and not associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The present results support the notion of stronger habitual behavior and embodiment tendencies in OCD and impaired inhibitory control under conditions of conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Dayan-Riva
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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14
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Mapping the living mouse brain neural architecture: strain-specific patterns of brain structural and functional connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:647-669. [PMID: 33635426 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mapping brain structural and functional connectivity (FC) became an essential approach in neuroscience as network properties can underlie behavioral phenotypes. In mouse models, revealing strain-related patterns of brain wiring is crucial, since these animals are used to answer questions related to neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders. C57BL/6 and BALB/cJ strains are two of the primary "genetic backgrounds" for modeling brain disease and testing therapeutic approaches. However, extensive literature describes basal differences in the behavioral, neuroanatomical and neurochemical profiles of the two strains, which raises questions on whether the observed effects are pathology specific or depend on the genetic background of each strain. Here, we performed a systematic comparative exploration of brain structure and function of C57BL/6 and BALB/cJ mice using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We combined deformation-based morphometry (DBM), diffusion MRI and high-resolution fiber mapping (hrFM) along with resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and demonstrated brain-wide differences in the morphology and "connectome" features of the two strains. Essential inter-strain differences were depicted regarding the size and the fiber density (FD) within frontal cortices, along cortico-striatal, thalamic and midbrain pathways as well as genu and splenium of corpus callosum. Structural dissimilarities were accompanied by specific FC patterns, emphasizing strain differences in frontal and basal forebrain functional networks as well as hubness characteristics. Rs-fMRI data further indicated differences of reward-aversion circuitry and default mode network (DMN) patterns. The inter-hemispherical FC showed flexibility and strain-specific adjustment of their patterns in agreement with the structural characteristics.
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15
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Steiner AR, Rousseau-Blass F, Schroeter A, Hartnack S, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)-Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010199. [PMID: 33467584 PMCID: PMC7830239 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To understand brain function in rats and mice functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is used. With this type of “brain scan” regional changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption are measured as an indirect surrogate for activity of brain regions. Animals are often anesthetized for the experiments to prevent stress and blurred images due to movement. However, anesthesia may alter the measurements, as blood flow within the brain is differently affected by different anesthetics, and anesthetics also directly affect brain function. Consequently, results obtained under one anesthetic protocol may not be comparable with those obtained under another, and/or not representative for awake animals and humans. We have systematically searched the existing literature for studies analyzing the effects of different anesthesia methods or studies that compared anesthetized and awake animals. Most studies reported that anesthetic agents, doses and timing had an effect on functional magnetic resonance imaging results. To obtain results which promote our understanding of brain function, it is therefore essential that a standard for anesthetic protocols for functional magnetic resonance is defined and their impact is well characterized. Abstract In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of fMRI in rodents is impaired. In the present systematic review, literature analyzing in rats and mice the influence of anesthesia regimes and concurrent physiological functions on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI results was investigated. Studies from four databases that were searched were selected following pre-defined criteria. Two separate articles publish the results; the herewith presented article includes the analyses of 83 studies. Most studies found differences in BOLD fMRI readouts with different anesthesia drugs and dose rates, time points of imaging or when awake status was compared to anesthetized animals. To obtain scientifically valid, reproducible results from rodent fMRI studies, stable levels of anesthesia with agents suitable for the model under investigation as well as known and objectively quantifiable effects on readouts are, thus, mandatory. Further studies should establish dose ranges for standardized anesthetic protocols and determine time windows for imaging during which influence of anesthesia on readout is objectively quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R. Steiner
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédérik Rousseau-Blass
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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17
