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Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Sánchez-García L, Pérez-Torres A, Gudiño-Zayas ME, Zamora-Chimal J, Meneses C, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Becker I. Leishmania major-Infected Phlebotomus duboscqi Sand Fly Bites Enhance Mast Cell Degranulation. Pathogens 2023; 12:207. [PMID: 36839479 PMCID: PMC9960273 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites infect mammalian hosts through the bites of sand fly vectors. The response by mast cells (MC) to the parasite and vector-derived factors, delivered by sand fly bites, has not been characterized. We analyzed MC numbers and their mediators in BALB/c mice naturally infected in the ear with Leishmania major through the bite of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus duboscqi and compared them to non-infected sand fly bites. MC were found at the bite sites of infective and non-infected sand flies throughout 48 h, showing the release of granules with intense TNF-α, histamine, and tryptase staining. At 30 min and 48 h, the MC numbers were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in infected as compared to non-infected bites or controls. Neutrophil recruitment was intense during the first 6 h in the skin of infected and non-infected sand fly bites and decreased thereafter. An influx of neutrophils also occurred in lymph nodes, where a strong TNF-α stain was observed in mononuclear cells. Our data show that MC orchestrate an early inflammatory response after infected and non-infected sand fly bites, leading to neutrophilic recruitment, which potentially provides a safe passage for the parasite within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-García
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Quintana Roo, Chetumal C.P. 77039, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparada de Piel y Mucosas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco E. Gudiño-Zayas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
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Nerb B, Dudziak D, Gessner A, Feuerer M, Ritter U. Have We Ignored Vector-Associated Microbiota While Characterizing the Function of Langerhans Cells in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis? FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.874081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alfaro R, Martínez-Banaclocha H, Llorente S, Jimenez-Coll V, Galián JA, Botella C, Moya-Quiles MR, Parrado A, Muro-Perez M, Minguela A, Legaz I, Muro M. Computational Prediction of Biomarkers, Pathways, and New Target Drugs in the Pathogenesis of Immune-Based Diseases Regarding Kidney Transplantation Rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800968. [PMID: 34975915 PMCID: PMC8714745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of graft rejection in kidney transplantation (KT) patients is made by evaluating the histological characteristics of biopsy samples. The evolution of omics sciences and bioinformatics techniques has contributed to the advancement in searching and predicting biomarkers, pathways, and new target drugs that allow a more precise and less invasive diagnosis. The aim was to search for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patients with/without antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and find essential cells involved in AMR, new target drugs, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and know their functional and biological analysis. Material and Methods Four GEO databases of kidney biopsies of kidney transplantation with/without AMR were analyzed. The infiltrating leukocyte populations in the graft, new target drugs, protein-protein interactions (PPI), functional and biological analysis were studied by different bioinformatics tools. Results Our results show DEGs and the infiltrating leukocyte populations in the graft. There is an increase in the expression of genes related to different stages of the activation of the immune system, antigenic presentation such as antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, or leukocyte migration during AMR. The importance of the IRF/STAT1 pathways of response to IFN in controlling the expression of genes related to humoral rejection. The genes of this biological pathway were postulated as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of AMR. These biological processes correlated showed the infiltration of NK cells and monocytes towards the allograft. Besides the increase in dendritic cell maturation, it plays a central role in mediating the damage suffered by the graft during AMR. Computational approaches to the search for new therapeutic uses of approved target drugs also showed that imatinib might theoretically be helpful in KT for the prevention and/or treatment of AMR. Conclusion Our results suggest the importance of the IRF/STAT1 pathways in humoral kidney rejection. NK cells and monocytes in graft damage have an essential role during rejection, and imatinib improves KT outcomes. Our results will have to be validated for the potential use of overexpressed genes as rejection biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers and as therapeutic targets to avoid graft rejection in patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alfaro
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Helios Martínez-Banaclocha
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Llorente
- Nephrology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Victor Jimenez-Coll
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Galián
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Botella
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Rosa Moya-Quiles
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Parrado
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro-Perez
