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Jeon J, Lee DY, Jo Y, Ryu J, Kim E, Choi KS. Wing geometric morphometrics and COI barcoding of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:878. [PMID: 38195670 PMCID: PMC10776869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Two members of the Culex pipiens subgroup, Culex pallens and Culex pipiens f. molestus, are known to occur in the Republic of Korea (ROK). These species exhibit morphologically similar features and are challenging to distinguish below the species level. Therefore, this study utilized wing geometric morphometrics (GM) on the right wing of the Culex pipiens subgroup, alongside sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region. Mosquitoes were collected from 11 locations between June and October (2020-2022) to minimize regional and seasonal variations. Additionally, Culex pipiens f. pipiens, which is not native to the ROK, was included in the analysis. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles sinensis, the primary vectors in the ROK, were used as outgroups for comparison. All three taxa in the Culex pipiens subgroup could be identified with an 82.4%-97.0% accuracy using GM. However, a comparison of the COI regions of the Culex pipiens subgroup revealed no clear differences between the taxa. These data can be used for accurate identification, contributing to effective mosquito control, in addition to providing a foundation for evolutionary and ecological studies on wing shape differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseung Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeol Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jo
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Chatpiyaphat K, Sumruayphol S, Dujardin J, Samung Y, Phayakkaphon A, Cui L, Ruangsittichai J, Sungvornyothin S, Sattabongkot J, Sriwichai P. Geometric morphometrics to distinguish the cryptic species Anopheles minimus and An. harrisoni in malaria hot spot villages, western Thailand. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:293-301. [PMID: 33205850 PMCID: PMC8451769 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles minimus Theobald 1901 and An. harrisoni Harbach & Manguin 2007 belong to the same species complex. They are morphologically similar and can exist in sympatry but have blood host preferences. The most accurate method for their identification is based on molecular techniques. Here, we measure the level of interspecific discrimination by geometric morphometry. Sixty-seven An. minimus and 22 An. harrisoni specimens were selected based on their morphological integrity and confirmed by identification polymerase chain reaction of internal transcribed spacer 2. These samples were used as reference data allowing for a morphometric identification based on geometric shape. Despite size overlap between the two species, there was a significant shape divergence allowing for differentiation of An. minimus and An. harrisoni with 90% accuracy. An intraspecific study of An. minimus showed a summer period associated to the reducing of wing size, which did not influence the shape-based differentiation of An. harrisoni. Wing venation geometry can be used to distinguish between these cryptic species mainly based on shaped divergence. This study suggests that geometric morphometrics represent a convenient low-cost method to complement morphological identification, especially concerning damaged specimens, i.e., insects having accidentally lost the anatomical features allowing a reliable morphological identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Chatpiyaphat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - S. Sumruayphol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - J.‐P. Dujardin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 177‐Interactions Hôte‐Vecteur‐Parasite‐Enironnement dans les Maladies Tropicales Négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidés, Centre International de Recherches Agronomiques pour le Développement (CIRAD)Institut de Recherches pour le Développement (IRD), Campus international de BaillarguetMontpellierFrance
| | - Y. Samung
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - A. Phayakkaphon
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - L. Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaU.S.A.
| | - J. Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - S. Sungvornyothin
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - J. Sattabongkot
- Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - P. Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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Virginio F, Domingues V, da Silva LCG, Andrade L, Braghetto KR, Suesdek L. WingBank: A Wing Image Database of Mosquitoes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.660941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people and cause thousands of deaths yearly. Vaccines have been hitherto insufficient to mitigate them, which makes mosquito control the most viable approach. But vector control depends on correct species identification and geographical assignment, and the taxonomic characters of mosquitoes are often inconspicuous to non-taxonomists, which are restricted to a life stage and/or even damaged. Thus, geometric morphometry, a low cost and precise technique that has proven to be efficient for identifying subtle morphological dissimilarities, may contribute to the resolution of these types of problems. We have been applying this technique for more than 10 years and have accumulated thousands of wing images with their metadata. Therefore, the aims of this work were to develop a prototype of a platform for the storage of biological data related to wing morphometry, by means of a relational database and a web system named “WingBank.” In order to build the WingBank prototype, a multidisciplinary team performed a gathering of requirements, modeled and designed the relational database, and implemented a web platform. WingBank was designed to enforce data completeness, to ease data query, to leverage meta-studies, and to support applications of automatic identification of mosquitoes. Currently, the database of the WingBank contains data referring to 77 species belonging to 15 genera of Culicidae. From the 13,287 wing records currently cataloged in the database, 2,138 were already made available for use by third parties. As far as we know, this is the largest database of Culicidae wings of the world.
