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Jamee M, Zaki-Dizaji M, Lo B, Abolhassani H, Aghamahdi F, Mosavian M, Nademi Z, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Rojas M, Anaya JM, Azizi G. Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in Patients with Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) and IPEX-like Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2747-2760.e7. [PMID: 32428713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare inborn error of immunity caused by mutations in the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene. OBJECTIVE In this study, we conducted a systematic review of patients with IPEX and IPEX-like syndrome to delineate differences in these 2 major groups. METHODS The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, and demographic, clinical, immunologic, and molecular data were compared between the IPEX and IPEX-like groups. RESULTS A total of 459 patients were reported in 148 eligible articles. Major clinical differences between patients with IPEX and IPEX-like syndrome were observed in rates of pneumonia (11% vs 31%, P < .001), bronchiectasis (0.3% vs 14%, P < .001), diarrhea (56% vs 42%, P = .020), and organomegaly (10% vs 23%, P = .001), respectively. Eosinophilia (95% vs 100%), low regulatory T-cell count (68% vs 50%), and elevated IgE (87% vs 61%) were the most prominent laboratory findings in patients with IPEX and IPEX-like syndrome, respectively. In the IPEX group, a lower mortality rate was observed among patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (24%) compared with other patients (43%), P = .008; however, in the IPEX-like group, it was not significant (P = .189). CONCLUSIONS Patients with IPEX syndrome generally suffer from enteropathy, autoimmunity, dermatitis, eosinophilia, and elevated serum IgE. Despite similarities in their clinical presentations, patients with IPEX-like syndrome are more likely to present common variable immunodeficiency-like phenotype such as respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, and organomegaly. HSCT is currently the only curative therapy for both IPEX and IPEX-like syndrome and may result in favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Jamee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Alborz Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bernice Lo
- Sidra Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Aghamahdi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mosavian
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Nademi
- Children's Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Park JH, Lee KH, Jeon B, Ochs HD, Lee JS, Gee HY, Seo S, Geum D, Piccirillo CA, Eisenhut M, van der Vliet HJ, Lee JM, Kronbichler A, Ko Y, Shin JI. Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102526. [PMID: 32234571 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a monogenic disorder characterized by early onset fatal multi-system autoimmunity due to loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor which is crucial for the development, maturation, and maintenance of CD4+ regulatory T (T-reg) cells. Various autoimmune phenomena such as enteropathy, endocrinopathies, cytopenias, renal disease, and skin manifestations are characteristic findings in patients affected by IPEX syndrome. OBJECTIVES In this systematic review, we focus on both clinical and demographic characteristics of IPEX patients, highlighting possible genotype-phenotype correlations and address prognostic factors for disease outcome. METHODS We performed a literature search to systematically investigate the case reports of IPEX which were published before August 7th, 2017. RESULTS A total of 75 articles (195 patients) were identified. All IPEX patients included had FOXP3 mutations which were most frequently located in the forkhead domain (n = 68, 34.9%) followed by the leucine-zipper domain (n = 30, 15.4%) and repressor domain (n = 36, 18.4%). Clinical manifestations were as follows: enteropathy (n = 191, 97.9%), skin manifestations (n = 121, 62.1%), endocrinopathy (n = 104, 53.3%), hematologic abnormalities (n = 75, 38.5%), infections (n = 78, 40.0%), other immune-related complications (n = 43, 22.1%), and renal involvement (n = 32, 16.4%). Enteropathic presentations (P = 0.017), eczema (P = 0.030), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (P = 0.022) and food allergy (P = 0.009) were associated with better survival, while thrombocytopenia (P = 0.034), septic shock (P = 0.045) and mutations affecting the repressor domain (P = 0.021), intron 7 (P = 0.033) or poly A sequence (P = 0.025) were associated with increased risk of death. Immunosuppressive therapy alone was significantly associated with increased cumulative survival compared to patients who received no treatment (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS We report the most comprehensive summary of demographic and clinical profiles derived from a total of 195 IPEX patients with deleterious mutations in FOXP3. Analysis of our findings provides new insights into genotype/phenotype correlations, and clinical and genetic factors associated with increased risk of death and response to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyoung Jeon
- Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joon Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Seeun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongil Geum
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada; FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4ODZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiwon M Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Younhee Ko
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Agarwal S, Cunningham-Rundles C. Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Complications of Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:81-94. [PMID: 30466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement can be the presenting disease manifestation in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs). Infections and noninfectious diarrhea are frequent manifestations; however, malignancy and inflammatory and autoimmune-related GI diseases are also described. GI symptoms and disease seen in association with PIDs can mimic other diseases but are often resistant to conventional treatments owing to alternate disease mechanisms. Despite the advances in treatments for these conditions, therapy for immunodeficiency-related GI disease is often empiric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Agarwal