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Solano-Gálvez SG, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Leishmania: manipulation of signaling pathways to inhibit host cell apoptosis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211014977. [PMID: 34104433 PMCID: PMC8165860 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of homeostasis in living systems requires the elimination of unwanted cells which is performed, among other mechanisms, by type I cell death or apoptosis. This type of programmed cell death involves several morphological changes such as cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation (pyknosis), nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing that culminate with the formation of apoptotic bodies. In addition to the maintenance of homeostasis, apoptosis also represents an important defense mechanism for cells against intracellular microorganisms. In counterpart, diverse intracellular pathogens have developed a wide array of strategies to evade apoptosis and persist inside cells. These strategies include the manipulation of signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of apoptosis where mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) play a key role. Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a wide spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis. This parasite displays different strategies, including apoptosis inhibition, to down-regulate host cell defense mechanisms in order to perpetuate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Georgina Solano-Gálvez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego-Abelardo Álvarez-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, CICSA Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México, México
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalino Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucán Estado de México, Naucalpan, 52786, México
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Lukas D, Dietze-Schwonberg K, Kautz-Neu K, Lorenz B, Yogev N, Clausen BE, von Stebut E. Induction of Regulatory T Cells in Leishmania major‒Infected BALB/c Mice Does Not Require Langerin+ Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:936-938. [PMID: 32941919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Lukas
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kirsten Dietze-Schwonberg
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kordula Kautz-Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Horta MF, Andrade LO, Martins-Duarte ÉS, Castro-Gomes T. Cell invasion by intracellular parasites - the many roads to infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs232488. [PMID: 32079731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Santos Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Rivera-Fernández I, Argueta-Donohué J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Effect of Two Different Isolates of Leishmania mexicana in the Production of Cytokines and Phagocytosis by Murine Dendritic Cells. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/17-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Rivera-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Argueta-Donohué
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Huipulco, cp 14370 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
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Barhoumi M, Koutsoni OS, Dotsika E, Guizani I. Leishmania infantum LeIF and its recombinant polypeptides induce the maturation of dendritic cells in vitro: An insight for dendritic cells based vaccine. Immunol Lett 2019; 210:20-28. [PMID: 30998957 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that recombinant Leishmania infantum eukaryotic initiation factor (LieIF) was able to induce the secretion of cytokines IL-12, IL-10 and TNF-α by human monocytes. In this study, we explored in vitro the potential of LieIF to induce phenotypic maturation and functional differentiation of murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). Moreover, in order to identify potential immunnomodulatory regions of LieIF, eight recombinant overlapping protein fragments covering the whole amino acid sequence of protein, were constructed and assessed in vitro for their ability to induce maturation of BM-DCs. Our data showed that LieIF and some of its recombinant polypeptides were able to induce elevated expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules with concurrent IL-12 production. Moreover, we used an in vivo experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis consisted of susceptible Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice and we demonstrated that LieIF-pulsed-BM-DCs adoptively transferred in mice were capable to confer protection against a high dose parasite challenge. This study further describes the immunomodulatory properties of LieIF and its polypeptides bringing relevant information for their exploitation as candidate molecules for vaccine development against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvedère, Tunisia.
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass Sofias Av, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass Sofias Av, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvedère, Tunisia.
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Mortazavidehkordi N, Fallah A, Abdollahi A, Kia V, Khanahmad H, Najafabadi ZG, Hashemi N, Estiri B, Roudbari Z, Najafi A, Farjadfar A, Hejazi SH. A lentiviral vaccine expressing KMP11-HASPB fusion protein increases immune response to Leishmania major in BALB/C. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2265-2273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kheirandish F, Mosaffa N, Tarahi MJ, Fallahi S. Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract alters the cytokine profile of Leishmania major-infected macrophages: New insight into the underlying mechanism. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12520. [PMID: 29450889 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) on IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ and nitric oxide (NO) resulted from macrophages infected with Leishmania major (L. major) amastigotes in the culture medium. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the level of Oleuropein in plant extract. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of OLE, the isolated BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages were infected with L. major promastigotes and treated with 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/mL concentrations of OLE. To assess the cytokines, supernatants of cell cultures were harvested after 12, 24 and 48 hours. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. Nitrite accumulation in the culture medium was assessed using the Griess reaction. The level of Oleuropein in the extract was 18.45% by HPLC. According to results, the production of IFNγ and TNFα was significantly increased when the infected and/or not infected macrophages with L. major promastigotes were affected by different concentrations of OLE. Conversely, the production of TGFβ was significantly decreased under the same conditions. Furthermore, the colorimetric determination of NO accumulation in the culture medium indicated that OLE has no effect on NO production. The study corroborates the immunomodulatory effects of OLE on L. major-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kheirandish