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Francuski L, Ludoški J, Milutinović A, Krtinić B, Milankov V. Comparative Phylogeography and Integrative Taxonomy of Ochlerotatus caspius (Dipera: Culicidae) and Ochlerotatus dorsalis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:222-240. [PMID: 33432351 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given that accurately identifying pathogen vectors is vital for designing efficient mosquito control programs based on the proper surveillance of the epidemiologically important species, it has been suggested the complementary use of independently evolving genes and morphometric traits as a reliable approach for the characterization and delimitation of related species. Hence, we examined the spatial distribution of COI mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA variation from the historical perspective of Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) and O. dorsalis (Meigen, 1830), while simultaneously testing the utility of the two markers in integrative species delimitation when combined with phenotypic character analyses of larvae and adults. Despite the striking difference in haplotype diversity (high in COI mtDNA, low in ITS2 rDNA), no evident phylogeographic structure was apparent in the Palearctic O. caspius. The Holarctic O. dorsalis species was subdivided into two highly distinctive COI mtDNA phylogroups which corresponded to the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Strong support for the independence of the two allopatric evolutionary lineages suggested that geographical barrier and climatic changes during Pleistocene caused vicariance of the ancestral range. COI mtDNA reliably distinguished O. caspius and O. dorsalis, while ITS2 rDNA yet again lacked the proper resolution for solving this problem. An integrative approach based on the larval and adult morphological traits have varying taxonomic applications due to their differential diagnostic values. Thus, by the implementation of an integrative taxonomic approach, we successfully detected species borders between the two epidemiologically relevant species and uncovered the presence of cryptic diversity within O. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubinka Francuski
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmina Ludoški
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milutinović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Education Subjects, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Vesna Milankov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
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de Souza ALDS, Multini LC, Marrelli MT, Wilke ABB. Wing geometric morphometrics for identification of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of neglected epidemiological importance. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105593. [PMID: 32569588 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Culicidae comprises more than 3500 species, some of which are responsible for the spread of various human diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide. Correct identification of these species is essential for the development of surveillance and control strategies. The most common method of mosquito identification is based on specific traits of the external morphology of species. However, identification of mosquitoes by morphological characters can be inaccurate or even unfeasible if the specimen is damaged or there is a lack of distinguishing features, as in the case of cryptic species complexes. Wing geometric morphometrics is a reliable, affordable tool for the identification of mosquito species, including sibling species. More importantly, it can be used in addition to both traditional morphologic identification methods as well as genetic approaches. Here, wing geometric morphometrics was used to identify sixteen mosquito species from eight genera: Aedes, Coquillettidia, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Psorophora, Runchomyia, and Wyeomyia. The 390 specimens used here were collected in São Paulo, Brazil using CDC traps, aspiration, and Shannon traps. Allometry was assessed by multivariate regression of the Procrustes coordinates on centroid size followed by canonical variate analysis and a pairwise cross-validated reclassification test. A Neighbor-Joining tree based on Mahalanobis distances was constructed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates using MorphoJ 1.02 and Past 2.17c. The canonical variate analysis of genera resulted in distinct clusters for Culex, Limatus, and Psorophora and partial overlapping between Aedes, Coquilettidia, and Mansonia, and between Runchomyia and Wyeomyia. Pairwise cross-validated reclassification tests indicated that genera were identified with an accuracy of at least 99% and subgenera with a mean accuracy of 96% and that in 160 of the 240 possible comparisons species were identified with an accuracy of 100%. Our results show that the eight genera in the study were correctly distinguished by wing shape, as were subgenera and most species, demonstrating that wing geometric morphometrics can be used for the identification of the mosquito species studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Simões RF, Wilke ABB, Chagas CRF, de Menezes RMT, Suesdek L, Multini LC, Silva FS, Grech MG, Marrelli MT, Kirchgatter K. Wing Geometric Morphometrics as a Tool for the Identification of Culex Subgenus Mosquitoes of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E567. [PMID: 32854183 PMCID: PMC7563313 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex is the largest subgenus within the genus Culex that includes important vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is critical for effective control strategies. Wing geometric morphometrics (WGM) has been used to identify mosquito species alongside traditional identification methods. Here, WGM was used for eleven Culex species from São Paulo, Brazil, and one from Esquel, Argentina. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC (Centers for Disease Control) traps, morphologically identified and analyzed by WGM. The canonical variate analysis (CVA) was performed and a Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed to illustrate the patterns of species segregation. A cross-validated reclassification test was also carried out. From 110 comparisons in the cross-validated reclassification test, 87 yielded values higher than 70%, with 13 comparisons yielding 100% reclassification scores. Culexquinquefasciatus yielded the highest reclassification scores among the analyzed species, corroborating with the results obtained by the CVA, in which Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most distinct species. The high values obtained at the cross-validated reclassification test and in the NJ analysis as well as the segregation observed at the CVA made it possible to distinguish among Culex species with high degrees of confidence, suggesting that WGM is a reliable tool to identify Culex species of the subgenus Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli França Simões
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania;
- Applied Research Department, Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Santos Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Marta Gladys Grech
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET and UNPSJB, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Sede Esquel, Esquel 9200, Chubut, Argentina;
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
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Garzón MJ, Grech M, Lizuain A, Schweigmann N. Geometric morphometrics for the differentiation of females of the Pipiens Assemblage in Argentina. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:150-154. [PMID: 32492268 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Garzón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Grech
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP). CONICET and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Esquel, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Arturo Lizuain
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de la Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemoepidemias
| | - Nicolás Schweigmann
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Molecular characterization of Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres vector mosquitoes inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence analysis. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Aidoo OF, Tanga CM, Paris TM, Allan SA, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Sétamou M, Borgemeister C, Ekesi S. Size and shape analysis of Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:760-771. [PMID: 30123987 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most devastating pests of citrus with a well-known role as a vector of the phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) associated with huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Although the pest can successfully develop and reproduce on non-citrus host plants, there is no documented information on the geometric morphometry of ACT. We determine the effect of host plants on ACT morphometry under controlled laboratory conditions using traditional and geometric analysis. RESULTS ACT reared on C. limon and Citroncirus spp. was significantly larger than when reared on the other host plant species. ACT reared on C. anisata and C. tangelo was consistently smaller than that reared on M. koenigii and C. sinensis. Based on warped outline drawings, ACT reared on Citroncirus spp. and Murraya koenigii had narrower wings than when reared on C. anisata, C. limon, and C. sinensis with slightly broader wing patterns. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that host plant species affect morphometric variation in ACT, which might have a direct impact on fitness parameters of the pest as well as its potential for dispersion. Wing shape and size appear to be useful in separating populations of ACT into different groups. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owusu F Aidoo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomson M Paris