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology after the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1089, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology after the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1089, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Off-Label Use of Sirolimus and Everolimus in a Pediatric Center: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Paediatr Drugs 2019; 21:185-193. [PMID: 31124053 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-019-00337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been 15 years since sirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, received Food and Drug Administration approval to prevent acute rejection in kidney transplantation, and 8 years since its analog everolimus acquired the same status. Since then, these drugs have become more and more utilized and their immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties have been tested in a great variety of clinical conditions, often achieving excellent results. Despite such positive evidence, the on-label indications for these rapalogs are still very restrictive, especially in children. AIMS The aims of this study were to describe our center's experience with sirolimus and everolimus in managing rare pediatric conditions for which mTOR inhibitors have been reported as a therapeutic option, although without conclusive approval from regulatory agencies, and to evaluate safety and tolerability of the treatment at the prescribed doses. METHODS All the subjects who received off-label sirolimus or everolimus at the Pediatric Department of the IRCCS Burlo Garofolo in the last 13 years were included. For each disease found in our case series, we reviewed the current scientific literature. RESULTS Off-label treatment with rapalogs was prescribed in 16 children (11 males, 5 females, median age of 9.5 years, range 1-16 years). Seven had immunologic disorders: four autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), one multicentric Castleman disease (mCD), one activated PI3K delta kinase syndrome (APDS), and one immunodysregulation with polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX). Eight had proliferative disorders or vascular anomalies: one cystic lymphangioma, two Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), one blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS), two tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), and one low-flow mixed arterial and venous malformation. One case had congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). The average dosage administered was 1 mg/m2 for sirolimus and 7 mg/m2 for everolimus. We experienced a good measurable clinical improvement in 14 patients. Nobody experienced serious adverse events (SAEs). The therapy was interrupted in two cases, for lack of efficacy and poor tolerance in one case and for occurrence of bacterial pneumonia in the other one. A review of the literature identified 101 published reports that met our inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS Although use of mTOR inhibitors has been considered to be complicated, our experience shows that, using low dosages, it is possible to obtain relevant clinical improvements, with a good profile of safety and tolerability.
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Barzaghi F, Amaya Hernandez LC, Neven B, Ricci S, Kucuk ZY, Bleesing JJ, Nademi Z, Slatter MA, Ulloa ER, Shcherbina A, Roppelt A, Worth A, Silva J, Aiuti A, Murguia-Favela L, Speckmann C, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Fernandes JF, Baris S, Ozen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Kiykim A, Schulz A, Steinmann S, Notarangelo LD, Gambineri E, Lionetti P, Shearer WT, Forbes LR, Martinez C, Moshous D, Blanche S, Fisher A, Ruemmele FM, Tissandier C, Ouachee-Chardin M, Rieux-Laucat F, Cavazzana M, Qasim W, Lucarelli B, Albert MH, Kobayashi I, Alonso L, Diaz De Heredia C, Kanegane H, Lawitschka A, Seo JJ, Gonzalez-Vicent M, Diaz MA, Goyal RK, Sauer MG, Yesilipek A, Kim M, Yilmaz-Demirdag Y, Bhatia M, Khlevner J, Richmond Padilla EJ, Martino S, Montin D, Neth O, Molinos-Quintana A, Valverde-Fernandez J, Broides A, Pinsk V, Ballauf A, Haerynck F, Bordon V, Dhooge C, Garcia-Lloret ML, Bredius RG, Kałwak K, Haddad E, Seidel MG, Duckers G, Pai SY, Dvorak CC, Ehl S, Locatelli F, Goldman F, Gennery AR, Cowan MJ, Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R. Long-term follow-up of IPEX syndrome patients after different therapeutic strategies: An international multicenter retrospective study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1036-1049.e5. [PMID: 29241729 PMCID: PMC6050203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked(IPEX) syndromeis a monogenic autoimmune disease caused by FOXP3 mutations. Because it is a rare disease, the natural history and response to treatments, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and immunosuppression (IS), have not been thoroughly examined. Objective This analysis sought to evaluate disease onset, progression, and long-term outcome of the 2 main treatments in long-term IPEX survivors. Methods Clinical histories of 96 patients with a genetically proven IPEX syndrome were collected from 38 institutions worldwide and retrospectively analyzed. To investigate possible factors suitable to predict the outcome, an organ involvement (OI) scoring system was developed. Results We confirm neonatal onset with enteropathy, type 1 diabetes, and eczema. In addition, we found less common manifestations in delayed onset patients or during disease evolution. There is no correlation between the site of mutation and the disease course or outcome, and the same genotype can present with variable phenotypes. HSCT patients (n = 58) had a median follow-up of 2.7 years (range, 1 week-15 years). Patients receiving chronic IS (n = 34) had a median follow-up of 4 years (range, 2 months-25 years). The overall survival after HSCT was 73.2% (95% CI, 59.4-83.0) and after IS was 65.1% (95% CI, 62.8-95.8). The pretreatment OI score was the only significant predictor of overall survival after transplant (P = .035) but not under IS. Conclusions Patients receiving chronic IS were hampered by disease recurrence or complications, impacting long-term disease-free survival. When performed in patients with a low OI score, HSCT resulted in disease resolution with better quality of life, independent of age, donor source, or conditioning regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Allografts
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/congenital
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/mortality
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diarrhea/genetics
- Diarrhea/immunology
- Diarrhea/mortality
- Diarrhea/therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/mortality
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immune System Diseases/congenital
- Immune System Diseases/genetics
- Immune System Diseases/immunology
- Immune System Diseases/mortality
- Immune System Diseases/therapy
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Infant
- Male
- Mutation
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cristina Amaya Hernandez
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Benedicte Neven
- Paediatric Immunology, Haematology and Rheumatology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Pediatric Immunology, "Anna Meyer" Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Zeynep Yesim Kucuk
