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Wu Y, Zhang G, Yin P, Wen J, Su Y, Zhang X. Brusatol improves the efficacy of an anti-mouse-PD-1 antibody via inhibiting programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression in a murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 166:106043. [PMID: 38968906 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combing PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors with natural products has exhibited better efficacy than monotherapy. Hence, the purpose of this research was to examine the anti-cancer effects of brusatol, a natural quassinoid-terpenoid derived from Brucea javanica, when used in conjunction with an anti-mouse-PD-1 antibody in a murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model and elucidate underlying mechanisms. DESIGN A murine HNSCC model and an SCC-15 cell xenograft nude mouse model were established to investigate the anti-cancer effects of brusatol and anti-PD-1 antibody. Mechanistic studies were performed using immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and invasion were evaluated by MTT, migration, colony formation, and transwell invasion assays. PD-L1 levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells were assessed through qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and western blotting assays. The impact of brusatol on Jurkat T cell function was assessed by an OSCC/Jurkat co-culture assay. RESULTS Brusatol improved tumor suppression by anti-PD-1 antibody in HNSCC mouse models. Mechanistic studies revealed brusatol inhibited tumor cell growth and angiogenesis, induced apoptosis, increased T lymphocyte infiltration, and reduced PD-L1 expression in tumors. Furthermore, in vitro assays confirmed brusatol inhibited PD-L1 expression in OSCC cells and suppressed cell migration, colony formation, and invasion. Co-culture assays indicated that brusatol's PD-L1 inhibition enhanced Jurkat T cell-mediated OSCC cell death and reversed the inhibitory effect induced by OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Brusatol improves anti-PD-1 antibody efficacy by targeting PD-L1, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wu
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Panpan Yin
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinlin Wen
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Su
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No.4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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Qin G, Bai F, Hu H, Zhang J, Zhan W, Wu Z, Li J, Fu Y, Deng Y. Targeting the NAT10/NPM1 axis abrogates PD-L1 expression and improves the response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Mol Med 2024; 30:13. [PMID: 38243170 PMCID: PMC10799409 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-1/PD-L1 play a crucial role as immune checkpoint inhibitors in various types of cancer. Although our previous study revealed that NPM1 was a novel transcriptional regulator of PD-L1 and stimulated the transcription of PD-L1, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains incompletely characterized. METHODS Various human cancer cell lines were used to validate the role of NPM1 in regulating the transcription of PD-L1. The acetyltransferase NAT10 was identified as a facilitator of NPM1 acetylation by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. The potential application of combined NAT10 inhibitor and anti-CTLA4 treatment was evaluated by an animal model. RESULTS We demonstrated that NPM1 enhanced the transcription of PD-L1 in various types of cancer, and the acetylation of NPM1 played a vital role in this process. In particular, NAT10 facilitated the acetylation of NPM1, leading to enhanced transcription and increased expression of PD-L1. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that Remodelin, a compound that inhibits NAT10, effectively reduced NPM1 acetylation, leading to a subsequent decrease in PD-L1 expression. In vivo experiments indicated that Remodelin combined with anti-CTLA-4 therapy had a superior therapeutic effect compared with either treatment alone. Ultimately, we verified that the expression of NAT10 exhibited a positive correlation with the expression of PD-L1 in various types of tumors, serving as an indicator of unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the NAT10/NPM1 axis is a promising therapeutic target in malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabin Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxia Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yuan Cun Er Rd No. 26, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Hu P, Fan J, Zou J, Hong W, Huang X, Pan D, Chen H, Zhu YZ, Ye L. CD80-Fc fusion protein as a potential cancer immunotherapy strategy. Antib Ther 2024; 7:28-36. [PMID: 38235375 PMCID: PMC10791041 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes is a crucial component of the immune response, and the presence of CD80, a membrane antigen, is necessary for T-cell activation. CD80 is usually expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can interact with cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to promote T-cell proliferation, differentiation and function by activating costimulatory signal or blocking inhibitory signal. Simultaneously, CD80 on the APCs also interacts with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells to suppress the response of specific effector T cells, particularly in the context of persistent antigenic stimulation. Due to the pivotal role of CD80 in the immune response, the CD80-Fc fusion protein has emerged as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. This review primarily focused on the crucial role of CD80 in the cancer immunotherapy. We also reviewed the current advancements in the research of CD80-Fc fusion proteins. Finally, we deliberated on the challenges encountered by CD80-Fc fusion proteins and proposed the potential strategies that could yield the benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songna Wang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Pinliang Hu
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Weidong Hong
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Danjie Pan
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Huaning Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
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Sharma S, Rana R, Prakash P, Ganguly NK. Drug target therapy and emerging clinical relevance of exosomes in meningeal tumors. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:127-170. [PMID: 37016182 PMCID: PMC10072821 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In recent decades, several efforts have been made to eradicate this disease. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the standard treatment options for these tumors. Drug therapy comes to play its role when both surgery and radiotherapy fail to treat the tumor. This mostly happens when the tumors are close to vital brain structures and are nonbenign. Although a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and molecular targeted drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents, endocrine drugs, interferon, and targeted molecular pathway inhibitors have been studied, the roles of numerous drugs remain unexplored. Recent interest is growing toward studying and engineering exosomes for the treatment of different types of cancer including meningioma. The latest studies have shown the involvement of exosomes in the theragnostic of various cancers such as the lung and pancreas in the form of biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and vaccines. Proper attention to this new emerging technology can be a boon in finding the consistent treatment of meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
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Huang Y, Zhang W, Xu C, Li Q, Zhang W, Xu W, Zhang M. Presence of PD-1 similarity genes in monocytes may promote the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:11/3/e003196. [PMID: 37130628 PMCID: PMC10163525 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To identify proteins and corresponding genes that share sequential and structural similarity with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) via bioinformatics analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS All proteins with immunoglobulin V-set domain were screened in the human protein sequence database, and the corresponding genes were obtained in the gene sequence database. GSE154609 was downloaded from the GEO database, which contained peripheral blood CD14+ monocyte samples from patients with T1DM and healthy controls. The difference result and the similar genes were intersected. Analysis of gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways was used to predict potential functions using the R package 'cluster profiler'. The expression differences of intersected genes were analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas pancreatic cancer dataset and GTEx database using t-test. The correlation between the overall survival and disease-free progression of patients with pancreatic cancer was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS 2068 proteins with immunoglobulin V-set domain similar to PD-1 and 307 corresponding genes were found. 1705 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1335 downregulated DEGs in patients with T1DM compared with healthy controls were identified. A total of 21 genes were overlapped with the 307 PD-1 similarity genes, including 7 upregulated and 14 downregulated. Of these, mRNA levels of 13 genes were significantly increased in patients with pancreatic cancer. High expression of MYOM3 and HHLA2 was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer, while high expression of FGFRL1, CD274, and SPEG was significantly correlated with shorter disease-free survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Genes encoding immunoglobulin V-set domain similar to PD-1 may contribute to the occurrence of T1DM. Of these genes, MYOM3 and SPEG may serve as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenchuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxia Li
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Clinical School of Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Zhao N, Mei N, Yi Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Yao Y, Li C. Case report: Pathological and genetic features of pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610983. [PMID: 36938358 PMCID: PMC10021297 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma accounts for 2%-7% of pancreatic carcinomas. We aimed to investigate the pathological and genetic characteristics of pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells and the key points of treatment. Methods: The clinical data and follow-up results of four patients diagnosed with pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells between May 2015 and May 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Chief complaints included "pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen" (2/4), "nausea and vomiting" (1/4) or no symptoms (1/4). Preoperative mildly elevated tumor markers included carcinoembryonic antigen (1/4) and CA19-9 (1/4). The tumors were located in the tail of the pancreas in three patients and the head and neck in one patient. Tumor metastasis was found in pancreatic adipose tissue in two patients and lymph node metastasis in one patient, with microscopic heterogeneous mononuclear cells and scattered osteoclast-like giant cells of various sizes. One patient (1/4) had a mucinous cystic tumor of the pancreas, and two patients (2/4) had adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic duct. Only one patient received postoperative gemcitabine combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel chemotherapy. Conclusion: Currently, treatment guidelines are lacking for PUC-OGC, and prognosis varies markedly. More cases must be reported to clarify its origination. The long-term follow-up of diagnosed patients and genetic mutation testing can also contribute to improving treatment and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nan Mei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ye Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yajian Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- *Correspondence: Chunli Li,
