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Oh SJ, Jo CH, Kim TS, Hong CY, Lee SL, Kang YH, Rho GJ. Sphingosine-1-phosphate Treatment Improves Cryopreservation Efficiency in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1286. [PMID: 37374070 DOI: 10.3390/life13061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role not only in maintaining cell shape and viability but also in homing/engraftment properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a valuable source of cell therapy. Therefore, during the cryopreservation process of MSCs, protecting the actin cytoskeleton from the freezing/thawing stress is critical in maintaining their functionality and therapeutic potential. In this study, the safety and cryoprotective potential of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has a stabilizing effect on actin cytoskeleton, on dental pulp-derived MSCs (DP-MSCs) was investigated. Our results demonstrated that S1P treatment did not adversely affect viability and stemness of DP-MSCs. Furthermore, S1P pretreatment enhanced cell viability and proliferation properties of post-freeze/thaw DP-MSCs, protecting them against damage to the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion ability as well. These findings suggest that a new cryopreservation method using S1P pretreatment can enhance the overall quality of cryopreserved MSCs by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton and making them more suitable for various applications in regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Jo
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seok Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yeon Hong
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kang
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Reichstein IS, König M, Wojtysiak N, Escher BI, Henneberger L, Behnisch P, Besselink H, Thalmann B, Colas J, Hörchner S, Hollert H, Schiwy A. Replacing animal-derived components in in vitro test guidelines OECD 455 and 487. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161454. [PMID: 36638987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of single substances or environmental samples for their genotoxic or estrogenic potential is highly relevant for human- and environment-related risk assessment. To examine the effects on a mechanism-specific level, standardized cell-based in vitro methods are widely applied. However, these methods include animal-derived components like fetal bovine serum (FBS) or rat-derived liver homogenate fractions (S9-mixes), which are a source of variability, reduced assay reproducibility and ethical concerns. In our study, we evaluated the adaptation of the cell-based in vitro OECD test guidelines TG 487 (assessment of genotoxicity) and TG 455 (detection of estrogenic activity) to an animal-component-free methodology. Firstly, the human cell lines A549 (for OECD TG 487), ERα-CALUX® and GeneBLAzer™ ERα-UAS-bla GripTite™ (for OECD TG 455) were investigated for growth in a chemically defined medium without the addition of FBS. Secondly, the biotechnological S9-mix ewoS9R was implemented in comparison to the induced rat liver S9 to simulate in vivo metabolism capacities in both OECD test guidelines. As a model compound, Benzo[a]pyrene was used due to its increased genotoxicity and endocrine activity after metabolization. The metabolization of Benzo[a]Pyrene by S9-mixes was examined via chemical analysis. All cell lines (A549, ERα-CALUX® and GeneBLAzer™ Erα-UAS-bla GripTite™) were successfully cultivated in chemically defined media without FBS. The micronucleus assay could not be conducted in chemically defined medium due to formation of cell clusters. The methods for endocrine activity assessment could be conducted in chemically defined media or reduced FBS content, but with decreased assay sensitivity. The biotechnological ewoS9R showed potential to replace rat liver S9 in the micronucleus in FBS-medium with A549 cells and in the ERα-CALUX® assay in FBS- and chemically defined medium. Our study showed promising steps towards an animal-component free toxicity testing. After further improvements, the new methodology could lead to more reproducible and reliable results for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inska S Reichstein
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niklas Wojtysiak
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julien Colas
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Hörchner
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer IME, Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer IME, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Lim C, Roh YH, Yoo SJ, Jeong DK, Nam KW. Identification of Stem Cell Related Gene Expression from the Osteosarcoma Cell Core Side. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:122-128. [PMID: 35864855 PMCID: PMC9271406 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor with higher incidences in children and adolescents. Despite clinical evolutions, patients with osteosacoma have had a poor prognosis. There has been increasing evidence that cancer is a stem cell disease. This study sought to isolate and characterize cancer stem cells from human osteosarcoma with relevant literature reviews. Here we show that the emerging evidence suggests osteosarcoma should be regarded as a differentiation disease such as stem cell disease. Two human osteosarcoma cell lines were cultured in non-adherent culture conditions as sarcospheres. Sarcospheres were observed using histomorphology and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. Expression of the embryonic stem cell marker was analyzed with use of reverse transcriptase-PCR. Sarcospheres could be reproduced consistently throughout multiple passages and produced adherent osteosarcoma cell cultures. Expression of stem cell-associated genes such as those encoding Nanog, octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4, sex determining region Y box 2 , c-Myc and ALP indicated pluripotent stem-like cells. These results support the extension of the cancer stem cell theory to include osteosarcoma. Understanding the cancer stem cell derived from human osteosarcoma could lead to the evolution of diagnosis and treatment for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young Ho Roh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seung Jin Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Nam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Korea
