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Calligaris M, Zito G, Busà R, Bulati M, Iannolo G, Gallo A, Carreca AP, Cuscino N, Castelbuono S, Carcione C, Centi C, Amico G, Bertani A, Chinnici CM, Conaldi PG, Scilabra SD, Miceli V. Proteomic analysis and functional validation reveal distinct therapeutic capabilities related to priming of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells with IFN-γ and hypoxia: potential implications for their clinical use. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385712. [PMID: 38882056 PMCID: PMC11179434 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of multipotent cells that can be obtained from various tissues, such as dental pulp, adipose tissue, bone marrow and placenta. MSCs have gained importance in the field of regenerative medicine because of their promising role in cell therapy and their regulatory abilities in tissue repair and regeneration. However, a better characterization of these cells and their products is necessary to further potentiate their clinical application. In this study, we used unbiased high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to investigate the impact of distinct priming strategies, such as hypoxia and IFN-γ treatment, on the composition and therapeutic functionality of the secretome produced by MSCs derived from the amniotic membrane of the human placenta (hAMSCs). Our investigation revealed that both types of priming improved the therapeutic efficacy of hAMSCs, and these improvements were related to the secretion of functional factors present in the conditioned medium (CM) and exosomes (EXOs), which play crucial roles in mediating the paracrine effects of MSCs. In particular, hypoxia was able to induce a pro-angiogenic, innate immune response-activating, and tissue-regenerative hAMSC phenotype, as highlighted by the elevated production of regulatory factors such as VEGFA, PDGFRB, ANGPTL4, ENG, GRO-γ, IL8, and GRO-α. IFN-γ priming, instead, led to an immunosuppressive profile in hAMSCs, as indicated by increased levels of TGFB1, ANXA1, THBS1, HOMER2, GRN, TOLLIP and MCP-1. Functional assays validated the increased angiogenic properties of hypoxic hAMSCs and the enhanced immunosuppressive activity of IFN-γ-treated hAMSCs. This study extends beyond the direct priming effects on hAMSCs, demonstrating that hypoxia and IFN-γ can influence the functional characteristics of hAMSC-derived secretomes, which, in turn, orchestrate the production of functional factors by peripheral blood cells. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization of MSC-based therapies by systematically assessing and comparing the priming type-specific functional features of hAMSCs. These findings highlight new strategies for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, particularly in the context of multifactorial diseases, paving the way for the use of hAMSC-derived products in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Calligaris
- Proteomics Group, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zito
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Busà
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Gallo
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Cuscino
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Castelbuono
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Centi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bertani
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Area, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Vitale Miceli
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
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2
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Aljedaie MM, Alam P. In silico identification of human microRNAs pointing centrin genes in Leishmania donovani: Considering the RNAi-mediated gene control. Front Genet 2024; 14:1329339. [PMID: 38390455 PMCID: PMC10883313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1329339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by different species of the protozoa parasite Leishmania, is a neglected tropical human disease that is endemic in about a hundred countries worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the annual incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is estimated to be 0.7-1.2 million cases globally, whereas the annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis is estimated to be 0.2-0.4 million cases. In many eukaryotic organisms, including human beings and protozoan parasites, centrin genes encode proteins that play essential roles within the centrosome or basal body. Human microRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to several infectious and non-infectious diseases associated with pathogen-host interactions, and they play the emphatic roles as gene expression regulators. In this study, we used the MirTarget bioinformatics tool, which is a machine learning-based approach implemented in miRDB, to predict the target of human miRNAs in Leishmania donovani centrin genes. For cross-validation, we utilized additional prediction algorithms, namely, RNA22 and RNAhybrid, targeting all five centrin isotypes. The centrin-3 (LDBPK_342160) and putative centrin-5 (NC_018236.1) genes in L. donovani were targeted by eight and twelve human miRNAs, respectively, among 2,635 known miRNAs (miRBase). hsa-miR-5193 consistently targeted both genes. Using TargetScan, TarBase, miRecords, and miRTarBase, we identified miRNA targets and off-targets in human homologs of centrin, inflammation, and immune-responsive genes. Significant targets were screened based on GO terminologies and KEGG pathway-enrichment analysis (Log10 p-value >0.0001). In silico tools that predict the biological roles of human miRNAs as primary gene regulators in pathogen-host interactions help unravel the regulatory patterns of these miRNAs, particularly in the early stages of inflammatory responses. It is also noted that these miRNAs played an important role in the late phase of adaptive immune response, inclusively their impacts on the immune system's response to L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manei M Aljedaie
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Li R, Li J, Zhou X. Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:19. [PMID: 38228603 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The lungs were long thought to be sterile until technical advances uncovered the presence of the lung microbial community. The microbiome of healthy lungs is mainly derived from the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome but also has its own characteristic flora. The selection mechanisms in the lung, including clearance by coughing, pulmonary macrophages, the oscillation of respiratory cilia, and bacterial inhibition by alveolar surfactant, keep the microbiome transient and mobile, which is different from the microbiome in other organs. The pulmonary bacteriome has been intensively studied recently, but relatively little research has focused on the mycobiome and virome. This up-to-date review retrospectively summarizes the lung microbiome's history, composition, and function. We focus on the interaction of the lung microbiome with the oropharynx and gut microbiome and emphasize the role it plays in the innate and adaptive immune responses. More importantly, we focus on multiple respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. The