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Chen X, Li J, Chen Y, Que Z, Du J, Zhang J. B7 Family Members in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Attractive Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315005. [PMID: 36499340 PMCID: PMC9740860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 5-10%. The immune checkpoint blockade represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been effective in a variety of solid tumors but has had little clinical response in pancreatic cancer patients. The unique suppressive immune microenvironment is the primary reason for this outcome, and it is essential to identify key targets to remodel the immune microenvironment. Some B7 family immune checkpoints, particularly PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA and HHLA2, have been identified as playing a significant role in the control of tumor immune responses. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research progress of some members of the B7 family in pancreatic cancer, which revealed that they can be involved in tumor progression through immune-dependent and non-immune-dependent pathways, highlighting the mechanisms of their involvement in tumor immune escape and assessing the prospects of their clinical application. Targeting B7 family immune checkpoints is expected to result in novel immunotherapeutic treatments for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Function Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziting Que
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiawei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Function Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Function Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-83272314
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Lee DY, Im E, Yoon D, Lee YS, Kim GS, Kim D, Kim SH. Pivotal role of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in immune escape and cancer progression: Their interplay with platelets and FOXP3+Tregs related molecules, clinical implications and combinational potential with phytochemicals. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1033-1057. [PMID: 33301862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) are involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance via immune escape and immune tolerance by disturbing cytotoxic T cell activation. Though many clinical trials have been completed in several cancers by using immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with other agents to date, recently multi-target therapy is considered more attractive than monotherapy, since immune checkpoint proteins work with other components such as surrounding blood vessels, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, platelets and extracellular matrix within tumor microenvironment. Thus, in the current review, we look back on research history of immune checkpoint proteins and discuss their associations with platelets or tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) related molecules involved in immune evasion and tumor progression, clinical implications of completed trial results and signaling networks by phytochemicals for combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and suggest future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Zhang J, Li R, Huang S. The immunoregulation effect of tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:951019. [PMID: 35965504 PMCID: PMC9365986 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.951019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the seventh highest death rate of all cancers. The absence of any serious symptoms, coupled with a lack of early prognostic and diagnostic markers, makes the disease untreatable in most cases. This leads to a delay in diagnosis and the disease progresses so there is no cure. Only about 20% of cases are diagnosed early. Surgical removal is the preferred treatment for cancer, but chemotherapy is standard for advanced cancer, although patients can eventually develop drug resistance and serious side effects. Chemoresistance is multifactorial because of the interaction among pancreatic cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nevertheless, more pancreatic cancer patients will benefit from precision treatment and targeted drugs. This review focuses on the immune-related components of TME and the interactions between tumor cells and TME during the development and progression of pancreatic cancer, including immunosuppression, tumor dormancy and escape. Finally, we discussed a variety of immune components-oriented immunotargeting drugs in TME from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renfeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Sally Á, McGowan R, Finn K, Moran BM. Current and Future Therapies for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102417. [PMID: 35626020 PMCID: PMC9139531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The poor survival associated with this disease is due to delayed diagnosis, a lack of reliable biomarkers, and tumour resistance to treatment. Currently, surgery is the only curative treatment option, but few patients are eligible for this procedure. Developing resistance to current chemotherapies such as gemcitabine has led to a reduction in effective therapy options for patients and an urgent requirement for the development of novel therapeutic avenues. Potential success has been noted in therapeutic approaches such as synthetic lethality and immunotherapy. An array of clinical trials are currently recruiting, primarily in the area of monoclonal antibodies in combination with other therapies such as chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review article aims to highlight the potential these therapies have to improve patient prognosis and survival. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. This is due to delayed diagnosis and resistance to traditional chemotherapy. Delayed diagnosis is often due to the broad range of non-specific symptoms that are associated with the disease. Resistance to current chemotherapies, such as gemcitabine, develops due to genetic mutations that are either intrinsic or acquired. This has resulted in poor patient prognosis and, therefore, justifies the requirement for new targeted therapies. A synthetic lethality approach, that targets specific loss-of-function mutations in cancer cells, has shown great potential in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Immunotherapies have also yielded promising results in the development of new treatment options, with several currently undergoing clinical trials. The utilisation of monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and vaccines have shown success in several neoplasms such as breast cancer and B-cell malignancies and, therefore, could hold the same potential in PDAC treatment. These therapeutic strategies could have the potential to be at the forefront of pancreatic cancer therapy in the future. This review focuses on currently approved therapies for PDAC, the challenges associated with them, and future directions of therapy including synthetically lethal approaches, immunotherapy, and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Sally
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (Á.S.); (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Ryan McGowan
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (Á.S.); (R.M.); (K.F.)
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballytivnan, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| | - Karen Finn
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (Á.S.); (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Brian Michael Moran
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (Á.S.); (R.M.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Checkpoints and Immunity in Cancers: Role of GNG12. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Kole C, Charalampakis N, Tsakatikas S, Frountzas M, Apostolou K, Schizas D. Immunotherapy in Combination with Well-Established Treatment Strategies in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Insights. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1043-1061. [PMID: 35300059 PMCID: PMC8921671 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s267260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and fourth most common cause of death in developed countries. Despite improved survival rates after resection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, recurrence still occurs in a high percentage of patients within the first 2 years after resection. Immunotherapy aims to improve antitumor immune responses and reduce toxicity providing a more specific, targeted therapy compared to chemotherapy and has been proved an efficient therapeutic tool for many solid tumors. In this work, we present the latest advances in PDAC treatment using a combination of immunotherapy with other interventions such as chemotherapy and/or radiation both at neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting. Moreover, we outline the role of the tumor microenvironment as a key barrier to immunotherapy efficacy and examine how immunotherapy biomarkers may be used to detect immunotherapy’s response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Kole
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | | | - Sergios Tsakatikas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Athens, 185 37, Greece
| | - Maximos Frountzas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Apostolou
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, 115 27, Greece
- Correspondence: Dimitrios Schizas, First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, 115 27, Greece, Tel +306944505917, Fax +302132061766, Email
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14
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Elevated Baseline Serum PD-L1 Level May Predict Poor Outcomes from Breast Cancer in African-American and Hispanic Women. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020283. [PMID: 35053979 PMCID: PMC8779890 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The therapeutic targeting of PD-1/PD-L1 has shown clinical efficacy in treating metastatic breast cancer. We investigated the clinical significance of measuring serum PD-L1 levels in African-American and Hispanic women with breast cancer. Methods: PD-L1 levels were measured with the ELISA method from the serum samples of 244 African-Americans and Hispanics with breast cancer and 155 women without cancers. The levels of INFα2 and TNFα were measured with a Luminex multiplex assay. The protein levels of pAkt and CD44/CD24 in tumor cells were tested with immunohistochemistry analysis. Cox regression was used to assess the predicting role of serum PD-L1 for disease-free survival (DFS). Results: PD-L1 levels were significantly elevated in breast cancer cases compared to non-cancer cases. The high PD-L1 levels were associated with HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. PD-L1 level independently predicted DFS in both African-American and Hispanic women. The evaluated PD-L1 level was found to be associated with high IFNα2 and TNFα in breast cancer patients. Conclusions: PD-L1 serum levels can predict DFS in African American and Hispanic women with breast cancer. Furthermore, a high level of PD-L1 is more likely to be associated with tumor loss PTEN and the activation of Akt or with breast cancer cells expressing CD44high/CD24low. Further validation studies are needed to determine if PD-L1 could serve as a biomarker for patient selection for anti-PD-L1 therapy and assess treatment outcomes.