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - N Mosaffa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M J Tarahi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sh Fallahi
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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12
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Argueta-Donohué J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Aguirre-García M, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Differential phagocytosis of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:369-81. [PMID: 26399218 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania species are dimorphic protozoan parasites that live and replicate in the gut of sand flies as promastigotes or in mammalian hosts as amastigotes. Different immune cells, including DCs, and receptors differ in their involvement in phagocytosis of promastigotes and amastigotes and in recognition of different Leishmania species. In the case of L. mexicana, differences in phagocytosis of promastigotes and amastigotes by DCs and participation of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have not been established. In the present study, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the phagocytosis by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) of L. mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes in the presence or absence of immune serum during various periods of time. Blocking antibodies against mannose receptors and DC-SIGN were used to explore the participation of these receptors in the phagocytosis of L. mexicana by moDC. The major differences in interactions of L. mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes with moDC were found to occur within the first 3 hr, during which phagocytosis of promastigotes predominated as compared with opsonization of promastigotes and amastigotes. However, after 6 hr of incubation, opsonized promastigotes were preferentially phagocytosed as compared with unopsonized promastigotes and amastigotes and after 24 hr of incubation there were no differences in the phagocytosis of promastigotes and amastigotes. Finally, after 3 hr incubation, DC-SIGN was involved in the phagocytosis of promastigotes, but not of amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argueta-Donohué
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148 Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
| | - Arturo A Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148 Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148 Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148 Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
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13
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Lu F, Huang S. The Roles of Mast Cells in Parasitic Protozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:363. [PMID: 28428784 PMCID: PMC5382204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are major causes of parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. The immune system plays a critical role against protozoa, but their immune mechanism remains poorly understood. This highlights the need to investigate the function of immune cells involved in the process of parasite infections and the responses of host immune system to parasite infections. Mast cells (MCs) are known to be central players in allergy and anaphylaxis, and it has been demonstrated that MCs have crucial roles in host defense against a number of different pathogens, including parasites. To date, there are many studies that have examined the interaction of helminth-derived antigens and MCs. As one of the major effector cells, MCs also play an important role in the immune response against some parasitic protozoa, but their role in protozoan infections is, however, less well characterized. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the roles of MCs and their mediators during infections involving highly pathogenic protozoa including Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and T. gondii. We offer a general review of the data from patients and experimental animal models infected with the aforementioned protozoa, which correlate MCs and MC-derived mediators with exacerbated inflammation and disease progression as well as protection against the parasitic infections in different circumstances. This review updates our current understanding of the roles of MCs during parasitic protozoan infections, and the participation of MCs in parasitic protozoan infections could be of a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wound healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis: A double edged sword of IL-10 and TGF-β. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:15-26. [PMID: 28504090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses have a crucial role during the wound healing process in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are several paradoxes in immunity against CL. On the one hand, regulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) increase susceptibility to CL through suppression of several proinflammatory cytokines that require for defense against CL. On the other hand, these cytokines play a pivotal role in the acceleration of wound healing process. This review discusses about the dual role of IL-10 and TGF-β during the wound healing process and immunity against CL to offer a new insight about wound healing in CL.
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15
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Fischer MR, Kunz C, Dietze-Schwonberg K, Lorenz B, von Stebut E. Myeloid cells do not contribute to gender-dependent differences in disease outcome in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 308:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Immune responses against protozoan parasites: a focus on the emerging role of Nod-like receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3035-51. [PMID: 27032699 PMCID: PMC4956549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have gained attention in recent years because of the ability of some family members to assemble into a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome. The role of NLRs and the inflammasome in regulating innate immunity against bacterial pathogens has been well studied. However, recent studies show that NLRs and inflammasomes also play a role during infections caused by protozoan parasites, which pose a significant global health burden. Herein, we review the diseases caused by the most common protozoan parasites in the world and discuss the roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in host immunity against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA.