impact of the lung microbiome on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lung cancer has also been comprehensively studied. Furthermore, by summarizing the therapeutic potential of the lung microbiome in lung diseases and examining the shortcomings of the field, we propose an outlook of the direction of lung microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomeng Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Rojas-Pirela M, Andrade-Alviárez D, Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Ortega Y, Maya JD, Rojas V, Quiñones W, Michels PA, Kemmerling U. MicroRNAs: master regulators in host-parasitic protist interactions. Open Biol 2022; 12:210395. [PMID: 35702995 PMCID: PMC9198802 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs present in a wide diversity of organisms. MiRNAs regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization and degradation. Thus, miRNAs regulate key biological processes, such as cell death, signal transduction, development, cellular proliferation and differentiation. The dysregulation of miRNAs biogenesis and function is related to the pathogenesis of diseases, including parasite infection. Moreover, during host-parasite interactions, parasites and host miRNAs determine the probability of infection and progression of the disease. The present review is focused on the possible role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diseases of clinical interest caused by parasitic protists. In addition, the potential role of miRNAs as targets for the design of drugs and diagnostic and prognostic markers of parasitic diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Yessica Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Paul A. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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Kumar R, Bhatia M, Pai K. Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5441-5461. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509171244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as kala-azar), caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is characterized by the inability of the host to generate an effective immune response. The manifestations of the disease depends on involvement of various immune components such as activation of macrophages, cell mediated immunity, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, etc. Macrophages are the final host cells for Leishmania parasites to multiply, and they are the key to a controlled or aggravated response that leads to clinical symptoms. The two most common macrophage phenotypes are M1 and M2. The pro-inflammatory microenvironment (mainly by IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α cytokines) and tissue injury driven by classically activated macrophages (M1-like) and wound healing driven by alternatively activated macrophages (M2-like) in an anti-inflammatory environment (mainly by IL-10, TGF-β, chemokine ligand (CCL)1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22). Moreover, on polarized Th cells, chemokine receptors are expressed differently. Typically, CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on polarized Th1 cells, whereas CCR3, CCR4 and CCR8 have been associated with the Th2 phenotype. Further, the ability of the host to produce a cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating and/or eliminating the parasite is critical in the fight against the disease. Here, we review the interactions between parasites and chemokines and chemokines receptors in the pathogenesis of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalpana Pai
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra
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Costa-Madeira JC, Trindade GB, Almeida PHP, Silva JS, Carregaro V. T Lymphocyte Exhaustion During Human and Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835711. [PMID: 35585983 PMCID: PMC9108272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key point of immunity against protozoan Leishmania parasites is the development of an optimal T cell response, which includes a low apoptotic rate, high proliferative activity and polyfunctionality. During acute infection, antigen-specific T cells recognize the pathogen resulting in pathogen control but not elimination, promoting the development and the maintenance of a population of circulating effector cells that mount rapid response quickly after re-exposure to the parasite. However, in the case of visceral disease, the functionality of specific T cells is lost during chronic infection, resulting in inferior effector functions, poor response to specific restimulation, and suboptimal homeostatic proliferation, a term referred to as T cell exhaustion. Multiple factors, including parasite load, infection duration and host immunity, affect T lymphocyte exhaustion. These factors contribute to antigen persistence by promoting inhibitory receptor expression and sustained production of soluble mediators, influencing suppressive cell function and the release of endogenous molecules into chronically inflamed tissue. Together, these signals encourage several changes, reprogramming cells into a quiescent state, which reflects disease progression to more severe forms, and development of acquired resistance to conventional drugs to treat the disease. These points are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Costa-Madeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly B. Trindade
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. P. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
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Montakhab-Yeganeh H, Shafiei R, Najm M, Masoori L, Aspatwar A, Badirzadeh A. Immunogenic properties of empty pcDNA3 plasmid against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263993. [PMID: 35167596 PMCID: PMC8846536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania (L) parasite, the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), effectively stimulates the mammalian cells to mount strong humoral responses by enhancing T-helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines for its survival. The best strategy to decrease the intensity of infection in the host is induction of cellular immunity. Methods We evaluated the effects of the empty bacterial pcDNA3 plasmid on mice infected with L. major and quantified the immune mediators including IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IgG2a, IgG1, arginase activity and nitric oxide (NO) in the mice. Moreover, the footpad lesion size and parasite load were assessed. Results We observed that pcDNA3 could modulate the immune responses in favor of host cells and decrease the disease severity. Th2- associated mediators, including arginase, IL-4, and IL-10 are downregulated, while cellular responses are upregulated in line with an increase in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interfero-gamma (IFN-γ). Interestingly, pcDNA3 induced specific Th1-associated antibodies, IgG2a isotype; however, it suppressed the production of humoral IgG1. The stimulation of the immune response by the empty pcDNA3 is able to shift the immune function to predominant cellular responses caused by Th1, and it had a positive effect on the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Conclusions Altogether, we introduced the pcDNA3 as a potential interfering factor in the modulation of the immune system against ZCL. Since this vector has been widely used as a control group in different studies, we suggest that the potential function of the empty vector should be deeply assessed, as it exerts anti-parasitic effects on mice infected with L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Montakhab-Yeganeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiei