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Aasebø E, Brenner AK, Hernandez-Valladares M, Birkeland E, Berven FS, Selheim F, Bruserud Ø. Proteomic Comparison of Bone Marrow Derived Osteoblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115665. [PMID: 34073480 PMCID: PMC8198503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts, and therapeutic targeting of these cells is considered both for malignant and non-malignant diseases. We analyzed global proteomic profiles for osteoblasts derived from ten and MSCs from six healthy individuals, and we quantified 5465 proteins for the osteoblasts and 5420 proteins for the MSCs. There was a large overlap in the profiles for the two cell types; 156 proteins were quantified only in osteoblasts and 111 proteins only for the MSCs. The osteoblast-specific proteins included several extracellular matrix proteins and a network including 27 proteins that influence intracellular signaling (Wnt/Notch/Bone morphogenic protein pathways) and bone mineralization. The osteoblasts and MSCs showed only minor age- and sex-dependent proteomic differences. Finally, the osteoblast and MSC proteomic profiles were altered by ex vivo culture in serum-free media. We conclude that although the proteomic profiles of osteoblasts and MSCs show many similarities, we identified several osteoblast-specific extracellular matrix proteins and an osteoblast-specific intracellular signaling network. Therapeutic targeting of these proteins will possibly have minor effects on MSCs. Furthermore, the use of ex vivo cultured osteoblasts/MSCs in clinical medicine will require careful standardization of the ex vivo handling of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Aasebø
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
- Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.H.-V.); (E.B.); (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Annette K. Brenner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.H.-V.); (E.B.); (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Even Birkeland
- Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.H.-V.); (E.B.); (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Frode S. Berven
- Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.H.-V.); (E.B.); (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Frode Selheim
- Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.H.-V.); (E.B.); (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Aasebø E, Birkeland E, Selheim F, Berven F, Brenner AK, Bruserud Ø. The Extracellular Bone Marrow Microenvironment-A Proteomic Comparison of Constitutive Protein Release by In Vitro Cultured Osteoblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010062. [PMID: 33379263 PMCID: PMC7795818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Normal blood cells are formed in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis. This process is supported by a network of non-hematopoietic cells including connective tissue cells, blood vessel cells and bone-forming cells. However, these cells can also support the growth of cancer cells, i.e., hematological malignancies (e.g., leukemias) and cancers that arise in another organ and spread to the bone marrow. Two of these cancer-supporting normal cells are bone-forming osteoblasts and a subset of connective tissue cells called mesenchymal stem cells. One mechanism for their cancer support is the release of proteins that support cancer cell proliferation and progression of the cancer disease. Our present study shows that both these normal cells release a wide range of proteins that support cancer cells, and inhibition of this protein-mediated cancer support may become a new strategy for cancer treatment. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts are bone marrow stromal cells that contribute to the formation of stem cell niches and support normal hematopoiesis, leukemogenesis and development of metastases from distant cancers. This support is mediated through cell–cell contact, release of soluble mediators and formation of extracellular matrix. By using a proteomic approach, we characterized the protein release by in vitro cultured human MSCs (10 donors) and osteoblasts (nine donors). We identified 1379 molecules released by these cells, including 340 proteins belonging to the GO-term Extracellular matrix. Both cell types released a wide range of functionally heterogeneous proteins including extracellular matrix molecules (especially collagens), several enzymes and especially proteases, cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules, but also several intracellular molecules including chaperones, cytoplasmic mediators, histones and non-histone nuclear molecules. The levels of most proteins did not differ between MSCs and osteoblasts, but 82 proteins were more abundant for MSC (especially extracellular matrix proteins and proteases) and 36 proteins more abundant for osteoblasts. Finally, a large number of exosomal proteins were identified. To conclude, MSCs and osteoblasts show extracellular release of a wide range of functionally diverse proteins, including several extracellular matrix molecules known to support cancer progression (e.g., metastases from distant tumors, increased relapse risk for hematological malignancies), and the large number of identified exosomal proteins suggests that exocytosis is an important mechanism of protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Aasebø
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Even Birkeland
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Frode Berven
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Annette K. Brenner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +47-5597-2997
