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Kobayashi F, Uehara O, Ito C, Furusawa M, Abiko Y, Muramatsu T. DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in a human cementoblast cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Endod J 2020; 53:804-811. [PMID: 32011747 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in human cementoblasts (HCEM) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODOLOGY HCEM were cultured in osteoinduction medium. After 24 h, Escherichia coli LPS (1 μg/mL) was added to the medium, which was changed every 2-3 days. Untreated samples were used as controls. Messenger RNA was extracted after 4 weeks, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for GJA1, BMP2, BMP4 and DNMT1 was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted after 4 weeks, and quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out for GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4. To detect mineralization, alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining were performed. The cells were also treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5Aza) and examined. The significance of differences amongst groups was assessed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test with P < 0.05 being significant. RESULTS Decreased expression of mRNA was seen in GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 after 4 weeks (P < 0.05). DNA hypermethylation was detected in GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 (P < 0.05). Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining revealed decreased mineralization levels in HCEM stimulated with LPS. 5Aza abolished the effects of DNA methylation in HCEM stimulated with LPS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that long-term LPS stimulation induces DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in HCEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kobayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O Uehara
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - C Ito
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Furusawa
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - T Muramatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Paznekas WA, Boyadjiev SA, Shapiro RE, Daniels O, Wollnik B, Keegan CE, Innis JW, Dinulos MB, Christian C, Hannibal MC, Jabs EW. Connexin 43 (GJA1) mutations cause the pleiotropic phenotype of oculodentodigital dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:408-18. [PMID: 12457340 PMCID: PMC379233 DOI: 10.1086/346090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are assemblies of intercellular channels that regulate a variety of physiologic and developmental processes through the exchange of small ions and signaling molecules. These channels consist of connexin family proteins that allow for diversity of channel composition and conductance properties. The human connexin 43 gene, or GJA1, is located at human chromosome 6q22-q23 within the candidate region for the oculodentodigital dysplasia locus. This autosomal dominant syndrome presents with craniofacial (ocular, nasal, and dental) and limb dysmorphisms, spastic paraplegia, and neurodegeneration. Syndactyly type III and conductive deafness can occur in some cases, and cardiac abnormalities are observed in rare instances. We found mutations in the GJA1 gene in all 17 families with oculodentodigital dysplasia that we screened. Sixteen different missense mutations and one codon duplication were detected. These mutations may cause misassembly of channels or alter channel conduction properties. Expression patterns and phenotypic features of gja1 animal mutants, reported elsewhere, are compatible with the pleiotropic clinical presentation of oculodentodigital dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Paznekas
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert E. Shapiro
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Otto Daniels
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Catherine E. Keegan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jeffrey W. Innis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mary Beth Dinulos
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Cathy Christian
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mark C. Hannibal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Plastic Surgery, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Childrens Heart Centre, UMCN St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Genetics, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
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