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15
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Zhou J, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Wang Q, Kaifi JT, Kimchi ET, Chabu CY, Liu Z, Joshi T, Li G. Single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the response of pancreatic cancer to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Transl Oncol 2022; 15:101262. [PMID: 34768100 PMCID: PMC8591363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is resistant to immune checkpoint therapy, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we have established four orthotopic PaC murine models with different PaC cell lines by intra-pancreatic inoculation. Therapeutic examinations demonstrate that only tumors induced with Panc02-H7 cells respond to αPD-1 antibody treatment, leading to significantly reduced tumor growth and increased survival in the recipient mice. Transcriptomic profiling at a single-cell resolution characterizes the molecular activity of different cells within tumors. Comparative analysis and validated experiments demonstrate that αPD-1-sensitive and -resistant tumors differently shape the immune landscape in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and markedly altering effector CD8+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in their number, frequency, and gene profile. More exhausted effector CD8+ T cells and increased M2-like TAMs with a reduced capacity of antigen presentation are detected in resistant Panc02-formed tumors versus responsive Panc02-H7-formed tumors. Together, our data highlight the correlation of tumor-induced imbalance of macrophages with the fate of tumor-resident effector CD8+ T cells and PaC response to αPD-1 immunotherapy. TAMs as a critical regulator of tumor immunity and immunotherapy contribute to PaC resistance to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Qiongling Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jussuf T Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Eric T Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Chiswili Yves Chabu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Medical Sciences Building, M272, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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16
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Fahmy O, Alhakamy NA, Khairul-Asri MG, Ahmed OAA, Fahmy UA, Fresta CG, Caruso G. Oncological Response and Predictive Biomarkers for the Checkpoint Inhibitors in Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2021; 12:jpm12010008. [PMID: 35055323 PMCID: PMC8778903 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, checkpoint inhibitors have been investigated in metastatic prostate cancer, however their overall effect is unclear and needs to be further investigated. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the oncological response of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods: Based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, a systematic review of the literature was conducted through online electronic databases and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Meeting Library. Eligible publications were selected after a staged screening and selection process. RevMan 5.4 software was employed to run the quantitative analysis and forest plots. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Cochrane tool and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for the randomized and non-randomized trials, respectively. Results: From the 831 results retrieved, 8 studies including 2768 patients were included. There was no significant effect on overall survival (OS) (overall response (OR) = 0.98; Z = 0.42; p = 0.67). Meanwhile, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly better with immune checkpoint inhibitors administration (OR = 0.85; Z = 3.9; p < 0.0001). The subgroup analysis for oncological outcomes based on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) positivity status displayed no significant effect, except on prostate-specific antigen response rate (PSA RR) (OR = 3.25; Z = 2.29; p = 0.02). Based on DNA damage repair (DDR), positive patients had a significantly better PFS and a trend towards better OS and overall response rate (ORR); the ORR was 40% in positive patients compared to 20% in the negative patients (OR = 2.46; Z = 1.3; p = 0.19), while PSA RR was 23.5% compared to 14.3% (OR = 1.88; Z = 0.88; p = 0.38). Better PFS was clearly associated with DDR positivity (OR = 0.70; Z = 2.48; p = 0.01) with a trend towards better OS in DDR positive patients (OR = 0.71; Z = 1.38; p = 0.17). Based on tumor mutation burden (TMB), ORR was 46.7% with high TMB versus 8.8% in patients with low TMB (OR = 11.88; Z = 3.0; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Checkpoint inhibitors provide modest oncological advantages in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. There are currently no good predictive indicators that indicate a greater response in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Fahmy
- Department of Urology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (O.F.); (M.G.K.-A.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd G. Khairul-Asri
- Department of Urology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (O.F.); (M.G.K.-A.)
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (U.A.F.)
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Shao B, Dang Q, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhou Q, Qiao B, Liu J, Hu S, Wang G, Yuan W, Sun Z. Effects of Tumor-Derived Exosome Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Tumor Immunity and Clinical Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760211. [PMID: 34722545 PMCID: PMC8554115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a typical immune surface protein that binds to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on T cells through its extracellular domain. Subsequently, T cell activity is inhibited, and tumor immune tolerance is enhanced. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy blocks the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 and rejuvenates depleted T cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Exosomes are biologically active lipid bilayer nanovesicles secreted by various cell types, which mediate signal communication between cells. Studies have shown that PD-L1 can not only be expressed on the surface of tumor cells, immune cells, and other cells in the tumor microenvironment, but also be released from tumor cells and exist in an extracellular form. In particular, exosome PD-L1 plays an unfavorable role in tumor immunosuppression. The immunomodulatory effect of exosome PD-L1 and its potential in fluid diagnosis have attracted our attention. This review aims to summarize the available evidence regarding the biological characteristics of exosome PD-L1 in tumor immunity, with a particular focus on the mechanisms in different cancers and clinical prospects. In addition, we also summarized the current possible and effective detection methods for exosome PD-L1 and proposed that exosome PD-L1 has the potential to become a target for overcoming anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Qiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengyun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guixian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wang J, Weng S, Zuo F, Li C, Zhu T. PKCι regulates the expression of PDL1 through multiple pathways to modulate immune suppression of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110115. [PMID: 34375670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of oncogenic protein kinase C isoform ι (PKCι) on the microenvironment and the immunogenic properties of pancreatic tumors, we prohibit PKCι activity in various pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines and co-culture them with human natural killer NK92 cells. The results demonstrate that PKCι suppression enhances the susceptibility of PDAC to NK cytotoxicity and promotes the degranulation and cytolytic activity of co-cultured NK92 cells. Mechanistic studies pinpoint that downstream of KRAS, both YAP1 and STAT3 are recruited by oncogenic PKCι to elevate the expression of PDL1, contributing to constitute an immune suppressive microenvironment in PDAC. Co-culture with NK92 further induces PDL1 upregulation via STAT3 to stimulate immune escape of PDAC cells. Subsequently, inhibition of PKCι in PDAC alleviates the immune suppression and enhances the cytotoxicity of NK92 towards PDAC through restraining PDL1 overexpression. Combined with PD1/PDL1 blocker, PKCι inhibitor remarkably elevates the cytotoxicity of NK92 against PDAC cells in vitro, establishing PKCι inhibitor as a promising candidate for boosting the immunotherapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Sijia Weng
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Fengqiong Zuo
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tongbo Zhu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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19
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Venkatachalam S, McFarland TR, Agarwal N, Swami U. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092187. [PMID: 34063238 PMCID: PMC8125096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic prostate cancer is an incurable disease with limited treatment options. Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant success in multiple cancer types but efforts to harness its benefit in prostate cancer have so far largely been unsuccessful. In this review, we analyze the preclinical rationale for the use of immunotherapy and underlying barriers preventing responses to it. We summarize clinical studies evaluating checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer. In the end, we review ongoing trials exploring combination immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other agents with the intent to modulate the immune system to improve treatment outcomes. Abstract Metastatic prostate cancer is a lethal disease with limited treatment options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the treatment landscape of multiple cancer types but have met with limited success in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the preclinical studies providing the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in prostate cancer and underlying biological barriers inhibiting their activity. We discuss the predictors of response to immunotherapy in prostate cancer. We summarize studies evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors either as a single agent or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors or with other agents such as inhibitors of androgen axis, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), radium-223, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, tumor vaccines, chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We thereafter review future directions including the combination of immune checkpoint blockade with inhibitors of adenosine axis, bispecific T cell engagers, PSMA directed therapies, adoptive T-cell therapy, and multiple other miscellaneous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobi Venkatachalam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nazareth Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19152, USA;