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Kweon K, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Li Q, Lee BY, Chae HK, Youn HY. Antitumor effects of SB injection in canine osteosarcoma and melanoma cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 55:7-16. [PMID: 30382494 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of SB injection, which is composed of extracts from the roots of Pulsatilla koreana, Panax ginseng, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, on the viability of canine osteosarcoma and melanoma cells and nonneoplastic canine cells. Cells were treated with SB injection, conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, or a combination of both at various concentrations. Cellular viability was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. SB injection inhibited the growth of osteosarcoma and melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle of the affected cells was arrested in the G2/M phase, indicating an anti-proliferative effect. SB injection dose-dependently increased the rate of apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that combining SB injection with chemotherapeutic drugs resulted in a greater reduction in canine malignant cell proliferation than either treatment alone. SB injection did not affect the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells regardless of concentration, which suggested that SB injection did not suppress the activity of normal cells. This study suggested that SB injection can be considered an effective alternative medication for animal cancers in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Kangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Xu H, Wang N, Cao W, Huang L, Zhou J, Sheng L. Influence of various medium environment to in vitro human T cell culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:559-566. [PMID: 30003447 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, adoptive T cell immunotherapy is emerging as a novel and potent treatment for cancer. To prepare enough effective T cells for treatment use, their rapid expansion is favorable. Our study compared 6 commonly used cultural media for human T cells, including serum-containing media and serum-free media, namely RPMI 1640, IMDM, Gibco OpTmizer CTS T Cell Expansion SFM, Gibco AIM-V Medium CTS, LONZA X-VIVO 15, and StemSpan SFEM with or without Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28, on in vitro T cell expansion, apoptosis, and immune phenotype. Our study results suggest that serum-free media provide better proliferation environment for T cells. Among the 3 serum-free media, we identify OpTmizer and AIM-V as better T cell culture environments compared with X-VIVO as T cells are proved to have higher viability in the first two media. Besides, we found that in vitro human T cells keep relatively resting status among non-CD3/CD28 groups, since they have weak proliferation and apoptosis abilities. The phenotypes of T cells in different cultural environments over time indicate T cells maturation during culture duration. These results provide a firm foundation of adoptive T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyue Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lingshuang Sheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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8
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Shen J, Meyers CA, Shrestha S, Singh A, LaChaud G, Nguyen V, Asatrian G, Federman N, Bernthal N, Eilber FC, Dry SM, Ting K, Soo C, James AW. Sclerostin expression in skeletal sarcomas. Hum Pathol 2016; 58:24-34. [PMID: 27498059 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST) is an extracellular Wnt signaling antagonist which negatively regulates bone mass. Despite this, the expression and function of SOST in skeletal tumors remain poorly described. Here, we first describe the immunohistochemical staining pattern of SOST across benign and malignant skeletal tumors with bone or cartilage matrix (n=68 primary tumors). Next, relative SOST expression was compared to markers of Wnt signaling activity and osteogenic differentiation across human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines (n=7 cell lines examined). Results showed immunohistochemical detection of SOST in most bone-forming tumors (90.2%; 46/51) and all cartilage-forming tumors (100%; 17/17). Among OSs, variable intensity and distribution of SOST expression were observed, which highly correlated with the presence and degree of neoplastic bone. Patchy SOST expression was observed in cartilage-forming tumors, which did not distinguish between benign and malignant tumors or correlate with regional morphologic characteristics. Finally, SOST expression varied widely between OS cell lines, with more than 97-fold variation. Among OS cell lines, SOST expression positively correlated with the marker of osteogenic differentiation alkaline phosphatase and did not correlate well with markers of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity. In summary, SOST is frequently expressed in skeletal bone- and cartilage-forming tumors. The strong spatial correlation with bone formation and the in vitro expression patterns are in line with the known functions of SOST in nonneoplastic bone, as a feedback inhibitor on osteogenic differentiation. With anti-SOST as a potential therapy for osteoporosis in the near future, its basic biologic and phenotypic consequences in skeletal tumors should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Swati Shrestha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Greg LaChaud
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Noah Federman
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nicholas Bernthal
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Fritz C Eilber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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9