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Allan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A & M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Christodoulou MD, Battey NH, Culham A. Can you make morphometrics work when you know the right answer? Pick and mix approaches for apple identification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205357. [PMID: 30321222 PMCID: PMC6188776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological classification of living things has challenged science for several centuries and has led to a wide range of objective morphometric approaches in data gathering and analysis. In this paper we explore those methods using apple cultivars, a model biological system in which discrete groups are pre-defined but in which there is a high level of overall morphological similarity. The effectiveness of morphometric techniques in discovering the groups is evaluated using statistical learning tools. No one technique proved optimal in classification on every occasion, linear morphometric techniques slightly out-performing geometric (72.6% accuracy on test set versus 66.7%). The combined use of these techniques with post-hoc knowledge of their individual successes with particular cultivars achieves a notably higher classification accuracy (77.8%). From this we conclude that even with pre-determined discrete categories, a range of approaches is needed where those categories are intrinsically similar to each other, and we raise the question of whether in studies where potentially continuous natural variation is being categorised the level of match between categories is routinely set too high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Christodoulou
- University of Reading Herbarium, Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Hugh Battey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Culham
- University of Reading Herbarium, Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lorenz C, Almeida F, Almeida-Lopes F, Louise C, Pereira SN, Petersen V, Vidal PO, Virginio F, Suesdek L. Geometric morphometrics in mosquitoes: What has been measured? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:205-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Outomuro D, Johansson F. A potential pitfall in studies of biological shape: Does size matter? J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1447-1457. [PMID: 28699246 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of published studies using geometric morphometrics (GM) for analysing biological shape has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, covering multiple research areas such as ecology, evolution, development, taxonomy and palaeontology. Unfortunately, we have observed that many published studies using GM do not evaluate the potential allometric effects of size on shape, which normally require consideration or assessment. This might lead to misinterpretations and flawed conclusions in certain cases, especially when size effects explain a large part of the shape variation. We assessed, for the first time and in a systematic manner, how often published studies that have applied GM consider the potential effects of allometry on shape. We reviewed the 300 most recent published papers that used GM for studying biological shape. We also estimated how much of the shape variation was explained by allometric effects in the reviewed papers. More than one-third (38%) of the reviewed studies did not consider the allometric component of shape variation. In studies where the allometric component was taken into account, it was significant in 88% of the cases, explaining up to 87.3% of total shape variation. We believe that one reason that may cause the observed results is a misunderstanding of the process that superimposes landmark configurations, i.e. the Generalized Procrustes Analysis, which removes isometric effects of size on shape, but not allometric effects. Allometry can be a crucial component of shape variation. We urge authors to address, and report, size effects in studies of biological shape. However, we do not propose to always remove size effects, but rather to evaluate the research question with and without the allometric component of shape variation. This approach can certainly provide a thorough understanding of how much size contributes to the observed shaped variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cranial size and shape variation in isolated populations of the Olkhon mountain vole (Alticola olchonensis Litvinov, 1960). ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:91-100. [PMID: 28807502 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Olkhon mountain vole (Alticola olchonensis) is an endemic species of the Lake Baikal area with an extremely restricted range. We investigated the pattern of differentiation of cranial shape and size in five isolated insular populations of A. olchonensis from the Baikal islands (Olkhon, Hubyn, Borokchin, Ogoy, and Zamogoy). The ventral aspect of the cranium was analysed using landmark-based geometric morphometric methods While the sexes of A. olchonensis did not differ regarding cranium size and shape, multivariate statistical analyses showed that there were inter-island differences in skull morphology. Voles from the four small islands were similar in cranium size; the large skull size of voles inhabiting the Olkhon Island may be due to the more favourable habitat conditions on Olkhon. Shape differences among island populations were not associated with the geographic distances between islands. The voles from Borokchin Island differ the most in skull shape compared to other island populations. The combination of reduced gene flow among island populations (due to isolation and drift during population fluctuations) may be a suitable explanation for the significant differences in skull shape among island populations of A. olchonensis.