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Sinitsyn DO, Bakulin IS, Poydasheva AG, Legostaeva LA, Kremneva EI, Lagoda DY, Chernyavskiy AY, Medyntsev AA, Suponeva NA, Piradov MA. Brain Activations and Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated with Insight-Based and Analytical Anagram Solving. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E170. [PMID: 33171616 PMCID: PMC7695184 DOI: 10.3390/bs10110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight is one of the most mysterious problem-solving phenomena involving the sudden emergence of a solution, often preceded by long unproductive attempts to find it. This seemingly unexplainable generation of the answer, together with the role attributed to insight in the advancement of science, technology and culture, stimulate active research interest in discovering its neuronal underpinnings. The present study employs functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe and compare the brain activations occurring in the course of solving anagrams by insight or analytically, as judged by the subjects. A number of regions were activated in both strategies, including the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and bilateral clusters in the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus. The activated areas span the majority of the clusters reported in a recent meta-analysis of insight-related fMRI studies. At the same time, the activation patterns were very similar between the insight and analytical solutions, with the only difference in the right sensorimotor region probably explainable by subject motion related to the study design. Additionally, we applied resting-state fMRI to study functional connectivity patterns correlated with the individual frequency of insight anagram solutions. Significant correlations were found for the seed-based connectivity of areas in the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and left frontal eye field. The results stress the need for optimizing insight paradigms with respect to the accuracy and reliability of the subjective insight/analytical solution classification. Furthermore, the short-lived nature of the insight phenomenon makes it difficult to capture the associated neural events with the current experimental techniques and motivates complementing such studies by the investigation of the structural and functional brain features related to the individual differences in the frequency of insight-based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry O. Sinitsyn
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Ilya S. Bakulin
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Alexandra G. Poydasheva
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Liudmila A. Legostaeva
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Elena I. Kremneva
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Dmitry Yu. Lagoda
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Andrey Yu. Chernyavskiy
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Medyntsev
- Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 129366 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia A. Suponeva
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Michael A. Piradov
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (I.S.B.); (L.A.L.); (E.I.K.); (D.Y.L.); (A.Y.C.); (N.A.S.); (M.A.P.)
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Becq GJPC, Habet T, Collomb N, Faucher M, Delon-Martin C, Coizet V, Achard S, Barbier EL. Functional connectivity is preserved but reorganized across several anesthetic regimes. Neuroimage 2020; 219:116945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Berman S, Schurr R, Atlan G, Citri A, Mezer AA. Automatic Segmentation of the Dorsal Claustrum in Humans Using in vivo High-Resolution MRI. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa062. [PMID: 34296125 PMCID: PMC8153060 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a thin sheet of neurons enclosed by white matter and situated between the insula and the putamen. It is highly interconnected with sensory, frontal, and subcortical regions. The deep location of the claustrum, with its fine structure, has limited the degree to which it could be studied in vivo. Particularly in humans, identifying the claustrum using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is extremely challenging, even manually. Therefore, automatic segmentation of the claustrum is an invaluable step toward enabling extensive and reproducible research of the anatomy and function of the human claustrum. In this study, we developed an automatic algorithm for segmenting the human dorsal claustrum in vivo using high-resolution MRI. Using this algorithm, we segmented the dorsal claustrum bilaterally in 1068 subjects of the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset, a publicly available high-resolution MRI dataset. We found good agreement between the automatic and manual segmentations performed by 2 observers in 10 subjects. We demonstrate the use of the segmentation in analyzing the covariation of the dorsal claustrum with other brain regions, in terms of macro- and microstructure. We identified several covariance networks associated with the dorsal claustrum. We provide an online repository of 1068 bilateral dorsal claustrum segmentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berman
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Roey Schurr
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gal Atlan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Aviv A Mezer
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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20
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Some animal models are more equal than others: Cortico-striatal circuits for translation. Lab Anim (NY) 2020; 49:225-226. [DOI: 10.1038/s41684-020-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Claustral Neurons Projecting to Frontal Cortex Mediate Contextual Association of Reward. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3522-3532.e6. [PMID: 32707061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a small nucleus, exhibiting vast reciprocal connectivity with cortical, subcortical, and midbrain regions. Recent studies, including ours, implicate the claustrum in salience detection and attention. In the current study, we develop an iterative functional investigation of the claustrum, guided by quantitative spatial transcriptional analysis. Using this approach, we identify a circuit involving dopamine-receptor expressing claustral neurons projecting to frontal cortex necessary for context association of reward. We describe the recruitment of claustral neurons by cocaine and their role in drug sensitization. In order to characterize the circuit within which these neurons are embedded, we apply chemo- and opto-genetic manipulation of increasingly specified claustral subpopulations. This strategy resolves the role of a defined network of claustrum neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors and projecting to frontal cortex in the acquisition of cocaine conditioned-place preference and real-time optogenetic conditioned-place preference. In sum, our results suggest a role for a claustrum-to-frontal cortex circuit in the attribution of incentive salience, allocating attention to reward-related contextual cues.