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zohreh Nademi
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Children's Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Anne Slatter
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Children's Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Roppelt
- Department of Immunology, Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Silva
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Murguia-Favela
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Folloni Fernandes
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Instituto da Criança, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Safa Baris
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ayca Kiykim
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Steinmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucia Dora Notarangelo
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, Children's Hospital, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of Hematology-Oncology: Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Anna Meyer" Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Department of "NEUROFARBA": Section of Child's Health, "Anna Meyer" Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - William Thomas Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Caridad Martinez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Despina Moshous
- Paediatric Immunology, Haematology and Rheumatology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Blanche
- Paediatric Immunology, Haematology and Rheumatology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fisher
- Paediatric Immunology, Haematology and Rheumatology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Frank M Ruemmele
- Pediatric Gastroenterology unit, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Come Tissandier
- Pediatric Gastroenterology unit, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Ouachee-Chardin
- Hematology Unit, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Disease, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris Descartes -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbarella Lucarelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pavia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael H Albert
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dr. von Hauner Children's hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ichiro Kobayashi
- Center for Pediatric Allergy and Rheumatology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Laura Alonso
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anita Lawitschka
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jong Jin Seo
- Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Vicent
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Pediatric Department, Children's University Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Diaz
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Pediatric Department, Children's University Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rakesh Kumar Goyal
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Martin G Sauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Akif Yesilipek
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medicalpark Hospital Goztepe and Antalya Hospitals, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yesim Yilmaz-Demirdag
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Monica Bhatia
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julie Khlevner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Silvana Martino
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Olaf Neth
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunodeficiency, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Agueda Molinos-Quintana
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Justo Valverde-Fernandez
- Department of Paediatirc Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) or Mixed Unit of Research Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Arnon Broides
- Pediatric Immunology Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Pinsk
- Pediatric Ambulatory Care Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Antje Ballauf
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Children's Hospital, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Victoria Bordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catharina Dhooge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Laura Garcia-Lloret
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Robbert G Bredius
- Pediatric Immunology, Infections and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Kałwak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Markus Gerhard Seidel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Research Unit Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Duckers
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Children's Hospital, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California-San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pavia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrew Richard Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Children's Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mort J Cowan
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California-San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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Bacchetta R, Barzaghi F, Roncarolo MG. From IPEX syndrome to FOXP3
mutation: a lesson on immune dysregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1417:5-22. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
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7
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IPEX syndrome caused by a novel mutation in FOXP3 gene can be cured by bone marrow transplantation from an unrelated donor after myeloablative conditioning. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by inherited defects in the FOXP3 gene that impair regulatory T cells. IPEX syndrome can be cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA-matched unrelated donors (MUD); however, the best conditioning prior to HSCT for IPEX syndrome is not known. Here we report on a patient suffering from IPEX syndrome, including immune-mediated colitis and membranous nephropathy, without polyendocrinopathy, caused by a novel mutation in the Forkhead domain of the FOXP3 gene. The patient's symptoms resolved following MUD HSCT after myeloablative conditioning performed at 16 months of age. The patient is clinically well, 3 years after HSCT, with robust immune reconstitution and fully engrafted. The lack of extensive autoimmune damage might have contributed to the patient's favourable outcome following MUD HSCT with myeloablative conditioning. Statement of novelty: We describe a novel mutation in the FOXP3 gene causing IPEX syndrome and the correction of IPEX syndrome with bone marrow transplant from a HLA-matched unrelated donor following myeloablative conditioning.
