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He X, Shao G, Du X, Hua R, Song H, Chen Y, Zhu X, Yang G. Molecular characterization and functional implications on mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells of annexin proteins from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:350. [PMID: 37803469 PMCID: PMC10559496 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, which employs various strategies to evade the host immune system for survival. Recent advances have revealed the role of annexins as excretory/secretory products, providing new insights into the immune regulation by these proteins in the pathogenesis of CE. METHODS Echinococcus granulosus annexin B proteins EgANXB2, EgANXB18, EgANXB20, and EgANXB23 were cloned, expressed, and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Membrane binding analysis was used to assess their bioactivity, while their immunoreactivity and tissue distribution characteristics were determined experimentally using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the mRNA expression profiles of EgANXBs in different developmental stages of E. granulosus. Finally, immunofluorescence staining, cell counting kit 8 assays, flow cytometry, transwell migration assays, and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the functional effects of rEgANXB18 and rEgANXB20 on mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS In this study, we identified four EgANXBs with conserved protein structures and calcium-dependent phospholipid binding activities. rEgANXBs were recognized by serum from sheep infected with E. granulosus and distributed in the germinal layer of fertile cysts. Interestingly, transcription levels of the four EgANXBs were significantly higher in protoscoleces than in 28-day strobilated worms. Moreover, we demonstrated that rEgANXB18 and rEgANXB20 were secretory proteins that could bind to PBMCs and regulate their function. Specifically, rEgANXB18 inhibited cell proliferation and migration while promoting cell apoptosis, NO production, and cytokine profile shifting. In contrast, rEgANXB20 showed limited effects on apoptosis but inhibited NO production. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that among the four identified EgANXBs, EgANXB2 and EgANXB23 might play a pivotal role for the development of protoscoleces, while EgANXB18 and EgANXB20, as secretory proteins, appeared to participate in the host-parasite interaction by regulating the function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Du
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Samia HR, aicha D, Meriem M, Rabah Y, Imene S, Bousaad H, Chafia T, Ahsene B, Jean G, Saâdia M. Treatment of protoscoleces with gamma radiation: potential immunoprotective effect against experimental murine echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12944. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadj Rabia Samia
- Department of Nuclear Applications Nuclear Research Center, B.P.43 Sebala‐Draria Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology and Animal Physiology, ENS Kouba Algiers Algeria
| | - Debib aicha
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Agricultural and Aquatic Ecosystems (LMVAAE) Morsli Abdallah Tipaza University Center Algeria
| | - Mezaguer Meriem
- Department of ionizing radiation dosimetry Nuclear Research Center, 2bd Frantz Fanon Algiers Algeria
| | - Yefsah Rabah
- Department of Irradiation Technology Nuclear Research Center, 2bd Frantz Fanon Algiers Algeria
| | - Soufli Imene
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El‐Alia Algiers Algeria
| | - Hamrioui Bousaad
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mustapha Bacha Hospital Algiers Algeria
| | - Touil‐Boukoffa Chafia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El‐Alia Algiers Algeria
| | - Baz Ahsene
- Laboratory of Biology and Animal Physiology, ENS Kouba Algiers Algeria
| | - Giaimis Jean
- UMR Qualisud‐Faculty of Pharmacy University of Montpellier I Montpellier France
| | - Mameri Saâdia
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology Mustapha Bacha Hospital Algiers Algeria
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Yildiz K, Sursal Simsek N, Gurcan IS. Determination of extracellular traps structures from sheep polymorphonuclear leukocytes to Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Accuracy of an experimental whole-blood test for detecting reactivation of echinococcal cysts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009648. [PMID: 34415898 PMCID: PMC8378729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a complex disease for which clear understanding of clinical manifestations is needed to avoid misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and severe complications. We evaluated the accuracy of a whole-blood stimulation test based on Interleukin (IL)-4 detection in response to Antigen B (AgB) of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato to discriminate cyst viability and detect cyst reactivation in patients with hepatic CE. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thirty patients with CE3b cysts and 37 patients with spontaneously-inactivated CE4-CE5 cysts were recruited (T0). After enrollment, 5 patients with CE3b cysts received albendazole, resulting in cyst solidification (CE4) in 4/5. Within a two-year follow-up, the whole-blood test was repeated at two time-points, in ≥14 (T1) and in ≥4 (T2) patients per group. IL-4 and a panel of other soluble factors were measured in the stimulated plasma. Baseline IL-4 levels were significantly higher in patients with CE3b compared to those with CE4 cysts (p = 0.006). Test accuracy for CE3b diagnosis had a sensitivity of 33-60% and a specificity of 76-95%, depending on the cut-off applied. Overall, IL-4 levels did not change significantly over time in either group; however, patients within the CE3b group showed a significant decrease of IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, FGF at T1 compared to T0 (p≤0.042). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Whole-blood IL-4-response to AgB is significantly higher in patients with active compared to inactive CE but apparently not modulated over time after treatment. On the contrary, the levels of IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, FGF significantly decreased in active CE during follow-up. Additional studies are needed to understand whether these findings might have a clinical significance for patients' follow-up.