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Najm
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Masoori
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
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Ghosh S, Roy K, Rajalingam R, Martin S, Pal C. Cytokines in the generation and function of regulatory T cell subsets in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Chemokines in Leishmaniasis: Map of cell movements highlights the landscape of infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Dutra BM, Rodrigues NLDC, Fonseca FRM, de Moura TR, Pacheco de Almeida R, de Jesus AR, Abreu TM, Pompeu MMDL, Teixeira CR, Teixeira MJ. CXCL10 immunomodulatory effect against infection caused by an antimony refractory isolate of Leishmania braziliensis in mice. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12805. [PMID: 33131089 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil. Current treatment includes different drugs that have important side effects and identification of cases of parasite resistance to treatment support the search for new therapeutic strategies. Recent findings have indicated that CXCL10, a chemokine that recruits and activates Th1 cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, is a potential alternative to treat Leishmania infection. Here, we tested CXCL10 immunotherapy against experimental infection caused by an antimony-resistant isolate of Leishmania braziliensis. Following infection, mice were treated with CXCL10 for 7 days after onset of lesions. We demonstrate that mice treated with CXCL10 controlled lesion progression and parasite burden more efficiently comparing to controls. An increased IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β and low IL-4 production combined with a distinct inflammatory infiltrate composed by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and granulomas was observed in the CXCL10-treated group comparing to controls. However, CXCL10 and Glucantime combined therapy did not improve CXCL10-induced protective effect. Our findings reinforce the potential of CXCL10 immunotherapy as an alternative treatment against infection caused by L. braziliensis resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunheld Maia Dutra
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Ticiana Monteiro Abreu
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Gonzalez K, Calzada JE, Tomokane TY, Pacheco CMS, Flores GVA, Castro Gomes CM, Pereira Corbett CE, Saldaña A, Laurenti MD. In situ study of cellular immune response in human cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Panama. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12801. [PMID: 33068443 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Leishmaniasis is considered a disease with multiple clinical/immunopathological characteristics, depending on the immunity of the host and the species of the parasite. In Panama, the most prevalent species that causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, and its immune response is poorly studied. Therefore, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry, the in situ immune response during this infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsies from Panamanian patients with LCL were collected and processed by histological techniques. Infection by L. (V.) panamensis was demonstrated by isolation in culture and molecular characterization by Hsp70-RFLP. The in situ immune response was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The immune response was characterized by predominance of T cells, mainly CD8 cells that showed positive correlation with IFN-γ and Granzyme B. CD4 cells presented positive correlation with both IFN-γ and IL-13, pointed by mixed cellular immune response. Regulatory response was characterized by FoxP3 cells, which showed positive correlation to IL-10 but not with TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS L. (V.) panamensis infection triggers a mixed cellular immune response, characterized by the presence of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory elements in the skin lesion of Panamanian patients. These data contribute to a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania Viannia infection in Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Gonzalez
- Departamento de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama, Panamá.,Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama, Panamá.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo Flores
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Maria Castro Gomes
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama, Panamá.,Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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13
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Combination of Mycobacterium indicus pranii and Heat-Induced Promastigotes Cures Drug-Resistant Leishmania Infection: Critical Role of Interleukin-6-Producing Classical Dendritic Cells. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00222-19. [PMID: 32229617 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major issues in available therapeutic modalities against leishmaniasis are cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. The aim of this work was to develop a successful therapeutic adjuvant against drug-resistant Leishmania donovani infection by means of combining Mycobacterium indicus pranii with heat-induced promastigotes (HIP). One-month postinfected BALB/c mice were administered subcutaneously with M. indicus pranii (108 cells) and HIP (100 μg) for 5 days. Spleens were harvested for flow cytometric and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. The antileishmanial effect of the combination strategy was associated with induction of a disease-resolving Th1 and Th17 response with simultaneous downregulation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ (nTreg) cells and CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- (Tr1) cells in the spleen. The significant expansion of CD4+ TCM (CD4+ CD44hi CD11ahi CD62Lhi) cells was a further interesting outcome of this therapeutic strategy in the context of long-term protection of hosts against secondary infection. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was also found instrumental in this antiparasitic therapy. Induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production from expanded CD11c+ CD8α+ (cDC1) and CD11c+ CD11b+ (cDC2) dendritic cells (DCs) but not from the CD11b+ Ly6c+ inflammatory monocytes (iMOs), was found critical in the protective expansion of Th17 as evidenced by an in vivo IL-6 neutralization assay. It also promoted the hematopoietic conversion toward DC progenitors (pre-DCs) from common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs), the immediate precursors, in bone marrow. This novel combinational strategy demonstrated that expansion of Th17 by IL-6 released from CD11c+ classical DCs is crucial, together with the conventional Th1 response, to control drug-resistant infection.