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8
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Xavier-da-Silva MM, Moreira-Filho CA, Suzuki E, Patricio F, Coutinho A, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Fetal-onset IPEX: Report of two families and review of literature. Clin Immunol 2015; 156:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Zama D, Cocchi I, Masetti R, Specchia F, Alvisi P, Gambineri E, Lima M, Pession A. Late-onset of immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, x-linked syndrome (IPEX) with intractable diarrhea. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:68. [PMID: 25326164 PMCID: PMC4421998 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The syndrome of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the FOXP3 gene. Diarrhea, diabetes and dermatitis are the hallmark of the disease, with a typical onset within the first months of life. We describe the case of a twelve-year old male affected by a very late-onset IPEX with intractable enteropathy, which markedly improved after starting Sirolimus as second-line treatment. This case suggests that IPEX should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of watery intractable diarrhea, despite its unusual onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zama
- Pediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit "Lalla Seràgnoli", Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cocchi
- Pediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit "Lalla Seràgnoli", Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Pediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit "Lalla Seràgnoli", Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Fernando Specchia
- Pediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit "Lalla Seràgnoli", Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | | | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of 'NEUROFARBA', Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. .,BMT Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mario Lima
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit "Lalla Seràgnoli", Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
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10
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Horino S, Sasahara Y, Sato M, Niizuma H, Kumaki S, Abukawa D, Sato A, Imaizumi M, Kanegane H, Kamachi Y, Sasaki S, Terui K, Ito E, Kobayashi I, Ariga T, Tsuchiya S, Kure S. Selective expansion of donor-derived regulatory T cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with IPEX syndrome. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:E25-30. [PMID: 24224516 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IPEX syndrome is a rare and fatal disorder caused by absence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) due to congenital mutations in the Forkhead box protein 3 gene. Here, we report a patient with IPEX syndrome treated with RIC followed by allogeneic BMT from an HLA-matched sibling donor. We could achieve engraftment and regimen-related toxicity was well tolerated. Although the patient was in mixed chimera and the ratio of donor cells in whole peripheral blood remained relatively low, selective and sustained expansion of Tregs determined as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells was observed. Improvement in clinical symptoms was correlated with expansion of donor-derived Tregs and disappearance of anti-villin autoantibody, which was involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal symptoms in IPEX syndrome. This clinical observation suggests that donor-derived Tregs have selective growth advantage in patients with IPEX syndrome even in mixed chimera after allogeneic BMT and contribute to the control of clinical symptoms caused by the defect of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Horino
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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11
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Agarwal S, Mayer L. Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1050-63. [PMID: 23501398 PMCID: PMC3800204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders such as chronic or acute diarrhea, malabsorption, abdominal pain, and inflammatory bowel diseases can indicate immune deficiency. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest lymphoid organ in the body, so it is not surprising that intestinal diseases are common among immunodeficient patients. Gastroenterologists therefore must be able to diagnose and treat patients with primary immunodeficiency. Immune-related gastrointestinal diseases can be classified as those that develop primarily via autoimmunity, infection, an inflammatory response, or malignancy. Immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients with gastrointestinal diseases present with similar symptoms. However, intestinal biopsy specimens from immunodeficient patients often have distinct histologic features, and these patients often fail to respond to conventional therapies. Therefore, early recognition of symptoms and referral to an immunologist for a basic immune evaluation is required to select appropriate treatments. Therapies for primary immunodeficiency comprise immunoglobulin replacement, antibiotics, and, in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation. Treatment of immunodeficient patients with concomitant gastrointestinal disease can be challenging, and therapy with immunomodulators often is required for severe disease. This review aims to guide gastroenterologists in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Agarwal
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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12