| | - Taylor R. McFarland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (T.R.M.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-213-8439
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20
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Kiaie SH, Sanaei MJ, Heshmati M, Asadzadeh Z, Azimi I, Hadidi S, Jafari R, Baradaran B. Immune checkpoints in targeted-immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer: New hope for clinical development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1083-1097. [PMID: 34094821 PMCID: PMC8144893 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been recently considered as a promising alternative for cancer treatment. Indeed, targeting of immune checkpoint (ICP) strategies have shown significant success in human malignancies. However, despite remarkable success of cancer immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer (PCa), many of the developed immunotherapy methods show poor therapeutic outcomes in PCa with no or few effective treatment options thus far. In this process, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is found to be the main obstacle to the effectiveness of antitumor immune response induced by an immunotherapy method. In this paper, the latest findings on the ICPs, which mediate immunosuppression in the TME have been reviewed. In addition, different approaches for targeting ICPs in the TME of PCa have been discussed. This review has also synopsized the cutting-edge advances in the latest studies to clinical applications of ICP-targeted therapy in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5173957616, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Sanaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8815713471, Iran
| | - Masoud Heshmati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8815713471, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5173957616, Iran
| | - Iman Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Saleh Hadidi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8815713471, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5173957616, Iran
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21
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Rai ZL, Feakins R, Pallett LJ, Manas D, Davidson BR. Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of Current Clinical Outcomes, Mechanism of Action and Opportunities for Synergistic Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1609. [PMID: 33920118 PMCID: PMC8068938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for 30% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel cancer treatment that may improve survival and quality of life in LAPC. This narrative review will provide a perspective on the clinical experience of pancreas IRE therapy, explore the evidence for the mode of action, assess treatment complications, and propose strategies for augmenting IRE response. A systematic search was performed using PubMed regarding the clinical use and safety profile of IRE on pancreatic cancer, post-IRE sequential histological changes, associated immune response, and synergistic therapies. Animal data demonstrate that IRE induces both apoptosis and necrosis followed by fibrosis. Major complications may result from IRE; procedure related mortality is up to 2%, with an average morbidity as high as 36%. Nevertheless, prospective and retrospective studies suggest that IRE treatment may increase median overall survival of LAPC to as much as 30 months and provide preliminary data justifying the well-designed trials currently underway, comparing IRE to the standard of care treatment. The mechanism of action of IRE remains unknown, and there is a lack of data on treatment variables and efficiency in humans. There is emerging data suggesting that IRE can be augmented with synergistic therapies such as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab L. Rai
- Centre of Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Wellcome/EPSRC Center for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London W1W 7TY, UK
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Roger Feakins
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Derek Manas
- Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Brian R. Davidson
- Centre of Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
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22
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Liu X, Li Z, Wang Y. Advances in Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e1900236. [PMID: 33729700 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with an overall 5-year survival rate of <6% due to therapeutic resistance and late-stage diagnosis. These statistics have not changed despite 50 years of research and therapeutic development. Pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer mortality by the year 2030. Currently, the treatment options for pancreatic cancer are limited. This disease is usually diagnosed at a late stage, which prevents curative surgical resection. Chemotherapy is the most frequently used approach for pancreatic cancer treatment and has limited effects. In many other cancer types, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made great progress and have been shown to be very promising prospects; these treatments also provide hope for pancreatic cancer. The need for research on targeted therapy and immunotherapy is pressing due to the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer, and in recent years, there have been some breakthroughs for targeted therapy and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer and ends by describing the challenges and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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23
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Orafaie A, Sadeghian H, Bahrami AR, Rafatpanah H, Matin MM. Design, synthesis and evaluation of PD-L1 peptide antagonists as new anticancer agents for immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115951. [PMID: 33360579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the interaction of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 is known as a promising immunotherapy for treatment of a variety of tumors expressing PD-L1 on their cell surface. In the last decade, several antibodies against the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been approved, while there are few reports of small-molecule inhibitors against PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Due to many advantages of cancer treatment with small molecules over antibodies, we developed several peptidic PD-L1 antagonists using computational peptide design methods, and evaluated them both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, among six peptides with best affinity to PD-L1, four peptides exhibited significant potency to block PD-1/PD-L1 axis at molecular level. Moreover, the PD-L1 expression in nine human colorectal cancer cell lines stimulated with interferon-γ was compared and LoVo cells with the highest expression were selected for further experiments. The peptides could also restore the function of activated Jurkat T cells, which had been suppressed by stimulated LoVo cells. A blockade assay in tumor-bearing mice experiments indicated that peptides HS5 and HS6 consisting of a d-amino acid in their structures, could also effectively reduce tumor growth in vivo, without induction of any observable liver or renal toxicity, tissue damages and loss of body weight. As new designed peptides showed no toxicity against murine colon cancer cells in vitro, the observed anti-tumor results in mice are most probably due to disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Thus, peptides described in this study can be considered as proper low molecular weight candidates for immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Orafaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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24
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Olaoba OT, Ligali FC, Alabi ZO, Akinyemi AO, Ayinde KS. Of immune checkpoint maladies and remedies: The throwing of jabs in the oncogenic ring of PDAC. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188483. [PMID: 33232723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The upregulation of co-inhibitory checkpoint receptors/ligands that inactivate antitumor T-cells, the enhancement of Tregs-mediated trogocytosis that contribute delayed maturation of antigen presenting cell (APC), and the high Tregs/CD+8 ratio that maintained low threshold of CD+8 cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME); all represent the nuances in the immune evasive strategies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most aggressive type of pancreatic cancers characterized by poor prognosis and extremely low survivability. Over the years, fraternity of scientists have developed therapeutic agents that can bolster the capacity of the antitumor immunity, usually via the inhibition of immune checkpoints. While this immune checkpoint inhibition therapy represents one major jab from immunity to PDAC, this cancer remains highly resistant due to the acme of desmoplasia in its TME. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of various checkpoint receptors/ligands axes that are relevant to the fitness of PDAC in its oncogenic ring. These checkpoints include PD-1, CTLA-4, ICOS, TIM-3, TIGIT, BTLA, BTN3A, and VISTA. In addition, we provided evidences that are relevant to the understanding of immune checkpoint inhibition, with extensive outline of immune checkpoint inhibitors that are critical to the treatment of PDAC. Finally, we discuss recently known intricacies of PDAC-mediated immunosuppression, and current advances in treatment options. Having realized that the overall scenario between PDAC and antitumor immunity is like the throwing of jabs in a ring, we therefore discuss future directions and prospect that can knock out PDAC in favor of immunity and humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide T Olaoba
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biochemistry, Federal University Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Funmilayo C Ligali
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Zaccheaus O Alabi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Federal University Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Amos O Akinyemi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kehinde S Ayinde