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14
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Eufrásio de Figueiredo WM, Heredia FF, Santos AS, da Rocha Braga R, Marciano Fonseca FR, Lúcia de Castro Rodrigues N, Abreu TM, Maria de Lima Pompeu M, Barbosa HS, Teixeira MJ. CXCL10 treatment promotes reduction of IL-10 + regulatory T (Foxp3 + and Tr1) cells in the spleen of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107789. [PMID: 31669169 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
American visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. The control of the disease depends on the magnitude of the Th1 cell response and IL-10 producing regulatory T cells. Administration of chemokine, such as CXCL10, has shown promising results in the leishmaniasis treatment. Previous studies from our group have shown that CXCL10 induces a reduction in parasite burden in the spleen and a decrease in IL-10 and TGF-β production in L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice. This work investigated whether CXCL10-treatment reduces IL-10 + Treg cell populations (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and Tr1) and induces morphological changes in the spleen. BALB/c mice were infected and treated or not with CXCL10 on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days of infection. CXCL10-treatment was able to reduce the parasite load in the spleen in L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice and this decrease in the number of parasites correlated with the decrease in size of this organ in treated animals compared to untreated animals. 7, 23, and 45 days post-treatment (p.t.), the phenotype and frequency of IL-10 + Treg cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the morphological changes of the spleen were analyzed by optical microscopy. After 7 and 23 days p.t., CXCL10-treated animals showed a significant reduction of CD25-Foxp3-IL-10+ (Tr1) cells in the spleen when compared to untreated animals, whereas CD4+CD25+Foxp3+IL-10+ Treg cells reduced later at 23rd and 45th days p.t. Furthermore, while untreated animals showed a significant positive correlation between IL-10 production and Tr1 cells, in CXCL10-treated group this correlation was negative. Thus, these findings show that treatment with CXCL10 chemokine in L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice results in suppression of IL10+ Treg (Foxp3+ and Tr1) cells in the spleen, associated with a reduction in parasite load and splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiola Fernandes Heredia
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, 60441-750, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Aline Sombra Santos
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, 60441-750, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Naya Lúcia de Castro Rodrigues
- Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Department of Pharmacy, 60430-170, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Ticiana Monteiro Abreu
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, 60441-750, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Helene Santos Barbosa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Laboratory of Structural Biology, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, 60441-750, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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15
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Antonia AL, Gibbs KD, Trahair ED, Pittman KJ, Martin AT, Schott BH, Smith JS, Rajagopal S, Thompson JW, Reinhardt RL, Ko DC. Pathogen Evasion of Chemokine Response Through Suppression of CXCL10. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:280. [PMID: 31440475 PMCID: PMC6693555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (L.) major, depends on an immune response with well-regulated cytokine signaling. Here we describe a pathogen-mediated mechanism of evading CXCL10, a chemokine with diverse antimicrobial functions, including T cell recruitment. Infection with L. major in a human monocyte cell line induced robust CXCL10 transcription without increasing extracellular CXCL10 protein concentrations. We found that this transcriptionally independent suppression of CXCL10 is mediated by the virulence factor and protease, glycoprotein-63 (gp63). Specifically, GP63 cleaves CXCL10 after amino acid A81 at the base of a C-terminal alpha-helix. Cytokine cleavage by GP63 demonstrated specificity, as GP63 cleaved CXCL10 and its homologs, which all bind the CXCR3 receptor, but not distantly related chemokines, such as CXCL8 and CCL22. Further characterization demonstrated that CXCL10 cleavage activity by GP63 was produced by both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Crucially, CXCL10 cleavage impaired T cell chemotaxis in vitro, indicating that cleaved CXCL10 cannot signal through CXCR3. Ultimately, we propose CXCL10 suppression is a convergent mechanism of immune evasion, as Salmonella enterica and Chlamydia trachomatis also suppress CXCL10. This commonality suggests that counteracting CXCL10 suppression may provide a generalizable therapeutic strategy against intracellular pathogens. Importance Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease that annually affects over one million people, is caused by intracellular parasites that have evolved to evade the host's attempts to eliminate the parasite. Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in disfiguring skin lesions if the host immune system does not appropriately respond to infection. A family of molecules called chemokines coordinate recruitment of the immune cells required to eliminate infection. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism that Leishmania (L.) spp. employ to suppress host chemokines: a Leishmania-encoded protease cleaves chemokines known to recruit T cells that fight off infection. We observe that other common human intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella enterica, reduce levels of the same chemokines, suggesting a strong selective pressure to avoid this component of the immune response. Our study provides new insights into how intracellular pathogens interact with the host immune response to enhance pathogen survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Antonia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Esme D. Trahair