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17
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van den Bogaart E, de Bes HM, Balraadjsing PPS, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, van Die I, Schallig HDFH. Leishmania donovani infection drives the priming of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells during Plasmodium falciparum co-infections. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:453-69. [PMID: 26173941 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) is part of a survival strategy evolved by Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites to evade host immune responses. Here, the effects of co-exposing human monocyte-derived DCs to Leishmania donovani promastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes were investigated. Co-stimulation resulted in a dual, dose-dependent effect on DC differentiation which ranged from semi-mature cells, secreting low interleukin(-12p70 levels to a complete lack of phenotypic maturation in the presence of high parasite amounts. The effect was mainly triggered by the Leishmania parasites, as illustrated by their ability to induce semi-mature, interleukin-10-producing DCs, that poorly responded to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Conversely, P. falciparum blood-stage forms failed to activate DCs and only slightly interfered with lipopolysaccharide effects. Stimulation with high L. donovani concentrations triggered phosphatidylserine translocation, whose onset presented after initiating the maturation impairment process. When added in combination, the two parasites could co-localize in the same DCs, confirming that the leading effects of Leishmania over Plasmodium may not be due to mutual exclusion. Altogether, these results suggest that in the presence of visceral leishmaniasis-malaria co-infections, Leishmania-driven effects may overrule the more silent response elicited by P. falciparum, shaping host immunity towards a regulatory pattern and possibly delaying disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van den Bogaart
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H M de Bes
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P P S Balraadjsing
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E R Adams
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M P Grobusch
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Medical Centre (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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19
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Dong G, Wang Y, Xiao W, Pacios Pujado S, Xu F, Tian C, Xiao E, Choi Y, Graves DT. FOXO1 regulates dendritic cell activity through ICAM-1 and CCR7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3745-55. [PMID: 25786691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXO1 regulates cell function and is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). We investigated the role of FOXO1 in activating DCs to stimulate a lymphocyte response to bacteria. We show that bacteria induce FOXO1 nuclear localization through the MAPK pathway and demonstrate that FOXO1 is needed for DC activation of lymphocytes in vivo. This occurs through FOXO1 regulation of DC phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and DC-lymphocyte binding. FOXO1 induces DC activity by regulating ICAM-1 and CCR7. FOXO1 binds to the CCR7 and ICAM-1 promoters, stimulates CCR7 and ICAM-1 transcriptional activity, and regulates their expression. This is functionally important because transfection of DCs from FOXO1-deleted CD11c.Cre(+)FOXO1(L/L) mice with an ICAM-1-expressing plasmid rescues the negative effect of FOXO1 deletion on DC bacterial phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Rescue with both CCR7 and ICAM-1 reverses impaired DC homing to lymph nodes in vivo when FOXO1 is deleted. Moreover, Ab production following injection of bacteria is significantly reduced with lineage-specific FOXO1 ablation. Thus, FOXO1 coordinates upregulation of DC activity through key downstream target genes that are needed for DCs to stimulate T and B lymphocytes and generate an Ab defense to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Dong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenmei Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sandra Pacios Pujado
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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20
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Geraci NS, Tan JC, McDowell MA. Characterization of microRNA expression profiles in Leishmania-infected human phagocytes. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:43-51. [PMID: 25376316 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are intracellular protozoa that influence host immune responses eliciting parasite species-specific pathologies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded ribonucleic acids that complement gene transcripts to block protein translation and have been shown to regulate immune system molecular mechanisms. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MP) were infected in vitro with Leishmania major or Leishmania donovani parasites. Small RNAs were isolated from total RNA and sequenced to identify mature miRNAs associated with leishmanial infections. Normalized sequence read count profiles revealed a global downregulation in miRNA expression among host cells following infection. Most identified miRNAs were expressed at higher levels in L. donovani-infected cells relative to L. major-infected cells. Pathway enrichments using in silico-predicted gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs showed evidence of potentially universal MAP kinase signalling pathway effects. Whereas JAK-STAT and TGF-β signalling pathways were more highly enriched using targets of miRNAs upregulated in L. donovani-infected cells, these data provide evidence in support of a selective influence on host cell miRNA expression and regulation in response to differential Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Geraci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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21