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Laurito M, Ayala AM, Almirón WR, Gardenal CN. Molecular identification of two Culex (Culex) species of the neotropical region (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173052. [PMID: 28235083 PMCID: PMC5325596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex bidens and C. interfor, implicated in arbovirus transmission in Argentina, are sister species, only distinguishable by feature of the male genitalia; however, intermediate specimens of the species in sympatry have been found. Fourth-instar larvae and females of both species share apomorphic features, and this lack of clear distinction creates problems for specific identification. Geometric morphometric traits of these life stages also do not distinguish the species. The aim of the present study was to assess the taxonomic status of C. bidens and C. interfor using two mitochondrial genes and to determine the degree of their reproductive isolation using microsatellite loci. Sequences of the ND4 and COI genes were concatenated in a matrix of 993 nucleotides and used for phylogenetic and distance analyses. Bayesian and maximum parsimony inferences showed a well resolved and supported topology, enclosing sequences of individuals of C. bidens (0.83 BPP, 73 BSV) and C. interfor (0.98 BPP, 97 BSV) in a strong sister relationship. The mean K2P distance within C. bidens and C. interfor was 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively, and the interspecific variation was 2.3%. Bayesian clustering also showed two distinct mitochondrial lineages. All sequenced mosquitoes were successfully identified in accordance with the best close match algorithm. The low genetic distance values obtained indicate that the species diverged quite recently. Most morphologically intermediate specimens of C. bidens from Córdoba were heterozygous for the microsatellite locus GT51; the significant heterozygote excess observed suggests incomplete reproductive isolation. However, C. bidens and C. interfor should be considered good species: the ventral arm of the phallosome of the male genitalia and the ND4 and COI sequences are diagnostic characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Laurito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT) CONICET-UNC. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC)—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Ayala
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) CONICET -Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Walter R. Almirón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT) CONICET-UNC. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC)—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina N. Gardenal
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) CONICET -Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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15
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Paris TM, Allan SA, Hall DG, Hentz MG, Hetesy G, Stansly PA. Host plant affects morphometric variation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2663. [PMID: 27833820 PMCID: PMC5101605 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most serious citrus pests worldwide due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. While some optimal plant species for ACP oviposition and development have been identified, little is known of the influence of host plants on ACP size and shape. Our goal was to determine how size and shape of ACP wing and body size varies when development occurs on different host plants in a controlled rearing environment. ACP were reared on six different rutaceous species; Bergera koenigii, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus macrophylla, Citrus maxima, Citrus taiwanica and Murraya paniculata. Adults were examined for morphometric variation using traditional and geometric analysis based on 12 traits or landmarks. ACP reared on C. taiwanica were consistently smaller than those reared on the other plant species. Wing aspect ratio also differed between C. maxima and C. taiwanica. Significant differences in shape were detected with those reared on M. paniculata having narrower wings than those reared on C. macrophylla. This study provides evidence of wing size and shape differences of ACP based on host plant species which potentially may impact dispersal. Further study is needed to determine if behavioral and physiological differences are associated with the observed phenotypic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomson M. Paris
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, Florida, United States
| | - Sandra A. Allan
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - David G. Hall
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States
| | - Matthew G. Hentz
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States
| | - Gabriella Hetesy
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Philip A. Stansly
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, Florida, United States
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16
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The wing venation patterns to identify single tsetse flies. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:132-139. [PMID: 27765637 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to explore the potential of various geometric morphometrics methods to help the morphological diagnostic of tsetse species, vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared landmarks, semilandmarks and outlines techniques on male and female samples of species, and suggested adapted strategies according to the countries and their own Glossina fauna. We could compare up to 7 taxa belonging to the three main subgenera of the Glossina genus: Nemorhina (5 species), Glossina (1 species) and Austenina (1 species). Our sample included the major vectors of sleeping sickness: G. palpalis palpalis, G. p. gambiensis, G. fuscipes fuscipes and G. f. quanzensis, as well as two important vectors of African animal trypanosomoses: G. tachinoides and Glossina morsitans submorsitans. The average level of correct species recognition by the wing shape was satisfactory, and slightly higher for females than for males. The best scores of correct assignment, in both sexes, were obtained by the contour technique (96% of correct attribution in females, 92% in males), slightly higher than for semilandmarks (95% and 91%) or landmarks (94% and 89%) techniques. We made our images of wings freely available to be used as reference images (http://mome-clic.com), and we describe the conditions and the analytical steps to be followed to identify unknown specimens using external reference images. Under adequate conditions, such use of reference images obtained from a free access server could help species identification of new samples anywhere in Africa.
