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González-Torres S, Anaya-Esparza LM, Trigueros del Valle GF, Rivera-León EA, Villagrán Z, Sánchez-Enríquez S. Skinfold Thickness as a Cardiometabolic Risk Predictor in Sedentary and Active Adult Populations. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1326. [PMID: 37763094 PMCID: PMC10532477 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies report that increased body fat can lead to health risks for individuals. However, some methods used for analyzing adiposity did not identify its distribution in the human body because they are typically measured using bioimpedance scales. This study aims to associate the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in sedentary and active adult populations through anthropometric methods based on skinfold thickness measurements. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 946 adults aged between 18 and 79 years with prior informed consent. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters, as well as some cardiometabolic risk factors, were evaluated. Almost half of the population (45.1%; n = 427) is sedentary. A significant association was found between the sum of the skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, and suprailiac) and the cardiometabolic risk factors evaluated, highlighting the cardiovascular risk associated with abdominal obesity, risk of insulin resistance, as well as the development of hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. The bicipital fold was thicker (19.67 mm) in the population with a sedentary lifestyle than in the physically active population (18.30 mm). Furthermore, the skinfolds that predict higher metabolic risks were suprailiac and subscapular in sedentary and active populations. Thus, these skinfold measurements could be considered in assessing the adult population for early cardiometabolic risk detection, even in healthy and physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sughey González-Torres
- Division de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (E.A.R.-L.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Division de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierias, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Fermín Trigueros del Valle
- Hospital Regional N°180, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Carretera San Sebastian-Santa Fe 1000, Tlajomulco de Zuñiga 45653, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Alfonso Rivera-León
- Division de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (E.A.R.-L.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Division de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (E.A.R.-L.)
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Enríquez
- Division de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (E.A.R.-L.)
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Tsuro U, Oladimeji KE, Pulido-Estrada GA, Apalata TR. The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension among HIV-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mthatha, South Africa. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1836. [PMID: 37444670 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is concerning. Physical activity is a proposed approach for managing and avoiding hypertension in this population. While cardiorespiratory exercises (CET) have been efficacious in the general population, its effectiveness in PLHIV on ART, especially in the study setting, in Mthatha is unknown. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to see if CET improves cardiorespiratory fitness in HAART-treated PLHIV with blood flow restriction (BFR) in Mthatha, South Africa. A quasi-experimental study with 98 participants (49 of whom were cases) was carried out. Cases were participants assigned to the CET intervention group that comprised of concurrent training as it included both aerobic and resistance exercise, matched on age and gender. The relationship between CET and hypertension was assessed using logistic regression after adjusting for possible confounding variables. At baseline, there was no significant difference between the physical characteristics of the two groups, and after the intervention, there was a significant difference. Obesity and central adiposity were identified as strong risk factors for hypertension. The findings also indicated that a reduction in waist circumference and body mass index had a significant positive association with hypertension treatment amongst the intervention group (p < 0.05). According to the results of the study, CET has the potential to be an efficient and economical non-pharmacological intervention for the management and control of hypertension in PLHIV. However, further study is required to establish how long, how intense, and what kind of exercise is best for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urgent Tsuro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 0001, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Teke Ruffin Apalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Gong QH, Li SX, Qian LJ, Wang SJ, Zhang Y, Zou ZQ. Effect of changes in body mass index and waist-to-height ratio on blood pressure in 11- to 13-year-old children: a prospective population study. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:280-290. [PMID: 36382866 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing evidence about associations between change in body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) change and high blood pressure are relatively limited. AIMS We aimed to investigate the associations of general overweight (based on BMI) and abdominal obesity (based on WHtR) change with high blood pressure in Chinese children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A school-based cohort study in Ningbo region (China) was conducted among children with baseline evaluations in October 2016 with follow-up two years later. A total of 1432 children aged 11-13 years participated in this study. RESULTS Our results showed that a change from normal BMI or WHtR to overweight or abdominal obesity in children was associated with high blood pressure (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.62; p<0.05 or AOR, 2.79; p<0.05, respectively). In addition, an increased risk of high blood pressure was observed in children who maintained overweight or abdominal obesity (AOR, 1.67; p<0.05 or AOR, 1.69; p<0.05, respectively), but not in children who experienced remission to non-excess weight. Interestingly, children who increased BMI or WHtR had greater impact on SBP than on DBP. CONCLUSION The 2-year longitudinal study indicated that general overweight or abdominal obesity can predict the risk factor of high blood pressure in children. However, children who remitted to non-excess weight did not exhibit an increased risk of high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Gong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Si-Xuan Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Jia Qian
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Zu-Quan Zou
- Beilun District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
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Skinfold thickness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an analysis of the PERU MIGRANT study. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:63-71. [PMID: 31159908 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between excess body fat, assessed by skinfold thickness, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT). DESIGN Data from the ongoing PERU MIGRANT Study were analysed. The outcomes were T2DM and HT, and the exposure was skinfold thickness measured in bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac areas. The Durnin-Womersley formula and SIRI equation were used for body fat percentage estimation. Risk ratios and population attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated using Poisson regression. SETTING Rural (Ayacucho) and urban shantytown district (San Juan de Miraflores, Lima) in Peru. PARTICIPANTS Adults (n 988) aged ≥30 years (rural, rural-to-urban migrants, urban) completed the baseline study. A total of 785 and 690 were included in T2DM and HT incidence analysis, respectively. RESULTS At baseline, age mean was 48·0 (sd 12·0) years and 47 % were males. For T2DM, in 7·6 (sd 1·3) years, sixty-one new cases were identified, overall incidence of 1·0 (95 % CI 0·8, 1·3) per 100 person-years. Bicipital and subscapular skinfolds were associated with 2·8-fold and 6·4-fold risk of developing T2DM. On the other hand, in 6·5 (sd 2·5) years, overall incidence of HT was 2·6 (95 % CI 2·2, 3·1) per 100 person-years. Subscapular and overall fat obesity were associated with 2·4- and 2·9-fold risk for developing HT. The PAF for subscapular skinfold was 73·6 and 39·2 % for T2DM and HT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found a strong association between subscapular skinfold thickness and developing T2DM and HT. Skinfold assessment can be a laboratory-free strategy to identify high-risk HT and T2DM cases.