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Reikvam H, Nepstad I, Bruserud Ø, Hatfield KJ. Pharmacological targeting of the PI3K/mTOR pathway alters the release of angioregulatory mediators both from primary human acute myeloid leukemia cells and their neighboring stromal cells. Oncotarget 2014; 4:830-43. [PMID: 23919981 PMCID: PMC3757241 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy with poor overall survival. Constitutive as well as cytokine-initiated activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is a common feature of AML patients, and inhibition of this pathway is considered as a possible therapeutic strategy in AML. Human AML cells and different stromal cell populations were cultured under highly standardized in vitro conditions. We investigated the effects of mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and temsirolimus) and PI3K inhibitors (GDC-0941 and 3-methyladenin (3-MA)) on cell proliferation and the constitutive release of angioregulatory mediators by AML and stromal cells. Primary human AML cells were heterogeneous, though most patients showed high CXCL8 levels and detectable release of CXCL10, Ang-1, HGF and MMP-9. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that disruption of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways decreased AML cell release of CXCL8-11 for a large subset of patients, whereas the effects on other mediators were divergent. Various stromal cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cells with osteoblastic phenotype) also showed constitutive release of angioregulatory mediators, and inhibitors of both the PI3K and mTOR pathway had anti-proliferative effects on stromal cells and resulted in decreased release of these angioregulatory mediators. PI3K and mTOR inhibitors can decrease constitutive cytokine release both by AML and stromal cells, suggesting potential direct and indirect antileukemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Reikvam
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
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10
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Kitambi SS, Toledo EM, Usoskin D, Wee S, Harisankar A, Svensson R, Sigmundsson K, Kalderén C, Niklasson M, Kundu S, Aranda S, Westermark B, Uhrbom L, Andäng M, Damberg P, Nelander S, Arenas E, Artursson P, Walfridsson J, Forsberg Nilsson K, Hammarström LGJ, Ernfors P. RETRACTED: Vulnerability of glioblastoma cells to catastrophic vacuolization and death induced by a small molecule. Cell 2014; 157:313-328. [PMID: 24656405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer with marginal life expectancy. Based on the assumption that GBM cells gain functions not necessarily involved in the cancerous process, patient-derived glioblastoma cells (GCs) were screened to identify cellular processes amenable for development of targeted treatments. The quinine-derivative NSC13316 reliably and selectively compromised viability. Synthetic chemical expansion reveals delicate structure-activity relationship and analogs with increased potency, termed Vacquinols. Vacquinols stimulate death by membrane ruffling, cell rounding, massive macropinocytic vacuole accumulation, ATP depletion, and cytoplasmic membrane rupture of GCs. The MAP kinase MKK4, identified by a shRNA screen, represents a critical signaling node. Vacquinol-1 displays excellent in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain exposure, attenuates disease progression, and prolongs survival in a GBM animal model. These results identify a vulnerability to massive vacuolization that can be targeted by small molecules and point to the possible exploitation of this process in the design of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Srinivas Kitambi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique M Toledo
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Usoskin
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shimei Wee
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aditya Harisankar
- Department of Medicine, HERM, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, UDOPP, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristmundur Sigmundsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kalderén
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Niklasson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergi Aranda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Andäng
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Damberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Nelander
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, UDOPP, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julian Walfridsson
- Department of Medicine, HERM, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars G J Hammarström
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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In Vitro Characterization of Valproic Acid, ATRA, and Cytarabine Used for Disease-Stabilization in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Antiproliferative Effects of Drugs on Endothelial and Osteoblastic Cells and Altered Release of Angioregulatory Mediators by Endothelial Cells. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:143479. [PMID: 24527217 PMCID: PMC3910457 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), the retinoic acid receptor- α agonist all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and the deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase- α inhibitor cytarabine (Ara-C) is now considered for disease-stabilizing treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemogenesis and leukemia cell chemoresistance seem to be supported by neighbouring stromal cells in the bone marrow, and we have therefore investigated the effects of these drugs on primary human endothelial cells and the osteoblastic Cal72 cell line. The results show that VPA and Ara-C have antiproliferative effects, and the antiproliferative/cytotoxic effect of Ara-C was seen at low concentrations corresponding to serum levels found during low-dose in vivo treatment. Furthermore, in functional assays of endothelial migration and tube formation VPA elicited an antiangiogenic effect, whereas ATRA elicited a proangiogenic effect. Finally, VPA and ATRA altered the endothelial cell release of angiogenic mediators; ATRA increased levels of CXCL8, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-D, while VPA decreased VEGF-D and PDGF-AA/BB levels and both drugs reduced MMP-2 levels. Several of these mediators can enhance AML cell proliferation and/or are involved in AML-induced bone marrow angiogenesis, and direct pharmacological effects on stromal cells may thus indirectly contribute to the overall antileukemic activity of this triple drug combination.