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Recent Advances in Transplantation for Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 46:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Katoh H, Zheng P, Liu Y. FOXP3: genetic and epigenetic implications for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:72-8. [PMID: 23313429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 plays an essential role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and, thus, in preventing autoimmune diseases. Inactivating mutations of FOXP3 cause immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells attenuate autoimmunity as well as immunity against cancer and infection. More recent studies demonstrated that FOXP3 is an epithelial cell-intrinsic tumor suppressor for breast, prostate, ovary and other cancers. Corresponding to its broad function, FOXP3 regulates a broad spectrum of target genes. While it is now well established that FOXP3 binds to and regulates thousands of target genes in mouse and human genomes, the fundamental mechanisms of its broad impact on gene expression remain to be established. FOXP3 is known to both activate and repress target genes by epigenetically regulating histone modifications of target promoters. In this review, we first focus on germline mutations found in the FOXP3 gene among IPEX patients, then outline possible molecular mechanisms by which FOXP3 epigenetically regulates its targets. Finally, we discuss clinical implications of the function of FOXP3 as an epigenetic modifier. Accumulating results reveal an intriguing functional convergence between FOXP3 and inhibitors of histone deacetylases. The essential epigenetic function of FOXP3 provides a foundation for experimental therapies against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Katoh
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Faletra F, Bruno I, Berti I, Pastore S, Pirrone A, Tommasini A. A red baby should not be taken too lightly. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:e573-7. [PMID: 22946961 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify clinical and laboratory features that can drive the differential diagnosis of a primary immunodeficiency diseases in patients with ectodermal defects. METHODS Analysis of selected teaching cases. RESULTS We identified four exemplary cases that allowed to point out specific clues. CONCLUSIONS A careful evaluation of immune and ectodermal signs is the key to the diagnosis. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach can lead to diagnosis and to an appropriate treatment in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
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15
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Barzaghi F, Passerini L, Bacchetta R. Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, x-linked syndrome: a paradigm of immunodeficiency with autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:211. [PMID: 23060872 PMCID: PMC3459184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare monogenic primary immunodeficiency (PID) due to mutations of FOXP3, a key transcription factor for naturally occurring (n) regulatory T (Treg) cells. The dysfunction of Treg cells is the main pathogenic event leading to the multi-organ autoimmunity that characterizes IPEX syndrome, a paradigm of genetically determined PID with autoimmunity. IPEX has a severe early onset and can become rapidly fatal within the first year of life regardless of the type and site of the mutation. The initial presenting symptoms are severe enteritis and/or type-1 diabetes mellitus, alone or in combination with eczema and elevated serum IgE. Other autoimmune symptoms, such as hypothyroidism, cytopenia, hepatitis, nephropathy, arthritis, and alopecia can develop in patients who survive the initial acute phase. The current therapeutic options for IPEX patients are limited. Supportive and replacement therapies combined with pharmacological immunosuppression are required to control symptoms at onset. However, these procedures can allow only a reduction of the clinical manifestations without a permanent control of the disease. The only known effective cure for IPEX syndrome is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but it is always limited by the availability of a suitable donor and the lack of specific guidelines for bone marrow transplant in the context of this disease. This review aims to summarize the clinical histories and genomic mutations of the IPEX patients described in the literature to date. We will focus on the clinical and immunological features that allow differential diagnosis of IPEX syndrome and distinguish it from other PID with autoimmunity. The efficacy of the current therapies will be reviewed, and possible innovative approaches, based on the latest highlights of the pathogenesis to treat this severe primary autoimmune disease of childhood, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barzaghi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy ; Vita Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Italy
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16
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A novel mutation and unusual clinical features in a patient with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:1611-5. [PMID: 21979562 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report a patient with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome with a novel splicing mutation of the FOXP3 gene. The patient is a boy, born at 39 + 2 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 3,280 g. The family history was unremarkable. He was well until 11 months of age, when he was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The level of urine C-peptide was 0.58 μg/day (normal range, 44-116 μg/day). Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody was not detected, but a high level of anti-insulin antibody (50 IU/mL; normal range, <5 IU/mL) was noted. This patient presented with unusual clinical features, including pure red cell aplasia, membranous glomerulopathy, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after a vaccination against influenza A H1N1 virus. The diagnosis of IPEX was made when the patient was 11 years old, which is quite late compared with typical cases. CONCLUSION Although IPEX syndrome is usually a disease of infancy, it should not be ruled out solely on the basis of age. IPEX presentation is so variable that it should be suspected in a male child with one or more autoimmune disorders and severe infections.