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Abstract
The claustrum is one of the most widely connected regions of the forebrain, yet its function has remained obscure, largely due to the experimentally challenging nature of targeting this small, thin, and elongated brain area. However, recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled the anatomy and physiology of the claustrum to be studied with the spatiotemporal and cell type–specific precision required to eventually converge on what this area does. Here we review early anatomical and electrophysiological results from cats and primates, as well as recent work in the rodent, identifying the connectivity, cell types, and physiological circuit mechanisms underlying the communication between the claustrum and the cortex. The emerging picture is one in which the rodent claustrum is closely tied to frontal/limbic regions and plays a role in processes, such as attention, that are associated with these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Albert K. Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
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Liu Y, Perez PD, Ma Z, Ma Z, Dopfel D, Cramer S, Tu W, Zhang N. An open database of resting-state fMRI in awake rats. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117094. [PMID: 32610063 PMCID: PMC7605641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models are essential to translational research in health and disease. Investigation in rodent brain function and organization at the systems level using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has become increasingly popular. Due to this rapid progress, publicly shared rodent rsfMRI databases can be of particular interest and importance to the scientific community, as inspired by human neuroscience and psychiatric research that are substantially facilitated by open human neuroimaging datasets. However, such databases in rats are still rare. In this paper, we share an open rsfMRI database acquired in 90 rats with a well-established awake imaging paradigm that avoids anesthesia interference. Both raw and preprocessed data are made publicly available. Procedures in data preprocessing to remove artefacts induced by the scanner, head motion and non-neural physiological noise are described in details. We also showcase inter-regional functional connectivity and functional networks obtained from the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Pablo D Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zilu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Dopfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Samuel Cramer
- Neuroscience Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wenyu Tu
- Neuroscience Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Neuroscience Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Although often used as a nuisance in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), the global brain signal in humans and anesthetized animals has important neural basis. However, our knowledge of the global signal in awake rodents is sparse. To bridge this gap, we systematically analyzed rsfMRI data acquired with a conventional single-echo (SE) echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence in awake rats. The spatial pattern of rsfMRI frames during peaks of the global signal exhibited prominent co-activations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampo-cortical networks, as well as in the basal forebrain, hinting that these neural networks might contribute to the global brain signal in awake rodents. To validate this concept, we acquired rsfMRI data using a multi-echo (ME) EPI sequence and removed non-neural components in the rsfMRI signal. Consistent co-activation patterns were obtained in extensively de-noised ME-rsfMRI data, corroborating the finding from SE-rsfMRI data. Furthermore, during rsfMRI experiments, we simultaneously recorded neural spiking activities in the hippocampus using GCaMP-based fiber photometry. The hippocampal calcium activity exhibited significant correspondence with the global rsfMRI signal. These data collectively suggest that the global rsfMRI signal contains significant neural components that involve coordinated activities in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampo-cortical networks. These results provide important insight into the neural substrate of the global brain signal in awake rodents.
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Pham X, Wright DK, Atapour N, Chan JMH, Watkins KJ, Worthy KH, Rosa M, Reichelt A, Reser DH. Internal Subdivisions of the Marmoset Claustrum Complex: Identification by Myeloarchitectural Features and High Field Strength Imaging. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:96. [PMID: 31827427 PMCID: PMC6890826 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a surge of interest in the structure and function of the mammalian claustrum in recent years. However, most anatomical and physiological studies treat the claustrum as a relatively homogenous structure. Relatively little attention has been directed toward possible compartmentalization of the claustrum complex into anatomical subdivisions, and how this compartmentalization is reflected in claustrum connections with other brain structures. In this study, we examined the cyto- and myelo-architecture of the claustrum of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), to determine whether the claustrum contains internal anatomical structures or compartments, which could facilitate studies focused on understanding its role in brain function. NeuN, Nissl, calbindin, parvalbumin, and myelin-stained sections from eight adult marmosets were studied using light microscopy and serial reconstruction to identify potential internal compartments. Ultra high resolution (9.4T) post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging was employed to identify tractographic differences between identified claustrum subcompartments by diffusion-weighted tractography. Our results indicate that the classically defined marmoset claustrum includes at least two major subdivisions, which correspond to the dorsal endopiriform and insular claustrum nuclei, as described in other species, and that the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEnD) contains architecturally distinct compartments. Furthermore, the dorsal subdivision of the DEnD is tractographically distinguishable from the insular claustrum with respect to cortical connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan M-H Chan