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly J. Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amelia T. Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Figueiredo WME, Viana SDM, Alves DT, Guerra PV, Coêlho ZCB, Barbosa HS, Teixeira MJ. Protection mediated by chemokine CXCL10 in BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania infantum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:561-568. [PMID: 28767981 PMCID: PMC5530548 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is characterised by the loss of the ability of the host to generate an effective immune response. Chemokines have a direct involvement in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis, causing a rapid change in the expression of these molecules during infection by Leishmania. OBJECTIVES Herein, it was investigated the role of CXCL10 in controlling infection by L. infantum. METHODS RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with L. infantum in vitro and treated or not with CXCL10 (25, 50 and 100 ng/mL). Parasite load, as well as nitric oxide (NO), IL-4 and IL-10 production were assessed at 24 and 48 h after infection. In vivo, BALB/c mice were infected and treated or not with CXCL10 (5 μg/kg) at one, three and seven days of infection. Parasite load, IFN-g, IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10 were evaluated one, seven and 23 days post treatment. FINDINGS In vitro, CXCL10 reduced parasitic load, not dependent on NO, and inhibited IL-10 and IL-4 secretion. In vivo, CXCL10 was able to reduce the parasite load in both liver and spleen, four weeks after infection, representing a higher decrease in the number of parasites in these organs, also induced IFN-γ at day 23 after treatment, correlating with the decrease in parasite load, and reduced IL-10 and TGF-β. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a partial protective role of CXCL10 against L. infantum, mediated by IFN-g, not dependent on NO, and with suppression of IL-10 and TGF-β. These data may provide information for the development of new approaches for future therapeutic interventions for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayonara de Melo Viana
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Dorotheia Teixeira Alves
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Priscila Valera Guerra
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Zirlane Castelo Branco Coêlho
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Departamento de Análise Clínica, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Helene Santos Barbosa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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17
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Montakhab-Yeganeh H, Abdossamadi Z, Zahedifard F, Taslimi Y, Badirzadeh A, Saljoughian N, Taheri T, Taghikhani M, Rafati S. Leishmania tarentolaeexpressing CXCL-10 as an efficient immunotherapy approach againstLeishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Montakhab-Yeganeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Z. Abdossamadi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - F. Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Y. Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Badirzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - N. Saljoughian
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - T. Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Taghikhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
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18
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Shankar J, Nguyen MH, Crespo MM, Kwak EJ, Lucas SK, McHugh KJ, Mounaud S, Alcorn JF, Pilewski JM, Shigemura N, Kolls JK, Nierman WC, Clancy CJ. Looking Beyond Respiratory Cultures: Microbiome-Cytokine Signatures of Bacterial Pneumonia and Tracheobronchitis in Lung Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1766-78. [PMID: 26693965 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia and tracheobronchitis are diagnosed frequently following lung transplantation. The diseases share clinical signs of inflammation and are often difficult to differentiate based on culture results. Microbiome and host immune-response signatures that distinguish between pneumonia and tracheobronchitis are undefined. Using a retrospective study design, we selected 49 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from 16 lung transplant recipients associated with pneumonia (n = 8), tracheobronchitis (n = 12) or colonization without respiratory infection (n = 29). We ensured an even distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus culture-positive samples across the groups. Bayesian regression analysis identified non-culture-based signatures comprising 16S ribosomal RNA microbiome profiles, cytokine levels and clinical variables that characterized the three diagnoses. Relative to samples associated with colonization, those from pneumonia had significantly lower microbial diversity, decreased levels of several bacterial genera and prominent multifunctional cytokine responses. In contrast, tracheobronchitis was characterized by high microbial diversity and multifunctional cytokine responses that differed from those of pneumonia-colonization comparisons. The dissimilar microbiomes and cytokine responses underlying bacterial pneumonia and tracheobronchitis following lung transplantation suggest that the diseases result from different pathogenic processes. Microbiomes and cytokine responses had complementary features, suggesting that they are closely interconnected in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shankar
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - M H Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M M Crespo
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - E J Kwak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S K Lucas
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - K J McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S Mounaud
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - J F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - J M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - N Shigemura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - J K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - C J Clancy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA
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19
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Abstract
Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells by evading or exploiting host immune mechanisms. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to better strategies for effective management of Leishmania infections. Current research has focused on parasite modification of host cell signaling pathways, entry into phagocytic cells, and modulation of cytokine and chemokine profiles that alter immune cell activation and trafficking to sites of infection. Immuno-therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms of immune evasion by Leishmania offer promising areas for preclinical and clinical research.