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Bayih AG, Daifalla NS, Gedamu L. DNA-protein immunization using Leishmania peroxidoxin-1 induces a strong CD4+ T cell response and partially protects mice from cutaneous leishmaniasis: role of fusion murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor DNA adjuvant. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3391. [PMID: 25500571 PMCID: PMC4263403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no universally effective and safe vaccine has been developed for general human use. Leishmania donovani Peroxidoxin-1 (LdPxn-1) is a member of the antioxidant family of proteins and is predominantly expressed in the amastigote stage of the parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of LdPxn-1 in BALB/c mice in heterologous DNA-Protein immunization regimen in the presence of fusion murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGMCSF) DNA adjuvant. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A fusion DNA of LdPxn1 and mGMCSF was cloned into a modified pcDNA vector. To confirm the expression in mammalian system, Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with the plasmid vector containing LdPxn1 gene. BALB/c mice were immunized twice with pcDNA-mGMCSF-LdPxn-1 or pcDNA-LdPxn1 DNA and boosted once with recombinant LdPxn-1 protein. Three weeks after the last immunization, mice were infected with Leishmania major promastigotes. The result showed that immunization with pcDNA-mGMCSF-LdPxn1 elicited a mixed Th-1/Th-2 immune response with significantly higher production of IFN-γ than controls. Intracellular cytokine staining of antigen-stimulated spleen cells showed that immunization with this antigen elicited significantly higher proportion of CD4+ T cells that express IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-2. The antigen also induced significantly higher proportion of multipotent CD4+ cells that simultaneously express the three Th-1 cytokines. Moreover, a significant reduction in the footpad swelling was seen in mice immunized with pcDNA-mGMCSF-LdPxn1 antigen. Expression study in CHO cells demonstrated that pcDNA-mGMCSF-LdPxn-1 was expressed in mammalian system. CONCLUSION The result demonstrates that immunization of BALB/c mice with a plasmid expressing LdPxn1 in the presence of mGMCSF adjuvant elicits a strong specific immune response with high level induction of multipotent CD4+ cells that mediate protection of the mice from Leishmania major infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the vaccine potential of Leishmania peroxidoxin -1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Nada S. Daifalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lashitew Gedamu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Martínez-López M, Iborra S, Conde-Garrosa R, Sancho D. Batf3-dependent CD103+ dendritic cells are major producers of IL-12 that drive local Th1 immunity against Leishmania major infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:119-29. [PMID: 25312824 PMCID: PMC4316187 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of different DC subsets in priming and maintenance of immunity against Leishmania major (L. major) infection is debated. The transcription factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 3 (Batf3) is essential for the development of mouse CD103(+) DCs and some functions of CD8α(+) DCs. We found that CD103(+) DCs were significantly reduced in the dermis of Batf3-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Batf3(-/-) mice developed exacerbated and unresolved cutaneous pathology following a low dose of intradermal L. major infection in the ear pinnae. Parasite load was increased 1000-fold locally and expanded systemically. Batf3 deficiency did not affect L. major antigen presentation to T cells, which was directly exerted by CD8α(-) conventional DCs (cDCs) in the skin draining LN. However, CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in the LN and skin was skewed to nonprotective Treg- and Th2-cell subtypes. CD103(+) DCs are major IL-12 producers during L. major infection. Local Th1 immunity was severely hindered, correlating with impaired IL-12 production and reduction in CD103(+) DC numbers. Adoptive transfer of WT but not IL-12p40(-/-) Batf3-dependent DCs significantly improved anti-L. major response in infected Batf3(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that IL-12 production by Batf3-dependent CD103(+) DCs is crucial for maintenance of local Th1 immunity against L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC-Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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23
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Alarcon I, Carrera C, Puig S, Malvehy J. In vivo Confocal Microscopy Features of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Dermatology 2014; 228:121-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000357525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Kritas S, Saggini A, Varvara G, Murmura G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Toniato E, Pantalone A, Neri G, Frydas S, Rosati M, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Pandolfi F, Cerulli G, Theoharides T, Conti P. Impact of Mast Cells on the Skin. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:855-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When through the skin a foreign antigen enters it provokes an immune response and inflammatory reaction. Mast cells are located around small vessels that are involved in vasaldilation. They mature under the influence of local tissue to various cytokines. Human skin mast cells play an essential role in diverse physiological and pathological processes and mediate immediate hypersensitive reaction and allergic diseases. Injection of anti-IgE in the skin or other agents that directly activate mast cells may cause the decrease in vascular tone, leakage of plasma and may lead to a fall in blood pressure with fatal anaphylactic shock. Skin mast cells are also implicated as effector cells in response to multiple parasites such as Leishmania which is primarily characterized by its tissue cutaneous tropism. Activated macrophages by IFNγ, cytotoxic T cells, activated mast cells and several cytokines are involved in the elimination of the parasites and immunoprotection. IL-33 is one of the latest cytokines involved in IgE-induced anaphylaxis and in the pathogenesis of allergic skin disorders. IL-33 has been shown in epidermis of patients with psoriasis and its skin expression causes atopic dermatitis and it is crucial for the development of this disease. Here we review the impact of mast cells on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Varvara
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - G. Murmura
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Toniato
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Neri
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S. Frydas
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - M. Rosati
- Gynecology Clinic, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Tei
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A. Speziali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Pandolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Cerulli
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - T.C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Internal Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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