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Gender Stratified Analyses of the Association of Skinfold Thickness with Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study in General Northeastern Chinese Residents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122748. [PMID: 30563102 PMCID: PMC6313501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association of hypertension with skinfold thickness (ST) in adults is not clear. Our study was aimed at finding out the association of hypertension with ST in different gender and obesity categories. This is a cross-sectional study based on 2336 Chinese residents (767 men). Both subscapular skinfold thickness (SST) and tricep skinfold thickness (TST) were examined. We estimated the association of hypertension with per SD increase of SST and TST using multivariable logistic regression analyses in men and women. Six subgroups were stratified using cutoff points of body mass index (BMI) and ST: larger and smaller ST in normal weight (BMI < 24 kg/m2), overweight (24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2), respectively. The association of hypertension with ST was only shown in women after adjustment for other risk factors. Among women of the normal weight subgroup, higher prevalence of hypertension was shown in those with larger ST. No difference of the prevalence of hypertension was found between women with larger ST in the normal weight subgroup and those with smaller ST in overweight or obesity subgroups. Our study suggested that even for people with normal weight, it was necessary to monitor the subcutaneous fat using ST for preventing hypertension at least in general Chinese women.
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Farzan SF, Howe CG, Chen Y, Gilbert-Diamond D, Cottingham KL, Jackson BP, Weinstein AR, Karagas MR. Prenatal lead exposure and elevated blood pressure in children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1289-1296. [PMID: 30389381 PMCID: PMC6279470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that environmental exposures can influence blood pressure over the course of a lifetime. Exposure to toxic metals, such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), has been associated with increased blood pressure in adults, but few studies have examined the impacts of in utero and early life toxic metals exposure on blood pressure in childhood. As subclinical vascular changes are thought to begin early in life, it is possible that in utero toxic metals exposure may play a role in blood pressure homeostasis. In the ongoing New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we investigated whether in utero exposure to Pb and As was associated with measures of blood pressure in a total of 323 young children (mean age 5.5 years, SD 0.4). Pb and As were measured in maternal toenail samples collected at ~28 weeks gestation (n = 257) and/or 6 weeks postpartum (n = 285), which represent exposures ~6 to 12 months prior to collection and therefore reflect the early prenatal and late prenatal exposures, respectively. Five measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were averaged for each child using a standardized technique. In linear regression analyses, where log2-transformed prenatal toenail Pb and As were modeled jointly and adjusted for child age, sex, height, weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy, we observed that a doubling of maternal prenatal toenail Pb was associated with statistically significant increases in child SBP (β: 0.58 mm Hg, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.11). We did not observe any association of prenatal or postpartum As, or postpartum Pb, with SBP or DBP. Exploratory sex-stratified analyses suggest that associations of prenatal Pb with BP may be stronger among boys (SBP β: 0.72 mm Hg: 95% CI: -0.01, 1.44; DBP β: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.84), compared to girls (SBP β: 0.48 mm Hg: 95% CI: -0.31, 1.26; DBP β: -0.05; 95% CI: -0.52, 0.41), though tests for interaction did not reach statistical significance (p-interaction SBP = 0.059; DBP = 0.057). Our preliminary results suggest that in utero toxic metals exposures may be associated with early life increases in blood pressure in children, which could have consequences for long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Adam R Weinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Kelly RK, Magnussen CG, Sabin MA, Cheung M, Juonala M. Development of hypertension in overweight adolescents: a review. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2015; 6:171-87. [PMID: 26543386 PMCID: PMC4622556 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s55837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The upward trend in adolescent hypertension is widely attributed to the adolescent obesity epidemic. Secular trends in adolescent prehypertension and hypertension have risen in congruence with increasing trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The correlation between body mass index and blood pressure in adolescence is moderate to strong in most studies and strongest in those classified as overweight or obese. The mechanisms relating to the development of hypertension in overweight adolescents are unclear; however, a number of nonmodifiable and modifiable factors have been implicated. Importantly, certain clinical and biochemical markers in overweight adolescents are indicative of high risk for hypertension, including family history of hypertension and hyperinsulinemia. These characteristics may prove useful in stratifying overweight adolescents as high or low risk of comorbid hypertension. The treatment of overweight and obesity related hypertension in this population focuses on two key modalities: lifestyle change and pharmacotherapy. These approaches focus almost exclusively on weight reduction; however, a number of emerging strategies target hypertension more specifically. Among adolescents with overt hypertension there are also several factors that indicate higher risk of concurrent subclinical disease, persistent adult hypertension, and adult cardiovascular disease. This group may benefit substantially from more aggressive pharmacological treatments. Limitations in the literature relate to the paucity of studies reporting specific effects for the adolescent age group of overweight and obese individuals. Nonetheless, intervention for adiposity-related hypertension in adolescence may partially mitigate some of the cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Kelly
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthew A Sabin
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Cheung
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia ; Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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