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Bakhtiar NM, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Ahmadpour E, Rostami A. Recent advances on innate immune pathways related to host-parasite cross-talk in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:232. [PMID: 32375891 PMCID: PMC7204293 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are life-threatening parasitic infections worldwide caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and E. multilocularis, respectively. Very little is known about the factors affecting innate susceptibility and resistance to infection with Echinococcus spp. Although benzimidazolic drugs against CE and AE have definitively improved the treatment of these cestodes; however, the lack of successful control campaigns, including the EG95 vaccine, at a continental level indicates the importance of generating novel therapies. This review represents an update on the latest developments in the regulatory functions of innate immune pathways such as apoptosis, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasomes against CE and AE. We suggest that apoptosis can reciprocally play a bi-functional role among the host-Echinococcus metabolite relationships in suppressive and survival mechanisms of CE. Based on the available information, further studies are needed to determine whether the orchestrated in silico strategy for designing inhibitors and interfering RNA against anti-apoptotic proteins and TLRs would be effective to improve new treatments as well as therapeutic vaccines against the E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer Mehdizad Bakhtiar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Cancela M, Paes JA, Moura H, Barr JR, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Unraveling oxidative stress response in the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15876. [PMID: 31685918 PMCID: PMC6828748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is a worldwide neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The parasite is well adapted to its host by producing protective molecules that modulate host immune response. An unexplored issue associated with the parasite's persistence in its host is how the organism can survive the oxidative stress resulting from parasite endogenous metabolism and host defenses. Here, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress in E. granulosus protoescoleces (PSCs) to identify molecular pathways and antioxidant responses during H2O2 exposure. Using proteomics, we identified 550 unique proteins; including 474 in H2O2-exposed PSCs (H-PSCs) samples and 515 in non-exposed PSCs (C-PSCs) samples. Larger amounts of antioxidant proteins, including GSTs and novel carbonyl detoxifying enzymes, such as aldo-keto reductase and carbonyl reductase, were detected after H2O2 exposure. Increased concentrations of caspase-3 and cathepsin-D proteases and components of the 26S proteasome were also detected in H-PSCs. Reduction of lamin-B and other caspase-substrate, such as filamin, in H-PSCs suggested that molecular events related to early apoptosis were also induced. We present data that describe proteins expressed in response to oxidative stress in a metazoan parasite, including novel antioxidant enzymes and targets with potential application to treatment and prevention of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cancela
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica A Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Mechanisms underlying immune tolerance caused by recombinant Echinococcus granulosus antigens Eg mMDH and Eg10 in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204868. [PMID: 30261049 PMCID: PMC6160197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice immunized with recombinant Echinococcus granulosus antigens Eg10 and Eg mMDH do not show elevated resistance to E. granulosus infection but show aggravated infection instead. To gain a deeper insight in the immune tolerance mechanisms in mice immunized with Eg10 and Eg mMDH, this study simulated the immune tolerance process in vitro by culturing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in the presence of Eg10 or Eg mMDH. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Eg10- and Eg mMDH-treated DCs exhibited immature cell morphology, while addition of LPS to the cells induced changes in cell morphology and an increase in the number of cell-surface protrusions. This observation was consistent with the increased expression of the cell-surface molecules MHCII and CD80 in Eg10- and Eg mMDH-treated DCs pretreated with LPS. DCs exposed to the two antigens had a very weak ability to induce T-cell proliferation, but could promote the formation of Treg cells. Introduction of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor, 1-methyl tryptopha (1-MT) enhanced the ability of the antigens to induce T cells and inhibited the induction of Treg cells. Eg mMDH-treated DCs showed a strong response to 1-MT: the DCs had high mRNA levels of IDO, IL-6, and IL-10, while 1-MT decreased the expression. In contrast, DCs treated with Eg10 did not show significant changes after 1-MT treatment. Eg mMDH inhibited DC maturation and promoted IDO expression, which, on the one hand, decreased the ability of DCs to induce T-cell proliferation, resulting in T-cell anergy, and on the other hand, induced the formation of Tregs, resulting in an immunosuppressive effect. In contrast, the escape mechanisms induced by Eg10 did not primarily depend on the IDO pathway and might involve other mechanisms that need to be further explored.