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Huo L, Liu K, Pei J, Yang Y, Ye Y, Liu Y, Sun J, Han H, Xu W, Gao Y. Fluoride promotes viability and differentiation of osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells via BMP/Smads signaling pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:142-9. [PMID: 23918166 PMCID: PMC3763164 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The BMP/Smad signaling pathway plays an important role in the viability and differentiation of osteoblast; however, it is not clear whether this pathway is involved in the fluoride-induced osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of BMP/Smad signaling pathway in fluoride-induced osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells differentiation. Cells were exposed to fluoride of different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mM), and cell proliferation was determined using WST assays. The expression of osteoblast marker genes such as osteocalcin (BGP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were detected by qRT-PCR. We found that fluoride enhanced the proliferation of Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and 0.2 mM of fluoride resulted in a higher expression of osteoblast marker genes. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that the promotion effects of 0.2 mM of fluoride on Saos-2 cells differentiation were associated with the activation of the BMP/Smad pathway. Expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5(p-Smad1/5) was higher in cells exposed to 0.2 mM of fluoride. Plasmid expression vectors encoding the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Smad4 gene were used to block the BMP/Smad pathway, which resulted in a significantly reduced expression of BGP and BALP as well as their corresponding mRNA. The mRNA levels after transfection remained low even in the presence of fluoride. The present results reveal that BMP/Smad signaling pathway was altered during the period of osteogenesis, and that the activities of p-Smad1/5 were required for Saos-2 cells viability and differentiation induced by fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Huo
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Junrui Pei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang China
| | - Yan Ye
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hepeng Han
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Hei Long Jiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618104), 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
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Thirumala S, Goebel WS, Woods EJ. Manufacturing and banking of mesenchymal stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:673-91. [PMID: 23339745 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.763925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and MSC-like cells hold great promise and offer many advantages for developing effective cellular therapeutics. Current trends indicate that the clinical application of MSC will continue to increase markedly. For clinical applications, large numbers of MSC are usually required, ideally in an off-the-shelf format, thus requiring extensive MSC expansion ex vivo and subsequent cryopreservation and banking. AREAS COVERED To exploit the full potential of MSC for cell-based therapies requires overcoming significant cell-manufacturing, banking and regulatory challenges. The current review will focus on the identification of optimal cell source for MSC, the techniques for production scale-up, cryopreservation and banking and the regulatory challenges involved. EXPERT OPINION There has been considerable success manufacturing and cryopreserving MSC at laboratory scale. Surprisingly little attention, however, has been given to translate these technologies to an industrial scale. The development of cost-effective advanced technologies for producing and cryopreserving commercial-scale MSC is important for successful clinical cell therapy.