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Glorieux C, Xia X, He YQ, Hu Y, Cremer K, Robert A, Liu J, Wang F, Ling J, Chiao PJ, Huang P. Regulation of PD-L1 expression in K-ras-driven cancers through ROS-mediated FGFR1 signaling. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101780. [PMID: 33171331 PMCID: PMC7658718 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
K-ras mutations are major genetic events that drive cancer development associated with aggressive malignant phenotypes, while expression of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1 plays a key role in cancer evasion of the immune surveillance that also profoundly affects the patient outcome. However, the relationship between K-ras oncogenic signal and PD-L1 expressions as an important area that requires further investigation. Using both in vitro and in vivo experimental models of K-ras-driven cancer, we found that oncogenic K-ras significantly enhanced PD-L1 expression through a redox-mediated mechanism. Activation of K-rasG12V promoted ROS generation and induced FGFR1 expression, leading to a significant upregulation of PD-L1. We further showed that exogenous ROS such as hydrogen peroxide alone was sufficient to activate FGFR1 and induce PD-L1, while antioxidants could largely abrogate PD-L1 expression in K-ras mutant cells, indicating a critical role of redox regulation. Importantly, genetic knockout of FGFR1 led to a decrease in PD-L1 expression, and impaired tumor growth in vivo due to a significant increase of T cell infiltration in the tumor tissues and thus enhanced T-cell-mediated tumor suppression. Our study has identified a novel mechanism by which K-ras promotes PD-L1 expression, and suggests that modulation of ROS or inhibition of the FGFR1 pathway could be a novel strategy to abrogate PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression and thus potentially improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in K-ras-driven cancers. Oncogenic K-Ras up-regulates PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo. ROS play a major role in mediating K-Ras-induced FGFR1 activation leading to PD-L1 expression in K-Ras-driven cancers. Antioxidants are able to modulate PD-L1 expression in K-Ras mutant cancer cells. Suppression of FGFR1 enhances CD8+ T cell infiltration and inhibits tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Glorieux
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong-Qiao He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kelly Cremer
- Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Annie Robert
- Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Junchen Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston TX, 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston TX, 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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26
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Matsumura E, Kajino K, Abe M, Ohtsuji N, Saeki H, Hlaing MT, Hino O. Expression status of PD-L1 and B7-H3 in mesothelioma. Pathol Int 2020; 70:999-1008. [PMID: 33027549 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive malignancy with poor outcome, and has limited treatment options. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) expression in mesothelioma. We investigated the protein expression of PD-L1 and B7-H3 and their potential correlation with histological subtype, which might help to develop new therapies targeting these immune checkpoint molecules. Expression analysis of PD-L1 and B7-H3 was performed by immunohistochemistry using serial tissue sections of specimens obtained from 31 patients with mesothelioma. Tumors were classified into 22 epithelioid, 6 sarcomatoid, and 3 biphasic types. Of the 31 patients, 13 (41.9%) were positive for PD-L1 and 28 (90.3%) were B7-H3 positive. Twelve of the 13 PD-L1 positive patients were positive for B7-H3. PD-L1 and B7-H3 were widely co-expressed in biphasic and sarcomatoid type tumor cells. These findings might provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy for mesothelioma by targeting PD-L1 and B7-H3, as well as the development of anti-B7-H3 or anti-PD-L1 single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsumura
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oncology Medical Science, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kajino
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohtsuji
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumi Saeki
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - May Thinzar Hlaing
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nsingwane Z, Candy G, Devar J, Omoshoro-Jones J, Smith M, Nweke E. Immunotherapeutic strategies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): current perspectives and future prospects. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6269-6280. [PMID: 32661873 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest human malignancies with a dismal prognosis. During PDAC progression, the immune response is affected as cancer cells evade detection and elimination. Recently, there have been advances in the treatment of PDAC using immunotherapy, although a lot more work is yet to be done. In this review, we discuss these advances, challenges and potentials. We focus on existing and potential immune targets for PDAC, drugs used to target them, and some clinical trials conducted so far with them. Finally, novel targets in the tumour microenvironment such as stromal cells and other potential future areas to explore including bacterial therapy and the use of neoantigens in immunotherapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanele Nsingwane
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Geoffrey Candy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - John Devar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Jones Omoshoro-Jones
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Martin Smith
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Ekene Nweke
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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28
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Yang G, Yin J, Ou K, Du Q, Ren W, Jin Y, Peng L, Yang L. Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells of the pancreas harboring KRAS and BRCA mutations: case report and whole exome sequencing analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:202. [PMID: 32590950 PMCID: PMC7318525 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UC-OGC) is an extremely uncommon pancreatic neoplasm that comprises less than 1% of all exocrine pancreatic tumors. To date, cases and data from whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis have been reported by specific studies. We report a case of pancreatic UC-OGC with a literature review, and provide novel insights into the molecular characteristics of this tumor entity. Case presentation A 31-year-old male presented with intermittent abdominal pain for several months, and positron emission tomography (PET) showed isolated high metabolic nodules during the pancreatic uncinate process that were likely to be malignant disease. Pathological examination after radical excision revealed UC-OGC associated with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma at the head of the pancreas. The disease recurred 7.4 months after radical surgery. The KRAS p.G12D (c.35G > A) and somatic BRCA2 p.R2896C (c.8686C > T) mutations were detected by subsequent WES analysis. The patient showed no response to platinum-based systemic chemotherapy, and his condition quickly worsened. He finally died, with an overall survival of 1 year. Conclusions As an extremely uncommon tumor entity, UC-OGC is really a unique variant of conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma due to its similarities, as shown by genomic WES analysis. Clinical examination and molecular analysis by WES could further indicate potential treatment strategies for UC-OGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiangxia Yin
- Department of Oncology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Kai Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujing Jin
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liming Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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29
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Extracellular Vesicles and Tumor-Immune Escape: Biological Functions and Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072286. [PMID: 32225076 PMCID: PMC7177226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the immune system is one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is now widely described that cancer cells are able to evade the immune response and thus establish immune tolerance. The exploration of the mechanisms underlying this ability of cancer cells has always attracted the scientific community and is the basis for the development of new promising cancer therapies. Recent evidence has highlighted how extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a mechanism by which cancer cells promote immune escape by inducing phenotypic changes on different immune cell populations. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) in regulating immune checkpoints, focusing on the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.
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30
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Inhibition of PAK1 suppresses pancreatic cancer by stimulation of anti-tumour immunity through down-regulation of PD-L1. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:8-18. [PMID: 31857154 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have not yielded significant clinical benefits for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) because of the existence of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) characterized by a desmoplastic stroma containing infiltrated immune cells and activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). This study aims to investigate the involvement of PAK1 in anti-tumour immunity. In PDA patients, low PAK1 expression, low activation of PSC and high CD8+ T cell/PAK1 ratios correlated with longer overall survival. In a murine PDA model, PAK1 knockout increased intra-tumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inhibited PSCs activation and extended survival. Inhibition of PAK1 reduced PSC-stimulated PDA cell proliferation and migration, blocked PSC-mediated protection of PDA cells from killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes and decreased intrinsic and PSC-stimulated PD-L1 expression in PDA cells, which further sensitized PDA cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes. Inhibition of PAK1 stimulates anti-tumour immunity by increasing intra-tumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and by sensitizing PDA cells to killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes via down-regulation of intrinsic and PSC-stimulated PD-L1 expression. PAK1 inhibitors, especially in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors may result in improved efficacy of immunotherapy of PDA.