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20
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Kaye PM, Beattie L. Lessons from other diseases: granulomatous inflammation in leishmaniasis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:249-60. [PMID: 26678994 PMCID: PMC4779128 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmania granuloma shares some, though not all, properties with that formed following mycobacterial infection. As a simplified, noncaseating granuloma composed of relatively few and largely mononuclear cell populations, it provides a tractable model system to investigate intra-granuloma cellular dynamics, immune regulation, and antimicrobial resistance. Here, the occurrence of granulomatous pathology across the spectrum of leishmaniasis, in humans and animal reservoir hosts, is first described. However, this review focuses on the process of hepatic granuloma formation as studied in rodent models of visceral leishmaniasis, starting from the initial infection of Kupffer cells to the involution of the granuloma after pathogen clearance. It describes how the application of intravital imaging and the use of computational modeling have changed some of our thoughts on granuloma function, and illustrates how host-directed therapies have been used to manipulate granuloma form and function for therapeutic benefit. Where appropriate, lessons that may be equally applicable across the spectrum of granulomatous diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Lynette Beattie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Queensland, Australia, 4006
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21
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Chowdhury BP, Das S, Majumder S, Halder K, Ghosh S, Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Majumdar S. Immunomodulation of host-protective immune response by regulating Foxp3 expression and Treg function in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice: critical role of IRF1. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv063. [PMID: 26297915 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is still a threat to mankind due to treatment failure, drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The limitations of first-line drugs have led to the development of new strategies to combat this dreaded disease. Recently, we have shown the immunomodulatory property of Ara-LAM, a TLR2 ligand, against leishmanial pathogenesis. In this study, we have extended our study to the effect of Ara-LAM on regulatory T cells in a murine model of VL. We observed that Ara-LAM-treated infected BALB/c mice showed a strong host-protective Th1 immune response due to reduced IL-10 and TGF-β production, along with marked decrease in CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) GITR(+) CTLA4(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) generation and activation. The reduction in Foxp3 expression was due to effective modulation of TGF-β-induced SMAD signaling in Treg cells by Ara-LAM. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ara-LAM-induced IRF1 expression in the Treg cells, which negatively regulated foxp3 gene transcription, resulting in the reduced immunosuppressive activity of Treg cells. Interestingly, irf1 gene knockdown completely abrogated the effect of Ara-LAM on Treg cells. Thus, these findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into Ara-LAM-mediated modulation of Treg cells, which might be helpful in combating VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Kuntal Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Satabdi Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Syamdas Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
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22
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Khadem F, Uzonna JE. Immunity to visceral leishmaniasis: implications for immunotherapy. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:901-15. [PMID: 25156379 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania donovani, L. infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi), is a globally widespread disease with a burden of about 400,000 new infections reported annually. It is the most dangerous form of human leishmaniasis in terms of mortality and morbidity and is spreading to several nonendemic areas because of migration, global traveling and military conflicts. The emergence of Leishmania-HIV co-infection and increased prevalence of drug-resistant strains have worsened the impact of the disease. The traditional low-cost drugs are often toxic with several adverse effects, highlighting the need for development of new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Therefore, a detailed understanding of mechanisms of protective immunity is extremely important in order to develop new therapeutics in the form of vaccines or immunotherapies. This review gives an overview of visceral leishmaniasis, with particular emphasis on the innate and adaptive immune responses, vaccine and vaccination strategies and their potentials for immunotherapy against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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23
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24
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Freitas-Silva R, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Rezende AM, Pereira VR. Targeting Dendritic Cells as a Good Alternative to Combat Leishmania spp. Front Immunol 2014; 5:604. [PMID: 25505469 PMCID: PMC4245024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Freitas-Silva
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pernambuco , Garanhuns , Brazil ; Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Recife , Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Mauro Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Recife , Brazil
| | - Valéria Rêgo Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Recife , Brazil
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25
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Cecílio P, Pérez-Cabezas B, Santarém N, Maciel J, Rodrigues V, Cordeiro da Silva A. Deception and manipulation: the arms of leishmania, a successful parasite. Front Immunol 2014; 5:480. [PMID: 25368612 PMCID: PMC4202772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasitic protozoa responsible for a group of neglected tropical diseases, endemic in 98 countries around the world, called leishmaniasis. These parasites have a complex digenetic life cycle requiring a susceptible vertebrate host and a permissive insect vector, which allow their transmission. The clinical manifestations associated with leishmaniasis depend on complex interactions between the parasite and the host immune system. Consequently, leishmaniasis can be manifested as a self-healing cutaneous affliction or a visceral pathology, being the last one fatal in 85–90% of untreated cases. As a result of a long host–parasite co-evolutionary process, Leishmania spp. developed different immunomodulatory strategies that are essential for the establishment of infection. Only through deception and manipulation of the immune system, Leishmania spp. can complete its life cycle and survive. The understanding of the mechanisms associated with immune evasion and disease progression is essential for the development of novel therapies and vaccine approaches. Here, we revise how the parasite manipulates cell death and immune responses to survive and thrive in the shadow of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Maciel
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal ; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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26