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Thirumala S, Goebel WS, Woods EJ. Clinical grade adult stem cell banking. Organogenesis 2012; 5:143-54. [PMID: 20046678 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.3.9811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a great deal of scientific interest recently generated by the potential therapeutic applications of adult stem cells in human care but there are several challenges regarding quality and safety in clinical applications and a number of these challenges relate to the processing and banking of these cells ex-vivo. As the number of clinical trials and the variety of adult cells used in regenerative therapy increases, safety remains a primary concern. This has inspired many nations to formulate guidelines and standards for the quality of stem cell collection, processing, testing, banking, packaging and distribution. Clinically applicable cryopreservation and banking of adult stem cells offers unique opportunities to advance the potential uses and widespread implementation of these cells in clinical applications. Most current cryopreservation protocols include animal serum proteins and potentially toxic cryoprotectant additives (CPAs) that prevent direct use of these cells in human therapeutic applications. Long term cryopreservation of adult stem cells under good manufacturing conditions using animal product free solutions is critical to the widespread clinical implementation of ex-vivo adult stem cell therapies. Furthermore, to avoid any potential cryoprotectant related complications, reduced CPA concentrations and efficient post-thaw washing to remove CPA are also desirable. The present review focuses on the current strategies and important aspects of adult stem cell banking for clinical applications. These include current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs), animal protein free freezing solutions, cryoprotectants, freezing & thawing protocols, viability assays, packaging and distribution. The importance and benefits of banking clinical grade adult stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Thirumala
- General Biotechnology LLC; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
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Thirumala S, Wu X, Gimble JM, Devireddy RV. Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a cryoprotectant for adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:783-92. [PMID: 19839742 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) can be effectively cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen using a freezing medium containing a high-molecular-weight polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), as the cryoprotective agent (CPA) instead of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). To this end we investigated the postfreeze/thaw viability and apoptotic behavior of passage 1 ASCs cryopreserved in 15 different media: (i) the traditional media containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 80% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% DMSO; (ii) DMEM with 80% human serum (HS) and 10% DMSO; (iii) DMEM with various concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) of PVP as the sole CPA; (iv) DMEM with PVP (5%, 10%, and 20%) and HS (10%); (v) DMEM with PVP (5%, 10%, and 20%) and FCS (10%); and (vi) DMEM with PVP (10%) and FCS (40% and 80%). Approximately 1 mL (10(6) cells/mL) of passage 1 ASCs were frozen overnight in a -80 degrees C freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks before being rapidly thawed in a 37 degrees C water bath (1-2 min of agitation), resuspended in culture media, and seeded in separate wells of a six-well plate for a 24-h incubation period at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, the thawed samples were analyzed by bright-field microscopy and flow cytometry. The results suggest that the absence of DMSO significantly increases the fraction of apoptotic and/or necrotic ASCs. However, the percentage of viable cells obtained with 10% PVP and DMEM was comparable with that obtained in freezing media with DMSO and serum (HS or FCS), that is, approximately 70% + or - 8% and approximately 83% + or - 8%, respectively. Slightly enhanced cell viability was observed with the addition of serum (either HS or FCS) to the freezing media containing PVP as the CPA. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation behaviors of the frozen thawed cells were also assessed using histochemical staining and optical density measurements and the expression of adipogenic-associated genes was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results suggest that after thawing, ASC viability and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation abilities can be maintained even when ASCs are frozen in the absence of serum but with 10% PVP in DMEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Thirumala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Bozec A, Bakiri L, Jimenez M, Schinke T, Amling M, Wagner EF. Fra-2/AP-1 controls bone formation by regulating osteoblast differentiation and collagen production. J Cell Biol 2010; 190:1093-106. [PMID: 20837772 PMCID: PMC3101588 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex, in particular the Fos proteins, is an important regulator of bone homeostasis. Fra-2 (Fosl2), a Fos-related protein of the AP-1 family, is expressed in bone cells, and newborn mice lacking Fra-2 exhibit defects in chondrocytes and osteoclasts. Here we show that Fra-2-deficient osteoblasts display a differentiation defect both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, Fra-2-overexpressing mice are osteosclerotic because of increased differentiation of osteoblasts, which appears to be cell autonomous. Importantly, the osteoblast-specific osteocalcin (Oc) gene and collagen1α2 (col1α2) are transcriptional targets of Fra-2 in both murine and human bone cells. In addition, Fra-2, Oc, and col1 are expressed in stromal cells of human chondroblastic and osteoblastic osteosarcomas (Os's) as well as during osteoblast differentiation of human Os cell lines. These findings reveal a novel function of Fra-2/AP-1 as a positive regulator of bone and matrix formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bozec
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jimenez
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erwin F. Wagner
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Comparison of three culture media for the establishment of melanoma cell lines. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:403-12. [PMID: 20730489 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cell lines are useful tools for the analysis of tumor-specific lymphocytes which are injected to patients treated by adoptive immunotherapy. So they have been established previously (with an efficacy of 47%) in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium enriched with fetal calf serum (FCS). In order to improve the probability of establishing melanoma cell lines, we compared two FCS-free media with the original FCS medium. Ten melanoma-invaded lymph nodes were tested for their ability to grow in three different culture media: RPMI with FCS; RPMI with human serum (HS); serum-free X-vivo 15 (X15). For each medium, we compared the following criteria: percentage of lines obtained; period of establishment; cell morphology; expression of melanoma-associated antigens and surface molecules. More cell lines were obtained with HS and X15 media compared to FCS medium (7/10, 5/10 and 4/10, respectively). The time period to establish a stable line was similar for the three media. No morphological differences were observed in cells derived from the same tumor sample in the different media. With the X15 medium, cells generally expressed lower levels of melanocytic differentiation antigens and surface molecules. The growth of melanoma cell lines in FCS-free culture media appears possible and advantageous, with an increased probability of obtaining autologous tumor cell lines. Furthermore the cells obtained could be used as multiple antigenic sources in active or adoptive immunotherapy protocols.
