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Guimarães LDO, Simões RF, Chagas CRF, de Menezes RMT, Silva FS, Monteiro EF, Holcman MM, Bajay MM, Pinter A, de Camargo-Neves VLF, Kirchgatter K. Assessing Diversity, Plasmodium Infection and Blood Meal Sources in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from a Brazilian Zoological Park with Avian Malaria Transmission. Insects 2021; 12:215. [PMID: 33802320 PMCID: PMC7999885 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian malaria parasites are widespread parasites transmitted by Culicidae insects belonging to different genera. Even though several studies have been conducted recently, there is still a lack of information about potential vectors of Plasmodium parasites, especially in Neotropical regions. Former studies with free-living and captive animals in São Paulo Zoo showed the presence of several Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species. In 2015, a pilot study was conducted at the zoo to collect mosquitoes in order to find out (i) which species of Culicidae are present in the study area, (ii) what are their blood meal sources, and (iii) to which Plasmodium species might they be potential vectors. Mosquitoes were morphologically and molecularly identified. Blood meal source and haemosporidian DNA were identified using molecular protocols. A total of 25 Culicidae species were identified, and 6 of them were positive for Plasmodium/Haemoproteus DNA. Ten mosquito species had their source of blood meal identified, which were mainly birds, including some species that were positive for haemosporidian parasites in the former study mentioned. This study allowed us to expand the list of potential vectors of avian malaria parasites and to improve our knowledge of the evolutionary and ecological relationships between the highly diverse communities of birds, parasites, and vectors present at São Paulo Zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian de Oliveira Guimarães
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
| | - Roseli França Simões
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas
- Nature Research Centre, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Applied Research Department, Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
| | - Fabiana Santos Silva
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Eliana Ferreira Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Marcia Moreira Holcman
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
| | | | - Adriano Pinter
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
| | - Vera Lucia Fonseca de Camargo-Neves
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo SP 01027-000, Brazil; (L.d.O.G.); (R.M.T.d.M.); (F.S.S.); (M.M.H.); (A.P.); (V.L.F.d.C.-N.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (E.F.M.)
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Simões RF, Wilke ABB, Chagas CRF, de Menezes RMT, Suesdek L, Multini LC, Silva FS, Grech MG, Marrelli MT, Kirchgatter K. Wing Geometric Morphometrics as a Tool for the Identification of Culex Subgenus Mosquitoes of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects 2020; 11:E567. [PMID: 32854183 PMCID: PMC7563313 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex is the largest subgenus within the genus Culex that includes important vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is critical for effective control strategies. Wing geometric morphometrics (WGM) has been used to identify mosquito species alongside traditional identification methods. Here, WGM was used for eleven Culex species from São Paulo, Brazil, and one from Esquel, Argentina. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC (Centers for Disease Control) traps, morphologically identified and analyzed by WGM. The canonical variate analysis (CVA) was performed and a Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed to illustrate the patterns of species segregation. A cross-validated reclassification test was also carried out. From 110 comparisons in the cross-validated reclassification test, 87 yielded values higher than 70%, with 13 comparisons yielding 100% reclassification scores. Culexquinquefasciatus yielded the highest reclassification scores among the analyzed species, corroborating with the results obtained by the CVA, in which Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most distinct species. The high values obtained at the cross-validated reclassification test and in the NJ analysis as well as the segregation observed at the CVA made it possible to distinguish among Culex species with high degrees of confidence, suggesting that WGM is a reliable tool to identify Culex species of the subgenus Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli França Simões
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania;
- Applied Research Department, Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Santos Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Marta Gladys Grech
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET and UNPSJB, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Sede Esquel, Esquel 9200, Chubut, Argentina;
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
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Aguiar VAP, Medina NH, Added N, Macchione ELA, Alberton SG, Leite AR, Aguirre FR, Ribas RV, Perego CC, Fagundes LM, Terassi JC, Brage JAP, Simões RF, Morais OB, Almeida EA, Joaquim PM, Souza MS, Cecotte AFM, Martins R, Duarte JG, Scarduelli VB, Allegro PRP, Escudeiro R, Leistenschneider E, Oliveira RAN, Servelo WA, Silva MT, Sarmento VE, Carreira CA, Abreu JC, Silva SC, Santos HC, Rodrigues CL, Assis RF, Silva TF, Tabacniks MH, Joaquim AS, Minas JHP, Kashinsky D, Guazzelli MA, Seixas LE, Finco S, Benevenutti F. SAFIIRA: A heavy-ion multi-purpose irradiation facility in Brazil. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:053301. [PMID: 32486736 DOI: 10.1063/1.5138644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the new facility for applied nuclear physics at the University of Sao Paulo, mainly for irradiation of electronic devices. It is a setup composed of a quadrupole doublet for beam focusing/defocusing plus multiple scattering through gold foils to produce low intensity, large-area, and high-uniformity heavy-ion beams from 1H to 107Ag. Beam intensities can be easily adjusted from 102 particles cm2/s to hundreds of nA for an area as large as 2.0 cm2 and uniformity better than 90%. Its irradiation chamber has a high-precision motorized stage, and the system is controlled by a LabViewTM environment, allowing measurement automation. Design considerations and examples of use are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A P Aguiar