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty J Watkins
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Reichelt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David H Reser
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Graduate Entry Medicine Program, Monash Rural Health, Churchill, VIC, Australia
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26
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Paasonen J, Laakso H, Pirttimäki T, Stenroos P, Salo RA, Zhurakovskaya E, Lehto LJ, Tanila H, Garwood M, Michaeli S, Idiyatullin D, Mangia S, Gröhn O. Multi-band SWIFT enables quiet and artefact-free EEG-fMRI and awake fMRI studies in rat. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116338. [PMID: 31730923 PMCID: PMC7008094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in animal models provide invaluable information regarding normal and abnormal brain function, especially when combined with complementary stimulation and recording techniques. The echo planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence is the most common choice for fMRI investigations, but it has several shortcomings. EPI is one of the loudest sequences and very prone to movement and susceptibility-induced artefacts, making it suboptimal for awake imaging. Additionally, the fast gradient-switching of EPI induces disrupting currents in simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. Therefore, we investigated whether the unique features of Multi-Band SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT) overcome these issues at a high 9.4 T magnetic field, making it a potential alternative to EPI. MB-SWIFT had 32-dB and 20-dB lower peak and average sound pressure levels, respectively, than EPI with typical fMRI parameters. Body movements had little to no effect on MB-SWIFT images or functional connectivity analyses, whereas they severely affected EPI data. The minimal gradient steps of MB-SWIFT induced significantly lower currents in simultaneous electrophysiological recordings than EPI, and there were no electrode-induced distortions in MB-SWIFT images. An independent component analysis of the awake rat functional connectivity data obtained with MB-SWIFT resulted in near whole-brain level functional parcellation, and simultaneous electrophysiological and fMRI measurements in isoflurane-anesthetized rats indicated that MB-SWIFT signal is tightly linked to neuronal resting-state activity. Therefore, we conclude that the MB-SWIFT sequence is a robust preclinical brain mapping tool that can overcome many of the drawbacks of conventional EPI fMRI at high magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Paasonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanne Laakso
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tiina Pirttimäki
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskyla, Jyväskyla, Finland
| | - Petteri Stenroos
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo A Salo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Zhurakovskaya
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauri J Lehto
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Djaudat Idiyatullin
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Pavel B, Menardy F, Rotaru D, Paslaru AC, Acatrinei C, Zagrean L, Popa D, Zagrean AM. Electrical Stimulation in the Claustrum Area Induces a Deepening of Isoflurane Anesthesia in Rat. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110304. [PMID: 31683949 PMCID: PMC6895863 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the claustrum in consciousness and vigilance states was proposed more than two decades ago; however, its role in anesthesia is not yet understood, and this requires more investigation. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of claustrum electrical stimulation during isoflurane anesthesia in adult rats. The claustrum in the left hemisphere was electrically stimulated using a bipolar tungsten electrode inserted stereotaxically. In order to monitor the anesthetic depth, the electrocorticogram (ECoG) was recorded before, during, and after claustrum stimulation using frontal and parietal epidural electrodes placed over the left hemisphere. After reaching stabilized slow-wave isoflurane anesthesia, twenty stimuli, each of one second duration with ten seconds interstimulus duration, were applied. ECoG analysis has shown that, after a delay from the beginning of stimulation, the slow-wave ECoG signal changed to a transient burst suppression (BS) pattern. Our results show that electrical stimulation of the claustrum area during slow-wave isoflurane anesthesia induces a transitory increase in anesthetic depth, documented by the appearance of a BS ECoG pattern, and suggests a potential role of claustrum in anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Pavel
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Fabien Menardy
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Diana Rotaru
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE58AF, UK.