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Burroughs LM, Torgerson TR, Storb R, Carpenter PA, Rawlings DJ, Sanders J, Scharenberg AM, Skoda-Smith S, Englund J, Ochs HD, Woolfrey AE. Stable hematopoietic cell engraftment after low-intensity nonmyeloablative conditioning in patients with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1000-5. [PMID: 20643476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is characterized by severe systemic autoimmunity caused by mutations in the forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) gene. Hematopoietic cell transplantation is currently the only viable option for long-term survival, but patients are frequently very ill and may not tolerate traditional myeloablative conditioning regimens. OBJECTIVE Here we present the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation using a low-intensity, nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen in 2 patients with IPEX syndrome and significant pretransplant risk factors. METHODS Two high-risk patients with IPEX syndrome received HLA-matched related bone marrow or unrelated peripheral blood stem cell grafts following conditioning with 90 mg/m(2) fludarabine and 4 Gy total body irradiation. Postgrafting immunosuppression consisted of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine. Immune reconstitution and immune function was evaluated by measurement of donor chimerism, regulatory T-cell numbers, absolute lymphocyte subsets, and T-cell proliferation assays. RESULTS Both patients experienced minimal conditioning toxicity and successfully engrafted after hematopoietic cell transplantation. With a follow-up of 4 and 1 years, respectively, patients 1 and 2 have full immune function and normal FOXP3 protein expression. CONCLUSION A low-intensity, nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen can establish stable engraftment and correct the life-threatening immune deficiency and enteropathy of IPEX syndrome despite the presence of comorbidities that preclude conventional hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri M Burroughs
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash 98109-1024, USA.
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Drigo I, Piscianz E, Valencic E, De Iudicibus S, Tommasini A, Ventura A, Decorti G. Selective resistance to different glucocorticoids in severe autoimmune disorders. Clin Immunol 2010; 134:313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gambineri E, Perroni L, Passerini L, Bianchi L, Doglioni C, Meschi F, Bonfanti R, Sznajer Y, Tommasini A, Lawitschka A, Junker A, Dunstheimer D, Heidemann PH, Cazzola G, Cipolli M, Friedrich W, Janic D, Azzi N, Richmond E, Vignola S, Barabino A, Chiumello G, Azzari C, Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R. Clinical and molecular profile of a new series of patients with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome: inconsistent correlation between forkhead box protein 3 expression and disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:1105-1112.e1. [PMID: 18951619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is an autoimmune genetic disorder caused by mutation of the forkhead box protein 3 gene (FOXP3), a key regulator of immune tolerance. OBJECTIVE We sought to provide clinical and molecular indicators that facilitate the understanding and diagnosis of IPEX syndrome. METHODS In 14 unrelated affected male subjects who were given diagnoses of IPEX syndrome based on FOXP3 gene sequencing, we determined whether particular FOXP3 mutations affected FOXP3 protein expression and correlated the molecular and clinical data. RESULTS Molecular analysis of FOXP3 in the 14 subjects revealed 13 missense and splice-site mutations, including 7 novel mutations. Enteropathy, generally associated with endocrinopathy and eczema, was reported in all patients, particularly in those carrying mutations within FOXP3 functional domains or mutations that altered protein expression. However, similar genotypes did not always result in similar phenotypes in terms of disease presentation and severity. In addition, FOXP3 protein expression did not correlate with disease severity. CONCLUSION Severe autoimmune enteropathy, which is often associated with increased IgE levels and eosinophilia, is the most prominent early manifestation of IPEX syndrome. Nevertheless, the disease course is variable and somewhat unpredictable. Therefore genetic analysis of FOXP3 should always be performed to ensure an accurate diagnosis, and FOXP3 protein expression analysis should not be the only diagnostic tool for IPEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
The past several years have brought an increased awareness of the prevalence of autoimmunity and immune dysregulation among patients who have primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). The recent clinical and molecular definition of PIDD, in which the primary defect is in the immunoregulatory compartment of the immune system, has offered insight into the basic mechanisms of immune tolerance, which has provided new targets and new techniques to study immune tolerance in PIDD. Many of these studies have focused on the presence and function of regulatory T (T(REG)) cells in PIDD, particularly since the discovery of murine and human syndromes associated with T(REG) deficiency. This article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the role of T(REG) in various PIDD that have clinical features indicative of dysregulated immunity.
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Marabelle A, Meyer M, Demeocq F, Lachaux A. De l’Ipex à foxp3 : une nouvelle contribution de la pédiatrie à la compréhension du système immunitaire. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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