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Reikvam H, Hatfield KJ, Lassalle P, Olsnes Kittang A, Ersvær E, Bruserud Ø. Targeting the angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie-2 pathway in the crosstalk between acute myeloid leukaemia and endothelial cells: studies of Tie-2 blocking antibodies, exogenous Ang-2 and inhibition of constitutive agonistic Ang-1 release. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:169-83. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903485659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Olsnes AM, Ersvaer E, Ryningen A, Bruserud O. Circulating T cells derived from acute leukemia patients with severe therapy-induced cytopenia express a wide range of chemokine receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:329-32. [PMID: 19055860 DOI: 10.1179/102453308x343491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Normal T cells can mediate antileukemic reactivity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and T cell targeting immunotherapy is now considered for patients receiving conventional chemotherapy. This antileukemic reactivity is most effective in patients with a low leukemia cell burden, and this burden is expected to be lowest early after transplantation/chemotherapy when patients are cytopenic. Local T cell recruitment will then be essential for the efficiency of the antileukemic response. In this context, the authors compared the chemokine receptor expression for T cells derived from healthy individuals and acute myelogenous leukemia patients with therapy-induced cytopenia after conventional chemotherapy or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Circulating CD3(+) T cells showed the same chemokine receptor expression for all three groups: CCR1(low), CCR2(low), CCR3(low), CCR4(intermediate), CCR5(intermediate), CCR7(low/intermediate), CXCR2(low), CXCR3(intermediate), and CXCR4(high). Thus, only minor differences between the groups were observed when comparing individual receptors, and we therefore conclude that the chemokine receptor profiles of circulating CD3(+) T cells show no qualitative and only minor quantitative differences for these three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Marta Olsnes
- Division for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital and The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Cambien B, Rezzonico R, Vitale S, Rouzaire-Dubois B, Dubois JM, Barthel R, Soilihi BK, Mograbi B, Schmid-Alliana A, Schmid-Antomarchi H. Silencing of hSlo potassium channels in human osteosarcoma cells promotes tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:365-371. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Heng NHM, N'Guessan PD, Kleber BM, Bernimoulin JP, Pischon N. Enamel matrix derivative induces connective tissue growth factor expression in human osteoblastic cells. J Periodontol 2008; 78:2369-79. [PMID: 18052711 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) stimulates the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which has been suggested to play a role in mediating the effects of EMD in periodontal tissue regeneration. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a mediator of TGF-beta and promotes cell development. The interaction between EMD and CTGF is unknown. This study explored the effects of EMD on CTGF expression in human osteoblastic cells and whether the interaction is modulated by the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Also, the roles of CTGF in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and mineralized nodule formation of EMD-induced osteoblastic cultures were examined. METHODS Human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) were treated with 25 to 100 microg/ml EMD with or without the addition of TGF-beta inhibitor. CTGF mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and CTGF protein levels were assayed by Western blot analysis. In addition, cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis were determined by flow cytometry and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation following EMD treatment with or without CTGF antibody. Mineralization was examined by alizarin red staining and quantified by elution with cetylpyridinium chloride. RESULTS Western blot and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent increase of CTGF expression by EMD. EMD-induced CTGF expression was reduced significantly in the presence of TGF-beta inhibitor. Cell cycle and BrdU analysis revealed an increase in cell proliferation following EMD treatment, which was due to an increase in the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. No significant effect was found when anti-CTGF antibody was added. Conversely, mineralization was inhibited significantly in EMD-treated cultures in the presence of anti-CTGF antibody. CONCLUSIONS EMD stimulates CTGF expression, and the interaction is modulated via TGF-beta in osteoblastic cells. Also, CTGF affects EMD-induced osteoblastic mineralization but not cell proliferation. To our knowledge, these results provide novel insight into EMD-CTGF interaction, two biomodifiers that have therapeutic relevance to tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora H M Heng