| | - Alexandru Catalin Paslaru
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Camelia Acatrinei
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Leon Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Daniela Popa
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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28
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Baizer JS, Webster CJ, Baker JF. The Claustrum in the Squirrel Monkey. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1439-1454. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan S. Baizer
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo New York
| | - Charles J. Webster
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo New York
| | - James F. Baker
- Department of PhysiologyNorthwestern University Medical School Chicago Illinois
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29
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Liu Y, Zhang N. Propagations of spontaneous brain activity in awake rats. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116176. [PMID: 31513942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow propagations of spontaneous brain activity have been reported in multiple species. However, systematical investigation of the organization of such brain activity is still lacking. In this study, we analyzed propagations of spontaneous brain activity using a reference library of characteristic resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns in awake rodents. We found that transitions through multiple distinct RSFC patterns were reproducible not only in transition sequences but also in transition time delays. In addition, the organization of these transitions and their spatiotemporal dynamic patterns were revealed using a graphical model. We further identified prominent brain regions involved in these transitions. These results provide a comprehensive framework of brainwide propagations of spontaneous activity in awake rats. This study also offers a new tool to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity in the resting brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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30
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Schwanke S, Jenssen J, Eipert P, Schmitt O. Towards Differential Connectomics with NeuroVIISAS. Neuroinformatics 2019; 17:163-179. [PMID: 30014279 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The comparison of connectomes is an essential step to identify changes in structural and functional neuronal networks. However, the connectomes themselves as well as the comparisons of connectomes could be manifold. In most applications, comparisons of connectomes are applied to specific sets of data. In many studies collections of scripts are applied optimized for certain species (non-generic approaches) or diseases (control versus disease group connectomes). These collections of scripts have a limited functionality which do not support functional and topographic mappings of connectomes (hemispherical asymmetries, peripheral nervous system). The platform-independent and generic neuroVIISAS framework is built to circumvent limitations that come with variants of nomenclatures, connectivity lists and connectional hierarchies as well as restrictions to structural connectome analyses. A new analytical module is introduced into the framework to compare different types of connectomes and different representations of the same connectome within a unique software environment. As an example a differential analysis of the partial connectome of the laboratory rat that is based on virus tract tracing with the same regions of non-virus tract tracing has been performed. A relatively large connectional coherence between the two different techniques was found. However, some detected connections are described by virus tract-tracing only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schwanke
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Jenssen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Eipert
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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31
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Zhao T, Zhu Y, Tang H, Xie R, Zhu J, Zhang JH. Consciousness: New Concepts and Neural Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:302. [PMID: 31338025 PMCID: PMC6629860 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of consciousness remains a difficult issue that requires urgent understanding and resolution. Currently, consciousness research is an intensely focused area of neuroscience. However, to establish a greater understanding of the concept of consciousness, more detailed, intrinsic neurobiological research is needed. Additionally, an accurate assessment of the level of consciousness may strengthen our awareness of this concept and provide new ideas for patients undergoing clinical treatment of consciousness disorders. In addition, research efforts that help elucidate the concept of consciousness have important scientific and clinical significance. This review presents the latest progress in consciousness research and proposes our assumptions with regard to the network of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - John H. Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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32
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Smith JB, Watson GDR, Liang Z, Liu Y, Zhang N, Alloway KD. A Role for the Claustrum in Salience Processing? Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:64. [PMID: 31275119 PMCID: PMC6594418 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum (CLA) is a subcortical structure, present only in mammals, whose function remains uncertain. Previously, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in awake head-fixed rats, we found evidence that the CLA is part of the rodent homolog of the default mode network (DMN; Smith et al., 2017). This network emerged as strong functional connections between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), mediodorsal (MD) thalamus, and CLA in the awake state, which was not present following administration of isoflurane anesthesia. In the present report, we review evidence indicating that the rodent CLA also has connections with structures identified in the rodent homolog of the salience network (SN), a circuit that directs attention towards the most relevant stimuli among a multitude of sensory inputs (Seeley et al., 2007; Menon and Uddin, 2010). In humans, this circuit consists of functional connections between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and a region that encompasses both the CLA and insular cortex. We further go on to review the similarities and differences between the functional and anatomical connections of the CLA and insula in rodents using both rs-fMRI and neuroanatomical tracing, respectively. We analyze in detail the connectivity of the CLA with the cingulate cortex, which is a major node in the SN and has been shown to modulate attention. When considered with other recent behavior and physiology studies, the data reveal a role for the CLA in salience-guided orienting. More specifically, we hypothesize that limbic information from mPFC, MD thalamus, and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are integrated by the CLA to guide modality-related regions of motor and sensory cortex in directing attention towards relevant (i.e., salient) sensory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Glenn D R Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Laboratory for Comparative Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yikang Liu