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Ehrlich A, Castilho TM, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Chae WJ, Bothwell ALM, Sparwasser T, McMahon-Pratt D. The immunotherapeutic role of regulatory T cells in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2961-70. [PMID: 25098291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) parasites are etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Infection is characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 inflammatory response, which contributes to disease pathology. However, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Leishmania (Viannia) disease pathogenesis is unclear. Using the mouse model of chronic L. (V.) panamensis infection, we examined the hypothesis that Treg functionality contributes to control of pathogenesis. Upon infection, Tregs (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)) presented with a dysregulated phenotype, in that they produced IFN-γ, expressed Tbet, and had a reduced ability to suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. Targeted ablation of Tregs resulted in enlarged lesions, increased parasite load, and enhanced production of IL-17 and IFN-γ, with no change in IL-10 and IL-13 levels. This indicated that an increased inflammatory response was commensurate with disease exacerbation and that the remaining impaired Tregs were important in regulation of disease pathology. Conversely, adoptive transfer of Tregs from naive mice halted disease progression, lowered parasite burden, and reduced cytokine production (IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ). Because Tregs appeared to be important for controlling infection, we hypothesized that their expansion could be used as an immunotherapeutic treatment approach. As a proof of principle, chronically infected mice were treated with rIL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab complex to expand Tregs. Treatment transitorily increased the numbers and percentage of Tregs (draining lymph node, spleen), which resulted in reduced cytokine responses, ameliorated lesions, and reduced parasite load (10(5)-fold). Thus, immunotherapy targeting Tregs could provide an alternate treatment strategy for leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ehrlich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Tiago Moreno Castilho
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Karen Goldsmith-Pestana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;
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27
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Khadem F, Mou Z, Liu D, Varikuti S, Satoskar A, Uzonna JE. Deficiency of p110δ isoform of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase leads to enhanced resistance to Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2951. [PMID: 24945303 PMCID: PMC4063731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis is the most clinically relevant and dangerous form of human leishmaniasis. Most traditional drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic, possess many adverse reactions and drug resistance is emerging. Therefore, there is urgent need for identification of new therapeutic targets. Recently, we found that mice with an inactivating knock-in mutation in the p110δ isoform of pi3k, (p110δd910a) are hyper resistant to L. major, develop minimal cutaneous lesion and rapidly clear their parasite. Here, we investigated whether pi3k signaling also regulates resistance to L. donovani, one of the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis. Methodology/Principal Findings WT and p110δD910A mice (on a BALB/c background) were infected with L. donovani. At different time points, parasite burden and granuloma formation were assessed. T and B cell responses in the liver and spleen were determined. In addition, Tregs were expanded in vivo and its impact on resistance was assessed. We found that p110δD910A mice had significantly reduced splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and these organs harbored significantly fewer parasites than those of WT mice. Interestingly, infected p110δD910A mice liver contains fewer and less organized granulomas than their infected WT counterparts. Cells from p110δD910A mice were significantly impaired in their ability to produce cytokines compared to WT mice. The percentage and absolute numbers of Tregs in infected p110δD910A mice were lower than those in WT mice throughout the course of infection. In vivo expansion of Tregs in infected p110δD910A mice abolished their enhanced resistance to L. donovani infection. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that the enhanced resistance of p110δD910A mice to L. donovani infection is due to impaired activities of Tregs. They further show that resistance to Leishmania in the absence of p110δ signaling is independent of parasite species, suggesting that targeting the PI3K signaling pathway may be useful for treatment of both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most dangerous form of human leishmaniasis in terms of mortality and morbidity and is spreading to several non-endemic areas because of global traveling and military conflicts. The emergence of Leishmania-HIV coinfection and increased prevalence of drug resistant strains have compounded an already bad situation. In addition, the drugs available are toxic, expensive and have several side effects. Therefore, a detailed understanding of protective immune response is extremely important in order to identify new therapeutic targets. The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) family of enzymes mediate several important immunologic and physiologic cellular process including proliferation, differentiation, growth and host defense. We previously showed that genetic inactivation of the p110δ isoform of PI3K results in resistant to L. major (the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)). Here, we investigate the role of PI3K in immunity to VL and the mechanisms underlying its protective effect. Collectively, our results demonstrate that signaling via the p110δ also regulates immunity to L. donovani, an effect that is dependent on the impact of p110δ signaling on expansion and function of regulatory T cells in vivo. Thus, our studies suggest that targeting the p110δ pathway may be a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling VL and CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Abhay Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Majumder S, Bhattacharjee A, Paul Chowdhury B, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Majumdar S. Antigen-Pulsed CpG-ODN-Activated Dendritic Cells Induce Host-Protective Immune Response by Regulating the T Regulatory Cell Functioning in Leishmania donovani-Infected Mice: Critical Role of CXCL10. Front Immunol 2014; 5:261. [PMID: 24926293 PMCID: PMC4044885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani, is a systemic infection of reticulo-endothelial system. There is currently no protective vaccine against VL and chemotherapy is increasingly limited due to appearance of drug resistance to first line drugs such as antimonials and amphotericin B. In the present study, by using a murine model of leishmaniasis we evaluated the function played by soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA)-pulsed CpG-ODN-stimulated dendritic cells (SLA–CpG–DCs) in restricting the intracellular parasitic growth. We establish that a single dose of SLA–CpG–DC vaccination is sufficient in rendering complete protection against L. donovani infection. In probing the possible mechanism, we observe that SLA–CpG–DCs vaccination results in the significant decrease in Foxp3+GITR+CTLA4+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) cell population in Leishmania-infected mice. Vaccination with these antigen-stimulated dendritic cells results in the decrease in the secretion of TGF-β by these Treg cells by possible regulation of the SMAD signaling. Moreover, we demonstrate that a CXC chemokine, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10), has a direct role in the regulation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in SLA–CpG–DC-vaccinated parasitized mice as Treg cells isolated from IP-10-depleted vaccinated mice showed significantly increased TGF-β production and suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute , Kolkata , India
| | | | | | | | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute , Kolkata , India
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29
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Pupo E, Hamstra HJ, Meiring H, van der Ley P. Lipopolysaccharide engineering in Neisseria meningitidis: structural analysis of different pentaacyl lipid A mutants and comparison of their modified agonist properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8668-80. [PMID: 24492609 PMCID: PMC3961689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway offers the potential to obtain modified derivatives with optimized adjuvant properties. Neisseria meningitidis strain H44/76 was modified by expression of the pagL gene encoding lipid A 3-O-deacylase from Bordetella bronchiseptica and by inactivation of the lgtB gene encoding the terminal oligosaccharide galactosyltransferase. Mass spectrometry analysis of purified mutant LPS was used for detailed compositional analysis of all present molecular species. This determined that the modified LPS was mainly pentaacylated, demonstrating high efficiency of conversion from the hexaacyl to the 3-O-deacylated form by heterologous lipid A 3-O-deacylase (PagL) expression. MS analyses also provided evidence for expression of only one major oligosaccharide glycoform, which lacked the terminal galactose residue as expected from inactivation of the lgtB gene. The immunomodulatory properties of PagL-deacylated LPS were compared with another pentaacyl form obtained from an lpxL1(-) mutant, which lacks the 2' secondary acyl chain. Although both LPS mutants displayed impaired capacity to induce production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6, induction of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β-dependent chemokine interferon-γ-induced protein 10 was largely retained only for the lgtB(-)/pagL(+) mutant. Removal of remaining hexaacyl species exclusively present in lgtB(-)/pagL(+) LPS demonstrated that these minor species potentiate but do not determine the activity of this LPS. These results are the first to indicate a qualitatively different response of human innate cells to pentaacyl lpxL1(-) and pagL(+) LPS and show the importance of detailed structure-function analysis when working with modified lipid A structures. The pagL(+) LPS has significant potential as immune modulator in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Pupo
- From the Institute for Translational Vaccinology and
| | - Hendrik-Jan Hamstra
- the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meiring
- From the Institute for Translational Vaccinology and
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30
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Singh OP, Sundar S. Whole blood assay and visceral leishmaniasis: Challenges and promises. Immunobiology 2014; 219:323-8. [PMID: 24571797 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years, the ability to study immune responses in patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been hampered by the absence of detectable antigen-specific Th1 responses using cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Employing whole blood assay (WBA), we recently reported that whole blood cells of active VL patients maintain the capacity to secrete significant levels of antigen driven IFN-γ and IL-10. Furthermore, WBA that uses soluble leishmania antigen (SLA) have advantages over the leishmanin skin test (LST), in terms of higher specificity and better correlation with surrogate markers of exposures to Leishmania donovani. These findings open the door to a series of immunological and epidemiological studies not previously possible for VL. In the present review, we discuss current status, future perspectives as well as obstacles in the research on WBA. Research in this area is essential for development of potential immunological and epidemiological tools for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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31
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease that is caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. Leishmania are further classified into several complexes, each of which can engage in distinct interactions with mammalian hosts resulting in differing disease presentations. It is therefore not unexpected that host immune responses to Leishmania are variable. The induction of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and response to it in these infections has received considerable attention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of some of the host responses during Leishmania infections that are regulated by IFN-γ. In addition, studies that explore the nature of parasite-derived molecular mediators that might affect the host response to IFN-γ are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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32
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Majumder S, Bhattacharjee S, Paul Chowdhury B, Majumdar S. CXCL10 is critical for the generation of protective CD8 T cell response induced by antigen pulsed CpG-ODN activated dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48727. [PMID: 23144947 PMCID: PMC3492407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The visceral form of leishmaniasis is the most severe form of the disease and of particular concern due to the emerging problem of HIV/visceral leishmaniasis (VL) co-infection in the tropics. Till date miltefosine, amphotericin B and pentavalent antimony compounds remain the main treatment regimens for leishmaniasis. However, because of severe side effects, there is an urgent need for alternative improved therapies to combat this dreaded disease. In the present study, we have used the murine model of leishmaniasis to evaluate the potential role played by soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) pulsed-CpG-ODN stimulated dendritic cells (SLA-CpG-DCs) in restricting the intracellular leishmanial growth. We found that mice vaccinated with a single dose of SLA-pulsed DC stimulated by CpG-ODN were protected against a subsequent leishmanial challenge and had a dramatic reduction in parasite burden along with the generation of parasite specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the induction of protective immunity conferred by SLA-CpG-DCs depends entirely on the CXC chemokine IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10; IP-10). CXCL10 is directly involved in the generation of a parasite specific CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response. We observed significant reduction of CD8+ T cells in mice depleted of CXCL10 suggesting a direct role of CXCL10 in the generation of CD8+ T cells in SLA-CpG-DCs vaccinated mice. CXCL10 also contributed towards the generation of perforin and granzyme B, two important cytolytic mediators of CD8+ T cells, following SLA-CpG-DCs vaccination. Together, these findings strongly demonstrate that CXCL10 is critical for rendering a protective cellular immunity during SLA-CpG-DC vaccination that confers protection against Leishmania donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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