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ZHang T, Li H, Lan X, ZHang CH, Yang ZH, Cao W, Fen N, Liu Y, Yan Y, Yasheng A, Ma X. The bioinformatics analyses reveal novel antigen epitopes in major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 35:522-528. [PMID: 29405144 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to predict the T-cell and B-cell epitopes in major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by using online software and also to analyse the secondary structure of MOMP through bioinformatics tools. MATERIALS AND METHODS The predictions of secondary structure of MOMP protein were carried out using SOPMA software, and the prediction of B-cell epitopes in MOMP protein was carried out using IEDB and LEPS software, while the T-cell epitopes were predicted by the software of IEBD and SYFPEITHI. The predictions from the software were combined with MOMP protein characteristics, including surface features, hydrophilicity, flexibility, accessibility and plasticity, to analyse the common epitope areas' response by T-cells and B-cells. RESULTS In the secondary structure of CT MOMP, the alpha-helices accounted for 41.62% of total amino acid, while the beta sheets and random coil accounted for 19.80% and 32.49%, respectively. Predictions combined with MOMP protein surface features, hydrophilicity, flexibility, accessibility and plasticity were further characterised, and three high-score B-cell epitope areas were found as located in 24-31, 307-311 and 318-327 amino acids of MOMP protein, respectively; in the meanwhile, three high-score T-cell epitope areas were found in 234-236, 323-329 and 338-343 amino acids of MOMP using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I HLA-A 0201 restrictive T-cell epitope analyser. CONCLUSION We established the methods by using the biological information network technologies for looking the T-cell antigen epitopes and B-cell antigen epitopes in MOMP of CT, and three novel T-cell epitopes as well as three novel B-cell epitopes were identified in the current study. It provides important information for further studying the antigenicity of CT MOMP protein and also provides useful information for developing highly efficient subunit vaccines for CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao ZHang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Li
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lan
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - CHuntao ZHang
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - ZHangsheng Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunologya and Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Wenyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Amanguli Yasheng
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Sefiddashti RR, Sharafi SM, Ebrahimi SA, Akhlaghi L, Moosavi A, Eskandarian A, Darani HY. A 53 KDa Glycan Antigen of Hydatid Cyst Wall May Involve in Evasion from Host Immune System. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:82. [PMID: 29930922 PMCID: PMC5991282 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_287_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that similar host glycan antigens are expressed by helminths such as Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts to evade from host immune system. In this work to investigate these antigens further, immunological cross-reactivity between human sera and hydatid cyst wall antigens has been investigated. Materials and Methods: Hydatid cyst wall antigens were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western immunoblotting and probed with pooled sera of hydatidosis patients and healthy controls. Sodium metaperiodate treatment was used to investigate glycan antigens. Results: A band with molecular weight about 53 KDa reacted with both hydatid patients' sera and also normal human sera. It has been shown that this band was a glycan antigen. Conclusions: A 53 KDa glycan antigen of hydatid cyst wall that reacted with all human sera may have an important role for evasion from host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Rafiei Sefiddashti
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soltan Ahmad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Razi Institute for Drug Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moosavi
- Department of of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abasali Eskandarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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da Silva ED, Cancela M, Monteiro KM, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus enters mammalian cells by endocytic pathways. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006473. [PMID: 29727452 PMCID: PMC5955594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic hydatid disease is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage (hydatid) of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Taeniidae). The hydatid develops in the viscera of intermediate host as a unilocular structure filled by the hydatid fluid, which contains parasitic excretory/secretory products. The lipoprotein Antigen B (AgB) is the major component of E. granulosus metacestode hydatid fluid. Functionally, AgB has been implicated in immunomodulation and lipid transport. However, the mechanisms underlying AgB functions are not completely known. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, we investigated AgB interactions with different mammalian cell types and the pathways involved in its internalization. AgB uptake was observed in four different cell lines, NIH-3T3, A549, J774 and RH. Inhibition of caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis causes about 50 and 69% decrease in AgB internalization by RH and A549 cells, respectively. Interestingly, AgB colocalized with the raft endocytic marker, but also showed a partial colocalization with the clathrin endocytic marker. Finally, AgB colocalized with an endolysosomal tracker, providing evidence for a possible AgB destination after endocytosis. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis is the main route to AgB internalization, and that a clathrin-mediated entry may also occur at a lower frequency. A possible fate for AgB after endocytosis seems to be the endolysosomal system. Cellular internalization and further access to subcellular compartments could be a requirement for AgB functions as a lipid carrier and/or immunomodulatory molecule, contributing to create a more permissive microenvironment to metacestode development and survival. Antigen B (AgB) is an oligomeric lipoprotein highly abundant in Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid. AgB has already been characterized as an immunomodulatory protein, capable of inducing a permissive immune response to parasite development. Also, an important role in lipid acquisition is attributed to AgB, because it has been found associated to different classes of host lipids. However, the mechanisms of interaction employed by AgB to perform its functions remain undetermined. In this study, we demonstrate that mammalian cells are able to internalize E. granulosus AgB in culture and found that specific mechanisms of endocytosis are involved. Our results extend the understanding of AgB biological role indicating cellular internalization as a mechanism of interaction, which in turn, may represent a target to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edileuza Danieli da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Martin Cancela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Grubor NM, Jovanova-Nesic KD, Shoenfeld Y. Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:1176-1189. [PMID: 29109850 PMCID: PMC5666304 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i30.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an infectious disease caused by the larvae of parasite Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). To successfully establish an infection, parasite release some substances and molecules that can modulate host immune functions, stimulating a strong anti-inflammatory reaction to carry favor to host and to reserve self-survival in the host. The literature was reviewed using MEDLINE, and an open access search for immunology of hydatidosis was performed. Accumulating data from animal experiments and human studies provided us with exciting insights into the mechanisms involved that affect all parts of immunity. In this review we used the existing scientific data and discuss how these findings assisted with a better understanding of the immunology of E. granulosus infection in man. The aim of this study is to point the several facts that challenge immune and autoimmune responses to protect E. granulosus from elimination and to minimize host severe pathology. Understanding the immune mechanisms of E. granulosus infection in an intermediate human host will provide, we believe, a more useful treatment with immunomodulating molecules and possibly better protection from parasitic infections. Besides that, the diagnosis of CE has improved due to the application of a new molecular tool for parasite identification by using of new recombinant antigens and immunogenic peptides. More studies for the better understanding of the mechanisms of parasite immune evasion is necessary. It will enable a novel approach in protection, detection and improving of the host inflammatory responses. In contrast, according to the "hygiene hypothesis", clinical applications that decrease the incidence of infection in developed countries and recently in developing countries are at the origin of the increasing incidence of both allergic and autoimmune diseases. Thus, an understanding of the immune mechanisms of E. granulosus infection is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikica M Grubor
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Surgical University Hospital, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katica D Jovanova-Nesic
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Virology, Vaccine and Sera-Torlak, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