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States.,Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States.,Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, United States.,Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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33
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Krimmel SR, White MG, Panicker MH, Barrett FS, Mathur BN, Seminowicz DA. Resting state functional connectivity and cognitive task-related activation of the human claustrum. Neuroimage 2019; 196:59-67. [PMID: 30954711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional analyses of the human claustrum, a poorly understood telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement. Here, we first describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to reveal claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions in human subjects. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n = 20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n = 35). We then assessed claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n = 33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the claustrum. Furthermore, during high cognitive conflict conditions of the task, the claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. Both of these findings suggest that the human claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it may play a role in cognitive control, and specifically task switching, independent of sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Krimmel
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael G White
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Panicker
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Frederick S Barrett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - David A Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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34
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Schiffer F. The physical nature of subjective experience and its interaction with the brain. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Xu T, Sturgeon D, Ramirez JSB, Froudist-Walsh S, Margulies DS, Schroeder CE, Fair DA, Milham MP. Interindividual Variability of Functional Connectivity in Awake and Anesthetized Rhesus Macaque Monkeys. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:543-553. [PMID: 31072758 PMCID: PMC7063583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nonhuman primate (NHP) models are commonly used to advance our understanding of brain function and organization. However, to date, they have offered few insights into individual differences among NHPs. In large part, this is due to the logistical challenges of NHP research, which limit most studies to 5 subjects or fewer. METHODS: We leveraged the availability of a large-scale open NHP imaging resource to provide an initial examination of individual differences in the functional organization of the NHP brain. Specifically, we selected one awake functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset (Newcastle University: n = 10) and two anesthetized functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets (Oxford University: n = 19; University of California, Davis: n = 19) to examine individual differences in functional connectivity characteristics across the cortex as well as potential state dependencies. RESULTS: We noted significant individual variations of functional connectivity across the macaque cortex. Similar to the findings in humans, during the awake state, the primary sensory and motor cortices showed lower variability than the high-order association regions. This variability pattern was significantly correlated with T1-weighted and T2-weighted mapping and degree of long-distance connectivity, but not short-distance connectivity. The interindividual variability under anesthesia exhibited a very distinct pattern, with lower variability in medial frontal cortex, precuneus, and somatomotor regions and higher variability in the lateral ventral frontal and insular cortices. CONCLUSIONS: This work has implications for our understanding of the evolutionary origins of individual variation in the human brain and methodological implications that must be considered in any pursuit to study individual variation in NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York.
| | - Darrick Sturgeon
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Julian S B Ramirez
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Translational Neuroscience Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
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36
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Kurada L, Bayat A, Joshi S, Koubeissi MZ. The Claustrum in Relation to Seizures and Electrical Stimulation. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:8. [PMID: 30809132 PMCID: PMC6379271 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms of altered consciousness that accompanies most epileptic seizures are not known. We have reported alteration of consciousness resulting from electrical stimulation of the claustrum via a depth electrode in a woman with refractory focal epilepsy. Additionally, there are reports that suggest possible claustral involvement in focal epilepsy, including MRI findings of bilaterally increased T2 signal intensity in patients with status epilepticus (SE). Although its cytoarchitecture and connectivity have been studied extensively, the precise role of the claustrum in consciousness processing, and, thus, its contribution to the semiology of dyscognitive seizures are still elusive. To investigate the role of the claustrum in rats, we studied the effect of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the claustrum on performance in the operant chamber. We also studied the inter-claustral and the claustro-hippocampal connectivity through cerebro-cerebral evoked potentials (CCEPs), and investigated the involvement of the claustrum in kainate (KA)-induced seizures. We found that HFS of the claustrum decreased the performance in the operant task in a manner that was proportional to the current intensity used. In this article, we present previously unpublished data about the effect of stimulating extra-claustral regions in the operant chamber task as a control experiment. In these animals, stimulation of the corpus callosum, the largest interhemispheric commissure, as well as the orbitofrontal cortex in the vicinity of the claustrum did not produce that same effect as with claustral stimulation. Additionally, CCEPs established the presence of effective connectivity between both claustra, as well as between the claustrum and bilateral hippocampi indicating that these connections may be part of the circuitry involved in alteration of consciousness in limbic seizures. Lastly, some seizures induced by KA injections showed an early involvement of the claustrum with later propagation to the hippocampi. Further work is needed to clarify the exact role of the claustrum in mediating alteration of consciousness during epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Kurada