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N H Medina
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Added
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E L A Macchione
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S G Alberton
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Leite
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F R Aguirre
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R V Ribas
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C C Perego
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Fagundes
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Terassi
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A P Brage
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Simões
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O B Morais
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Almeida
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Joaquim
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Souza
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F M Cecotte
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Martins
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J G Duarte
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V B Scarduelli
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P R P Allegro
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Escudeiro
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Leistenschneider
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A N Oliveira
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W A Servelo
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M T Silva
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V E Sarmento
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Carreira
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Abreu
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S C Silva
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H C Santos
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C L Rodrigues
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Assis
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T F Silva
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M H Tabacniks
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S Joaquim
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J H P Minas
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Kashinsky
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Guazzelli
- Universitary Center of FEI, 09850-901 São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - L E Seixas
- Information Technology Center, 13069-901 Campinas, Brazil
| | - S Finco
- Information Technology Center, 13069-901 Campinas, Brazil
| | - F Benevenutti
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chagas CRF, Valkiūnas G, de Oliveira Guimarães L, Monteiro EF, Guida FJV, Simões RF, Rodrigues PT, de Albuquerque Luna EJ, Kirchgatter K. Diversity and distribution of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in captive birds from a Brazilian megalopolis. Malar J 2017; 16:83. [PMID: 28212654 PMCID: PMC5316177 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of zoos in conservation programmes has increased significantly in last decades, and the health of captive animals is essential to guarantee success of such programmes. However, zoo birds suffer from parasitic infections, which often are caused by malaria parasites and related haemosporidians. Studies determining the occurrence and diversity of these parasites, aiming better understanding infection influence on fitness of captive birds, are limited. METHODS In 2011-2015, the prevalence and diversity of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. was examined in blood samples of 677 captive birds from the São Paulo Zoo, the largest zoo in Latin America. Molecular and microscopic diagnostic methods were used in parallel to detect and identify these infections. RESULTS The overall prevalence of haemosporidians was 12.6%. Parasites were mostly detected by the molecular diagnosis, indicating that many birds harbour subclinical or abortive infections. In this project, birds of 17 orders (almost half of all the orders currently accepted in taxonomy of birds), 29 families, and 122 species, were tested, detecting positive individuals in 27% of bird species. Birds from the Anatidae were the most prevalently infected (64.7% of all infected animals). In all, infections with parasites of the genus Plasmodium (overall prevalence 97.6%) predominated when compared to those of the genus Haemoproteus (2.4%). In total, 14 cytochrome b (cytb) lineages of Plasmodium spp. and 2 cytb lineages of Haemoproteus spp. were recorded. Eight lineages were new. One of the reported lineages was broad generalist while others were reported in single or a few species of birds. Molecular characterization of Haemoproteus ortalidum was developed. CONCLUSION This study shows that many species of birds are at risk in captivity. It is difficult to stop haemosporidian parasite transmission in zoos, but is possible to reduce the infection rate by treating the infected animals or/and while keeping them in facilities free from mosquitoes. Protocols of quarantine should be implemented whenever an animal is transferred between bird maintaining institutions. This is the first survey of haemosporidians in captive birds from different orders maintained in zoos. It is worth emphasizing the necessity of applying practices to control these parasites in management and husbandry of animals in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilian de Oliveira Guimarães
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho, Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Eliana Ferreira Monteiro
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho, Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli França Simões
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho, Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila Thihara Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Expedito José de Albuquerque Luna
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho, Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
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