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17
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Wilke ABB, Christe RDO, Multini LC, Vidal PO, Wilk-da-Silva R, de Carvalho GC, Marrelli MT. Morphometric Wing Characters as a Tool for Mosquito Identification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161643. [PMID: 27551777 PMCID: PMC4995034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of important infectious diseases, causing millions of deaths every year and endangering approximately 3 billion people around the world. As such, precise identification of mosquito species is crucial for an understanding of epidemiological patterns of disease transmission. Currently, the most common method of mosquito identification relies on morphological taxonomic keys, which do not always distinguish cryptic species. However, wing geometric morphometrics is a promising tool for the identification of vector mosquitoes, sibling and cryptic species included. This study therefore sought to accurately identify mosquito species from the three most epidemiologically important mosquito genera using wing morphometrics. Twelve mosquito species from three epidemiologically important genera (Aedes, Anopheles and Culex) were collected and identified by taxonomic keys. Next, the right wing of each adult female mosquito was removed and photographed, and the coordinates of eighteen digitized landmarks at the intersections of wing veins were collected. The allometric influence was assessed, and canonical variate analysis and thin-plate splines were used for species identification. Cross-validated reclassification tests were performed for each individual, and a Neighbor Joining tree was constructed to illustrate species segregation patterns. The analyses were carried out and the graphs plotted with TpsUtil 1.29, TpsRelw 1.39, MorphoJ 1.02 and Past 2.17c. Canonical variate analysis for Aedes, Anopheles and Culex genera showed three clear clusters in morphospace, correctly distinguishing the three mosquito genera, and pairwise cross-validated reclassification resulted in at least 99% accuracy; subgenera were also identified correctly with a mean accuracy of 96%, and in 88 of the 132 possible comparisons, species were identified with 100% accuracy after the data was subjected to reclassification. Our results showed that Aedes, Culex and Anopheles were correctly distinguished by wing shape. For the lower hierarchical levels (subgenera and species), wing geometric morphometrics was also efficient, resulting in high reclassification scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Francuski L, Milankov V, Ludoški J, Krtinić B, Lundström JO, Kemenesi G, Ferenc J. Genetic and phenotypic variation in central and northern European populations of Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Culicidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:160-171. [PMID: 27232139 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The floodwater mosquito Aedes vexans can be a massive nuisance in the flood plain areas of mainland Europe, and is the vector of Tahyna virus and a potential vector of Dirofilaria immitis. This epidemiologically important species forms three subspecies worldwide, of which Aedes vexans arabiensis has a wide distribution in Europe and Africa. We quantified the genetic and phenotypic variation in Ae. vexans arabiensis in populations from Sweden (northern Europe), Hungary, and Serbia (central Europe). A landscape genetics approach (FST , STRUCTURE, BAPS, GENELAND) revealed significant differentiation between northern and southern populations. Similar to genetic data, wing geometric morphometrics revealed two different clusters, one made by Swedish populations, while another included Hungarian and Serbian populations. Moreover, integrated genetic and morphometric data from the spatial analysis suggested groupings of populations into three clusters, one of which was from Swedish and Hungarian populations. Data on spatial analysis regarding an intermediate status of the Hungarian population was supported by observed Isolation-by-Distance patterns. Furthermore, a low proportion of interpopulation vs intrapopulation variance revealed by AMOVA and low-to-moderate FST values on a broader geographical scale indicate a continuous between-population exchange of individuals, including considerable gene flow on the regional scale, are likely to be responsible for the maintenance of the observed population similarity in Aе. vexans. We discussed data considering population structure in the light of vector control strategies of the mosquito from public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubinka Francuski
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Milankov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Ludoški
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Jan O Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/Zoonotic Science Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gábor Kemenesi
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jakab Ferenc
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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