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Arezou Bayat
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Smith JB, Alloway KD, Hof PR, Orman R, Reser DH, Watakabe A, Watson GDR. The relationship between the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus: A perspective towards consensus on cross-species homology. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:476-499. [PMID: 30225888 PMCID: PMC6421118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of interest in studying the claustrum, a recent special issue of the Journal of Comparative Neurology dedicated to the claustrum (Volume 525, Issue 6, pp. 1313-1513) brought to light questions concerning the relationship between the claustrum (CLA) and a region immediately ventral known as the endopiriform nucleus (En). These structures have been identified as separate entities in rodents but appear as a single continuous structure in primates. During the recent Society for Claustrum Research meeting, a panel of experts presented data pertaining to the relationship of these regions and held a discussion on whether the CLA and En should be considered (a) separate unrelated structures, (b) separate nuclei within the same formation, or (c) subregions of a continuous structure. This review article summarizes that discussion, presenting comparisons of the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical profiles, genetic markers, and anatomical connectivity of the CLA and En across several mammalian species. In rodents, we conclude that the CLA and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) are subregions of a larger complex, which likely performs analogous computations and exert similar effects on their respective cortical targets (e.g., sensorimotor versus limbic). Moving forward, we recommend that the field retain the nomenclature currently employed for this region but should continue to examine the delineation of these structures across different species. Using thorough descriptions of a variety of anatomical features, this review offers a clear definition of the CLA and En in rodents, which provides a framework for identifying homologous structures in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin D. Alloway
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203 USA
| | - David H. Reser
- Graduate Entry Medicine Program, Monash Rural Health Churchill, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D. R. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Ma Z, Ma Y, Zhang N. Development of brain-wide connectivity architecture in awake rats. Neuroimage 2018; 176:380-389. [PMID: 29738909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence are both critical developmental periods, evidenced by complex neurophysiological changes the brain undergoes and high occurrence rates of neuropsychiatric disorders during these periods. Despite substantial progress in elucidating the developmental trajectories of individual neural circuits, our knowledge of developmental changes of whole-brain connectivity architecture in animals is sparse. To fill this gap, here we longitudinally acquired rsfMRI data in awake rats during five developmental stages from juvenile to adulthood. We found that the maturation timelines of brain circuits were heterogeneous and system specific. Functional connectivity (FC) tended to decrease in subcortical circuits, but increase in cortical circuits during development. In addition, the developing brain exhibited hemispheric functional specialization, evidenced by reduced inter-hemispheric FC between homotopic regions, and lower similarity of region-to-region FC patterns between the two hemispheres. Finally, we showed that whole-brain network development was characterized by reduced clustering (i.e. local communication) but increased integration (distant communication). Taken together, the present study has systematically characterized the development of brain-wide connectivity architecture from juvenile to adulthood in awake rats. It also serves as a critical reference point for understanding circuit- and network-level changes in animal models of brain development-related disorders. Furthermore, FC data during brain development in awake rodents contain high translational value and can shed light onto comparative neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuncong Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Paasonen J, Stenroos P, Salo RA, Kiviniemi V, Gröhn O. Functional connectivity under six anesthesia protocols and the awake condition in rat brain. Neuroimage 2018; 172:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Xu T, Falchier A, Sullivan EL, Linn G, Ramirez JSB, Ross D, Feczko E, Opitz A, Bagley J, Sturgeon D, Earl E, Miranda-Domínguez O, Perrone A, Craddock RC, Schroeder CE, Colcombe S, Fair DA, Milham MP. Delineating the Macroscale Areal Organization of the Macaque Cortex In Vivo. Cell Rep 2018; 23:429-441. [PMID: 29642002 PMCID: PMC6157013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementing long-standing traditions centered on histology, fMRI approaches are rapidly maturing in delineating brain areal organization at the macroscale. The non-human primate (NHP) provides the opportunity to overcome critical barriers in translational research. Here, we establish the data requirements for achieving reproducible and internally valid parcellations in individuals. We demonstrate that functional boundaries serve as a functional fingerprint of the individual animals and can be achieved under anesthesia or awake conditions (rest, naturalistic viewing), though differences between awake and anesthetized states precluded the detection of individual differences across states. Comparison of awake and anesthetized states suggested a more nuanced picture of changes in connectivity for higher-order association areas, as well as visual and motor cortex. These results establish feasibility and data requirements for the generation of reproducible individual-specific parcellations in NHPs, provide insights into the impact of scan state, and motivate efforts toward harmonizing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Arnaud Falchier
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Cardio-metabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Gary Linn
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Julian S B Ramirez
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Deborah Ross
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexander Opitz
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Jennifer Bagley
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Cardio-metabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Darrick Sturgeon
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Earl
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Oscar Miranda-Domínguez
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Anders Perrone
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - R Cameron Craddock
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stan Colcombe
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavior Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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