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31
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Qi ZJ, Yu D, Chen CH, Jiang H, Li R, Kang YM. The prognostic value of B7H1 and B7H4 expression in pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2019; 34:373-380. [PMID: 31608800 DOI: 10.1177/1724600819881147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical implications of B7H1 and B7H4 in pancreatic cancer have been described however, the prognostic significance of these genes in pancreatic cancer patients remains inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic role of B7H1 and B7H4 in pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library) were searched for relevant articles published before May 2019. Meta-analyses were performed by pooling the hazard ratios (HRs) between overall survival or cancer-specific survival and high or low expression of B7H1/B7H4 in pancreatic cancer patients. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed, and sources of variabilities were explored by performing meta-regression. RESULTS Sixteen studies (1434 patients' data) were included. Compared with low expression, high expression of B7H1 was associated with significantly poor overall survival (HR 1.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35, 2.74); P<0.001) and cancer-specific survival (HR 2.46 (95% CI 1.55, 3.90); P<0.001). High expression of B7H4 also predicted poor overall survival (HR 2.38 (95% CI 1.89, 3.00); P<0.001). In subgroup analyses, a significant association between B7H1 and overall survival was observed for trials conducted in China (HR 2.08 (95% CI 1.29, 3.34)) but not in Japan (HR 1.98 (95% CI 1.33, 2.96)); or in studies with <50% patients having high expression (HR 2.02 (95% CI 1.40, 2.91)) but not in studies with >50% patients with high expression (HR 1.40 (95% CI 0.87, 2.26)). CONCLUSION The current study suggests that high B7H1 and B7H4 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Juan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Nangang Brach, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Division III, Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang Brach, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Division III, Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Bureau, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nangang Brach, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbin Red Cross Central Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong-Ming Kang
- Division III, Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang Brach, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Blevins DJ, Hanley R, Bolduc T, Powell DA, Gignac M, Walker K, Carr MD, Hof F, Wulff JE. In Vitro Assessment of Putative PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors: Suggestions of an Alternative Mode of Action. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1187-1192. [PMID: 31413804 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) signaling axis is among the most important therapeutic targets in modern oncology. Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd. (Aurigene) has patented a series of peptidomimetic small molecules derived from the PD-1 protein sequence for use in targeting the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1. We evaluated three of Aurigene's most potent compounds in SPR binding assays. Our results showed that these compounds-each of which is known to be potently effective in a splenocyte recovery assay-do not directly inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction nor do they appear to bind to either of the constituent proteins, indicating that another mechanism is at play. As a result of these studies and upon consideration of structural features within the PD-1/PD-L1 complex, we hypothesize that the Aurigene molecules may interact with a currently unknown protein capable of regulating the PD-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Ronan Hanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Trevor Bolduc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - David A. Powell
- Inception Sciences Canada, 210-887 Great Northern Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V5T 4T5, Canada
| | - Michael Gignac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Kayleigh Walker
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Hof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
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Lux A, Kahlert C, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C. c-Met and PD-L1 on Circulating Exosomes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133305. [PMID: 31284422 PMCID: PMC6651266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane vesicles which offer potential as blood derived biomarkers for malign tumors in clinical practice. Pancreatic cancer is counted among cancer diseases with the highest mortality. The present work seeks to assess whether pancreatic carcinomas release exosomes which express c-Met (proto-oncogene mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor) and PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1), and whether the detection of such expression in serum has diagnostic or prognostic meaning for the affected patients. Exosome isolation was performed on culture media of one benign pancreatic cell line and ten pancreatic carcinoma cell lines as well as on serum samples from 55 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 26 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 10 patients with benign serous cyst adenoma of the pancreas. Exosomes were bound to latex beads and stained with antibodies against c-Met or PD-L1. Analysis of fluorescence intensity was performed by flow cytometry. In terms of c-Met, the mean fluorescence intensity of PDAC-patients was significantly higher than the fluorescence intensity of the comparative patients with benign disease (p < 0.001). A diagnostic test based on c-Met resulted in a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 85% and a diagnostic odds ratio of 13:2. The specificity of the test can be further improved by combining it with the established tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). In addition, c-Met-positive patients showed a significantly shorter postoperative survival time (9.5 vs. 21.7 months, p < 0.001). In terms of PD-L1, no significant difference between fluorescence intensity of PDAC-patients and comparative patients was detectable. However, PD-L1-positive PDAC-patients also showed a significantly shorter postoperative survival time (7.8 vs. 17.2 months, p = 0.043). Thus, both markers can be considered as negative prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lux
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Danilova L, Ho WJ, Zhu Q, Vithayathil T, De Jesus-Acosta A, Azad NS, Laheru DA, Fertig EJ, Anders R, Jaffee EM, Yarchoan M. Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) and CD8 Expression Profiling Identify an Immunologic Subtype of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas with Favorable Survival. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:886-895. [PMID: 31043417 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint therapy has failed to demonstrate meaningful clinical benefit in unselected cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but a subset of PDACs are known to upregulate pathways involved in acquired immune suppression. Further delineation of immunologic subtypes of PDAC is necessary to improve clinical trial designs and identify patients who might benefit from immune-checkpoint therapy. We used clinical survival and RNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate the relationship between immune-modulating pathways and immune subset markers and their impact on survival in PDAC patients. Of the adaptive immune-resistance pathways, expression of PD-L1 and IDO1 was individually associated with poor survival. Although CD8 expression alone was not correlated with survival, the combination of PD-L1- and high CD8 expression identified a subtype with favorable survival. We further extended these observations using an independent PDAC cohort from our institution via IHC, again observing that the PD-L1-/CD8high subtype was associated with positive prognosis. Although PDAC is regarded as a poorly immunogenic cancer type, these findings infer that T-cell infiltration in the absence of adaptive immune-resistance pathways is a feature of long-term survival in PDAC and imply the importance of developing future immunotherapeutic strategies based on data-supported biomarkers to refine patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Danilova
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teena Vithayathil
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ana De Jesus-Acosta
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Anders
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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POLE Score: a comprehensive profiling of programmed death 1 ligand 1 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1572-1588. [PMID: 30899426 PMCID: PMC6422186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) being characterized by a pronounced stromal compartment is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage limiting curative treatment options. Although therapeutical targeting of immune checkpoint regulators like programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) represent a promising approach that substantially improved survival of several highly aggressive malignancies, convincing indicators for response prediction are still lacking for PDAC which might be attributed to the insufficient characterization of PD-L1 status. Therefore, we investigated PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry in a well characterized cohort of 59 PDAC and 18 peritumoral tissues. Despite the histopathological homogeneity within our cohort, tumor tissues exhibited a great heterogeneity regarding PD-L1 expression. Considering distinct PD-L1 expression patterns, we established the novel POLE Score that incorporates overall PD-L1 expression (P), cellular Origin of PD-L1 (O), PD-L1 level in tumor-associated Lymph follicles (L) and Enumerated local PD-L1 distribution (E). We show that tumoral PD-L1 expression is higher compared to peritumoral areas. Furthermore, POLE Score parameters correlated with overall survival, tumor grade, Ki67 status, local proximity of tumor cells and particular stroma composition. For the first time, we demonstrate that PD-L1 is mostly expressed by stroma and rarely by tumor cells in PDAC. Moreover, our in situ analyses on serial tissue sections and in vitro data suggest that PD-L1 is prominently expressed by tumor-associated macrophages. In conclusion, POLE Score represents a comprehensive characterization of PD-L1 expression in tumor and stroma compartment and might provide the basis for improved patient stratification in future clinical trials on PD-1/PD-L1 targeting therapies in PDAC.
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Zhang M, Yang J, Zhou J, Gao W, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Wang H, Ruan Z, Ni B. Prognostic Values of CD38+CD101+PD1+CD8+ T Cells in Pancreatic Cancer. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:466-479. [PMID: 30689488 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1566356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Weiwu Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Bellevue Christian High School, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Atallah-Yunes SA, Kadado AJ, Soe MH. Pericardial effusion due to pembrolizumab-induced immunotoxicity: A case report and literature review. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 43:504-510. [PMID: 30685067 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment. These novel agents have provided promising treatment options in patients with different types of cancers. One of these agents is pembrolizumab, which works by blocking the binding of T-lymphocytes to programmed cell death ligand 1 receptors on tumor cells, thus enabling immune activation of T-lymphocytes against tumor cells. Pembrolizumab is commonly used in metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer and melanoma. However, despite the remarkable efficacy this agent has achieved, multiple immune-related adverse events have been reported including hepatitis, colitis, thyroid dysfunction, and pneumonitis. Only 2 other cases of pericardial effusion as a side effect of pembrolizumab have been cited in the literature; however, its incidence may be on the rise. Despite the rarity of this side effect, its complications are potentially life threatening and no clear platform currently exists to help guide healthcare professionals in the management of these adverse events. Herein we present the case of a 66-year-old female who developed pericardial effusion as a side effect of pembrolizumab and review the data currently available to assist in the management of this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheil Albert Atallah-Yunes
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Anis John Kadado
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, Massachusetts.