- Institute of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité-Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Shimo T, Matsumura S, Ibaragi S, Isowa S, Kishimoto K, Mese H, Nishiyama A, Sasaki A. Specific inhibitor of MEK-mediated cross-talk between ERK and p38 MAPK during differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2007; 1:103-11. [PMID: 18481201 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-007-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, accounting for approximately 20% of all primary sarcomas in bone. Although treatment modalities have been improved over the past decades, it is still a tumor with a high mortality rate in children and young adults. Based on histological considerations, osteosarcoma arises from impaired differentiation of these immature cells into more mature types and that correction of this impairment may reduce malignancy and increase the efficiency of chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of specific inhibitors of MAPK extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) and p38 on the differentiation of human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 cells. We found that PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK, inhibited the serum-stimulated proliferation of SaOS-2 cells; whereas SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, had little effect on it. SB203580 suppressed ALPase activity, gene expression of type I collagen, and expression of ALP and BMP-2 mRNAs; whereas PD98059 upregulated them dose dependently. In addition, immunoblot and immunostaining analysis revealed that phosphorylation of ERK was increased by treatment with SB203580; whereas PD98059 increased the phosphorylation of p38, which implies a seesaw-like balance between ERK and p38 phosphorylation. We suggest that osteosarcoma cell differentiation is regulated by the balance between the activities of the ERK and p38 pathways and that the MEK/ERK pathway negatively regulates osteosarcoma cell differentiation, whereas the p38 pathway does so positively. MEK inhibitor may thus be a good candidate for altering the expression of the osteosarcoma malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathological Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan,
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Ersvaer E, Skavland J, Ulvestad E, Gjertsen BT, Bruserud Ø. Effects of interferon gamma on native human acute myelogenous leukaemia cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:13-24. [PMID: 16612597 PMCID: PMC11030278 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T cell targeting immunotherapy is now considered a possible strategy in acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), and IFNgamma release may then contribute to the antileukaemic effects. We investigated the effects of IFNgamma on native human AML cells. Normal T cells could be activated to release IFNgamma in the presence of AML cells. Furthermore, high levels of CD119 (IFNgamma receptor alpha chain) expression were observed for all 39 patients examined. Receptor expression was decreased after exposure to exogenous IFNgamma, and receptor ligation caused Stat1 phosphorylation but no phosphorylation of the alternative messengers Erk1/2. The effect of exogenous IFNgamma on AML blast proliferation was dependent on the local cytokine network and IFNgamma (1) inhibited proliferation in the presence of exogenous IL1beta, GM-CSF, G-CSF and SCF; (2) had divergent effects in the presence of IL3 and Flt3 (65 patients examined); (3) inhibited proliferation in the presence of endothelial cells but had divergent effects in the presence of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and normal stromal cells (65 patients examined). IFNgamma increased stress-induced (spontaneous) in vitro apoptosis as well as cytarabine-induced apoptosis only for a subset of patients. Furthermore, IFNgamma decreased the release of proangiogenic CXCL8 and increased the release of antiangiogenic CXCL9-11. We conclude that IFNgamma can be released in the presence of native human AML cells and affect AML cell proliferation, regulation of apoptosis and the balance between pro- and antiangiogenic chemokine release.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation
- Chemokine CXCL9
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ersvaer
- Institute of Medicine, Section for Hematology, The University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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