| | - Myat Han Soe
- Department of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Gajiwala S, Torgeson A, Garrido-Laguna I, Kinsey C, Lloyd S. Combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy strategies for pancreatic cancer-targeting multiple steps in the cancer immunity cycle. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:1014-1026. [PMID: 30603120 PMCID: PMC6286952 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease, with its mortality rate approaching its incidence rate every year. Accordingly, much interest has been generated in harnessing the immune system in order to improve survival outcomes for these patients. Pancreatic cancer is not thought to be as immunogenic as other cancers that have seen promising results with immune checkpoint inhibitors alone, therefore likely several targets within the cancer-immunity cycle will need to be employed for successful treatment. We sought to investigate both the current state of the field in immunotherapy in PDAC with a special emphasis on combined approaches with radiation therapy (RT). We also summarized ongoing clinical trials that are examining the use of radiotherapy with other immune-stimulating agents in the treatment of PDAC. A PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov search was conducted using the following search terms, either alone or in combination: "pancreatic cancer", "immunotherapy", and "abscopal effect". Open clinical trials were reviewed and included if they involved both RT and other immune-stimulating agents. Pancreatic cancers tend to reside within immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), express PD-L1, and secrete several immuno-suppressive agents, such as TGF-B, IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, galectin-1. Whole-cell vaccine therapies, peptide and protein vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and vaccines with micro-organisms have been investigated by themselves with promising results. Open clinical trials are currently investigating the use of these vaccines, which increase antigen presentation, with treatments that stimulate release of tumor antigens including RT. There are currently at least 21 open clinical trials investigating the combination of RT with other immune-stimulating agents. The combination of RT and immunotherapy may be a promising avenue for PDAC treatment and deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Gajiwala
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anna Torgeson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Conan Kinsey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shane Lloyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Macherla S, Laks S, Naqash AR, Bulumulle A, Zervos E, Muzaffar M. Emerging Role of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3505. [PMID: 30405053 PMCID: PMC6274962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)/programmed death ligand -1(PD-L1) antibodies has revolutionized the management of several cancers, especially non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, urothelial, and renal cancer. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancers associated with high morbidity and mortality. Based on available data, it's obvious that ICB has limited success in PDACs, which can be explained by the low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of these tumors. In this review article, we focus on PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) in PDAC, and their roles as prognostic and predictive markers. We also discuss data supporting combination therapies to augment cancer immunity cycle. Combining anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents with other modalities such as vaccines, chemotherapy, and radiation could potentially overcome resistance patterns and increase immune responsiveness in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravanti Macherla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Shachar Laks
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Abdul Rafeh Naqash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Anushi Bulumulle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Zervos
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Mahvish Muzaffar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Baradaran B, Shahbazi R, Khordadmehr M. Dysregulation of key microRNAs in pancreatic cancer development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1008-1015. [PMID: 30551350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is mentioned as one of the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths and also is considered as one of the most malignancies worldwide. Sadly, widely metastasis is frequently observed at the time of PC detection and there are, thereby, almost poor prognosis and ineffective treatment in PC patients. microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of short non-coding RNAs, regulate various cellular and developmental mechanisms, such as cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and angiogenesis. Also, they have essential roles even on the progression of different human and animal diseases. In recent years, extensive studies confirmed the important role of miRNAs in various steps of PC developments, including; tumor initiation, invasion and metastasis, which can use valuably for cancer detection, prognosis and therapy. Therefore, the present study reviewed the new recent investigations in miRNAs involvement in the biology of PC associated with their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Shahbazi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran.
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Gong J, Hendifar A, Tuli R, Chuang J, Cho M, Chung V, Li D, Salgia R. Combination systemic therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer: overcoming resistance to single-agent checkpoint blockade. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:32. [PMID: 30294755 PMCID: PMC6174117 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated broad single-agent antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile that render them attractive agents to combine with other systemic anticancer therapies. Pancreatic cancer has been fairly resistant to monotherapy blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 receptor, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4. However, there is a growing body of preclinical evidence to support the rational combination of checkpoint inhibitors and various systemic therapies in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, early clinical evidence has begun to support the feasibility and efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer. Despite accumulating preclinical and clinical data, there remains several questions as to the optimal dosing and timing of administration of respective agents, toxicity of combination strategies, and mechanisms by which immune resistance to single-agent checkpoint blockade are overcome. Further development of biomarkers is also important in the advancement of combination systemic therapies incorporating checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer. Results from an impressive number of ongoing prospective clinical trials are eagerly anticipated and will seek to validate the viability of combination immuno-oncology strategies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Malignancies, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AC 1042C, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Andrew Hendifar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Malignancies, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AC 1042C, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Richard Tuli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AC 1023, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jeremy Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W Carson St, Box 400, Torrance, CA, 90509, USA
| | - May Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Ste 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Bldg 51, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Daneng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Bldg 51, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Building 51, Room 101, 1500 E Duarte St, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Escors D, Gato-Cañas M, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, García-Granda MJ, Vera R, Kochan G. The intracellular signalosome of PD-L1 in cancer cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:26. [PMID: 30275987 PMCID: PMC6160488 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) overexpression in cancer cells accelerates tumor progression. PD-L1 possesses two main pro-oncogenic functions. First, PD-L1 is a strong immunosuppressive molecule that inactivates tumor-specific T cells by binding to the inhibitory receptor PD-1. Second, PD-L1 function relies on the delivery of intrinsic intracellular signals that enhance cancer cell survival, regulate stress responses and confer resistance toward pro-apoptotic stimuli, such as interferons. Here, we review the current knowledge on intracellular signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-L1, describe its associated signalosome and discuss potential combinations of targeted therapies against the signalosome with PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Escors
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
- Rayne Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - María Gato-Cañas
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
- Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - María Jesus García-Granda
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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Sun D, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang F, Wang L, Zhang S, Chen G, Li X, Du W, Cui P, Hu Y. Clinical observation of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: a real-world study in Chinese cohort. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:1691-1700. [PMID: 30254451 PMCID: PMC6140734 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s173041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been used with great success in the treatment of various cancers. However, when used in monotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors have a poor effect on pancreatic cancer. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Patients and methods We evaluated patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors from 2015–2017. All the patients received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as a monotherapy or in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and CTLA-4 inhibitors at the recommended dosages. Results For the 43 patients enrolled, the objective response rate was 10.5%, the disease control rate was 50%, the median progression-free survival was 2.3 months, and the median overall survival (mOS) was 5.1 months. The mOS was longer for patients receiving combined therapy than for those receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy (5.4 vs 2.0 months, P = 0.020). Patients receiving immune therapy as a first-line treatment had prolonged survival compared with those receiving it as a second-line or multiple-line treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant (mOS: 7.0 vs 5.1 vs 2.8 months, P = 0.161). There was a reduction in the serum level of CA19-9 associated with the response to treatment. Adverse events were tolerable and were mainly grade 1 and 2. The immune-related adverse events that occurred were hypothyroidism, diarrhea, and rash. Conclusion Immune checkpoint inhibitors showed a certain efficacy in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer and could confer long-term survival benefits. Combined therapy was more effective and may serve as an alternative option. Further studies should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Junxun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Guangying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Wushuang Du
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,
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Wang L, Ma Q, Li D, Mu S, Li Y, Wang Y, Shi P, Yu H, Gao C, Guo K, Zhang Z. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and B7-H1 expressions as prognostic and follow-up markers in human pancreatic carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1309-1314. [PMID: 30029936 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was to test hypotheses that indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and B7-H1 expressions can be used as prognostic markers in human pancreatic carcinoma (PC). Ninety-five patients were recruited who had undergone radical surgical resection for PC. IDO and B7-H1 expressions in PC tissue specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. The clinical and pathological features of these specimens were analyzed. IDO positive, B7-H1 positive, and combined IDO/B7-H1 positive tumors exhibited significant correlations with lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, TNM status, and pathologic grade (p < .05), which tended to show strong correlations with malignant progression of PC. Also, IDO correlated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and HAD scale and B7-H1 correlated with smoke (p < .05). In addition, the correlation analysis indicated that IDO had a positive correlation with B7-H1 (p < .05). Moreover, the results showed that a combination of IDO and B7-H1 expressions could serve as independent prognostic marker after adjusting by Cox proportional hazards regression models (p < .05). IDO and B7-H1 expressions were observed in patient with PC tissues and are important markers for PC malignant progression. A combination of IDO and B7-H1 expression can be served as an independent prognostic marker for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Senmao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Chunhui Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Neyaz A, Husain N, Kumari S, Gupta S, Shukla S, Arshad S, Anand N, Chaturvedi A. Clinical relevance of PD-L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy. Histopathology 2018; 73:622-633. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azfar Neyaz
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Saumya Shukla
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Sanya Arshad
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Nidhi Anand
- Department of Pathology; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow India
| | - Arun Chaturvedi
- Department of Surgical Oncology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
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Gao HL, Liu L, Qi ZH, Xu HX, Wang WQ, Wu CT, Zhang SR, Xu JZ, Ni QX, Yu XJ. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:95-100. [PMID: 29576277 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has shown promise against solid tumors. However, the clinical significance of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the prognostic effect of PD-L1 in PDAC. DATA SOURCES Electronic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science was performed until December 2016. Through database searches, we identified articles describing the relationship between PD-L1 status and PDAC patient prognosis. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between PD-1 and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Nine studies with 989 PDAC patients were included for PD-L1 expression analysis. And 5 studies with 688 PDAC patients were included in the prognostic analysis. The PD-L1 positive rate measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was higher than that measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (P < 0.001). PDAC patients with high expression levels of PD-L1 had significantly reduced OS (HR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.78-3.08). Subgroup analysis showed that the prognostic effect of PD-L1 levels was similar between the IHC and PCR methods. The PD-L1 positive rate was associated with PDAC T stages; the PD-L1 positive rate in the T3-4 group was higher than that in the T1-2 group (OR = 0.37; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High PD-L1 expression levels predicted a poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Thus, PD-L1 status helps determine treatment in PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Hao Qi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quan-Xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Birnbaum DJ, Finetti P, Lopresti A, Gilabert M, Poizat F, Turrini O, Raoul JL, Delpero JR, Moutardier V, Birnbaum D, Mamessier E, Bertucci F. Prognostic value of PDL1 expression in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71198-71210. [PMID: 27589570 PMCID: PMC5342072 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human cancers. PD1/PDL1-inhibitors recently showed promising results in different cancers with correlation between PDL1 tumor expression and responses. Expression of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PDL1) has been scarcely studied in pancreatic cancer. In this retrospective study, we analyzed PDL1 mRNA expression in 453 clinical pancreatic cancer samples profiled using DNA microarrays and RNASeq. Compared to normal pancreatic samples, PDL1 expression was upregulated in 19% of cancer samples. Upregulation was not associated with clinicopathological features such as patients' age and sex, pathological type, tumor size, lymph node status, and grade, but was associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival in multivariate analyses. Analysis of correlations with biological parameters showed that PDL1 upregulation was associated with some degree of lymphocyte infiltration and signs of anti-tumor T-cell response, but to a lesser extent than what has been reported in breast cancer and GIST. PDL1-up pancreatic cancers displayed profiles of lymphocyte exhaustion, were more enriched in inhibitory molecules and pro-tumor populations (Tregs with upregulation of FOXP3 and IL10, myeloid-derived suppressor cells with upregulation of CD33 and S100A8/A9), and demonstrated a down-modulation of most MHC class I members (HLA-A/B/C, HLA-E/F/G) suggestive of a defect in antigen processing and presentation. In conclusion, our results suggest that PDL1 expression might refine the prediction of metastatic relapse in operated pancreatic cancer, and that PD1/PDL1 inhibitors might reactivate inhibited T-cells to increase the anti-tumor immune response in PDL1-upregulated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Birnbaum
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Département de Chirurgie Générale et Viscérale, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Alexia Lopresti
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Gilabert
- Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Flora Poizat
- Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Anatomopathologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Turrini
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Oncologie Chirurgicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Raoul
- Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Robert Delpero
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Oncologie Chirurgicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Moutardier
- Département de Chirurgie Générale et Viscérale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Equipe de Médecine Translationelle Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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Chen YB, Mu CY, Huang JA. Clinical Significance of Programmed Death-1 Ligand-1 Expression in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A 5-year-follow-up Study. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:751-5. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The programmed death-1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been recently suggested to play a pivotal role in the immune evasion of tumors from host immune system. In the study, we tried to reveal the clinical significance of PD-L1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is one of the most aggressive and intractable malignant tumors. Methods and study design PD-L1 expression in 120 NSCLC tissue specimens and 10 benign control samples embedded with wax were retrospectively detected by immunohistochemistry. Results No PD-L1 was detected in the 10 benign controls, whereas 57.5% of NSCLC tissue specimens showed PD-L1 expression. There was no relationship between PD-L1 expression and patient age, gender or histopathological type. However, PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated to the degree of tumor cell differentiation, stage of tumor node metastasis (TNM) and patient survival. Poor tumor cell differentiation and advanced TNM stage were related to higher PD-L1 expression. PD-L1-negative NSCLC patients had longer overall 5-year survival than PD-L1-positive patients (P <0.0001). PD-L1 status was a significant independent prognostic factor of NSCLC (χ2 = 18.153, RR = 2.946, P <0.001). Conclusions Up-regulated PD-L1 expression in NSCLC is related to the degree of tumor cell differentiation and TNM stage. PD-L1 status may be a new predictor of prognosis for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-bin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Yong Mu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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49
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Liang X, Sun J, Wu H, Luo Y, Wang L, Lu J, Zhang Z, Guo J, Liang Z, Liu T. PD-L1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 373 Chinese patients using an in vitro diagnostic assay. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29378617 PMCID: PMC6389094 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has shown potential as a therapeutic target in numerous solid tumors. Its prognostic significance has also been established in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The present study aimed to explore PD-L1 expression in PDAC cases in a large Chinese cohort using an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assay to provide further insight into the potential value of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) as a therapeutic target. METHODS Three hundred seventy-three PDAC patients were retrospectively recruited in this study. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were made from available formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor and matched adjacent tissue specimens. We evaluated PD-L1 protein expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved IVD assay. The relationships between PD-L1 positivity and both clinicopathological characteristics and patient prognosis were analyzed. PD-1 expression and clinicopathological significance were also evaluated. RESULTS PD-L1 and PD-1 positivity were observed in 3.2% and 7.5% of cases, respectively. PD-L1 showed a predominantly membranous pattern in tumor cells, while no positive PD-L1 staining was observed in normal regions. Statistical analyses revealed that PD-L1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. PD-L1 positivity was a prognostic indicator of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in univariate analyses, but only PFS remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis. PD-1 expression was detected in lymphocytes and was not associated with any clinicopathological feature except a history of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The PD-L1 positivity rate is low in PDAC when evaluated using a companion diagnostic assay. It remains an independent prognostic factor for poor PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junchao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
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50
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Immune Evasion in Pancreatic Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010006. [PMID: 29301364 PMCID: PMC5789356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the most frequent type of pancreatic cancer, remains one of the most challenging problems for the biomedical and clinical fields, with abysmal survival rates and poor therapy efficiency. Desmoplasia, which is abundant in PDA, can be blamed for much of the mechanisms behind poor drug performance, as it is the main source of the cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate rapid and silent tumor progression to allow tumor cells to be isolated into an extensive fibrotic reaction, which results in inefficient drug delivery. However, since immunotherapy was proclaimed as the breakthrough of the year in 2013, the focus on the stroma of pancreatic cancer has interestingly moved from activated fibroblasts to the immune compartment, trying to understand the immunosuppressive factors that play a part in the strong immune evasion that characterizes PDA. The PDA microenvironment is highly immunosuppressive and is basically composed of T regulatory cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), which block CD8⁺ T-cell duties in tumor recognition and clearance. Interestingly, preclinical data have highlighted the importance of this immune evasion as the source of resistance to single checkpoint immunotherapies and cancer vaccines and point at pathways that inhibit the immune attack as a key to solve the therapy puzzle. Here, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in PDA immune escape as well as the state of the art of the PDA immunotherapy.
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