- European Center for Peace and Development, University for Peace in the United Nation established in Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 5265601 Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Monteiro KM, Lorenzatto KR, de Lima JC, Dos Santos GB, Förster S, Paludo GP, Carvalho PC, Brehm K, Ferreira HB. Comparative proteomics of hydatid fluids from two Echinococcus multilocularis isolates. J Proteomics 2017; 162:40-51. [PMID: 28442449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode vesicles is a complex mixture of proteins from both parasite and host origin. Here, a LC-MS/MS approach was used to compare the HF composition of E. multilocularis H95 and G8065 isolates (EmH95 and EmG8065, respectively), which present differences in terms of growth and fertility. Overall, 446 unique proteins were identified, 392 of which (88%) were from parasite origin and 54 from culture medium. At least 256 of parasite proteins were sample exclusive, and 82 of the 136 shared proteins presented differential abundance between E. multilocularis isolates. The parasite's protein repertoires in EmH95 and EmG8065 HF samples presented qualitative and quantitative differences involving antigens, signaling proteins, proteolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and chaperones, highlighting intraspecific singularities that could be correlated to biological features of each isolate. The repertoire of medium proteins found in the HF was also differential between isolates, and the relevance of the HF exogenous protein content for the parasite's biology is discussed. The repertoires of identified proteins also provided potential molecular markers for important biological features, such as parasite growth rate and fertility, as well potential protein targets for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for alveolar echinococcosis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE E. multilocularis metacestode infection of mammal hosts involve complex interactions mediated by excretory/secretory (ES) products. The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills the E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles contains complex repertoires of parasite ES products and host proteins that mediate important molecular interactions determinant for parasite survival and development, and, consequently, to the infection outcome. HF has been also extensively reported as the main source of proteins for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis. The performed proteomic analysis provided a comprehensive profiling of the HF protein composition of two E. multilocularis isolates. This allowed us to identify proteins of both parasite and exogenous (medium) origin, many of which present significant differential abundances between parasite isolates and may correlate to their differential biological features, including fertility and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina R Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson C de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabine Förster
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela P Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Siles-Lucas M, Sánchez-Ovejero C, González-Sánchez M, González E, Falcón-Pérez JM, Boufana B, Fratini F, Casulli A, Manzano-Román R. Isolation and characterization of exosomes derived from fertile sheep hydatid cysts. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are severe chronic helminthic diseases caused by the cystic growth or the intrahepatic tumour-like growth of the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. Both parasites have evolved sophisticated strategies to escape host immune responses, mainly by manipulating and directing this immune response towards anergy and/or tolerance. Recent research studies have revealed a number of respective immunoregulatory mechanisms related to macrophages and dendritic cell as well as T cell activities (regulatory T cells, Tregs). A better understanding of this complex parasite-host relationship, and the elucidation of specific crucial events that lead to disease, represents targets towards the development of novel treatment strategies and options.
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15
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Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
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16
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Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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17
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Alvite G, Esteves A. Lipid binding proteins from parasitic platyhelminthes. Front Physiol 2012; 3:363. [PMID: 22988444 PMCID: PMC3439653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two main families of lipid binding proteins have been identified in parasitic Platyhelminthes: hydrophobic ligand binding proteins (HLBPs) and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). Members of the former family of proteins are specific to the Cestoda class, while FABPs are conserved across a wide range of animal species. Because Platyhelminthes are unable to synthesize their own lipids, these lipid-binding proteins are important molecules in these organisms. HLBPs are a high molecular mass complex of proteins and lipids. They are composed of subunits of low molecular mass proteins and a wide array of lipid molecules ranging from CoA esters to cholesterol. These proteins are excretory-secretory molecules and are key serological tools for diagnosis of diseases caused by cestodes. FABPs are mainly intracellular proteins of low molecular weight. They are also vaccine candidates. Despite that the knowledge of their function is scarce, the differences in their molecular organization, ligand preferences, intra/extracellular localization, evolution, and phylogenetic distribution, suggest that platyhelminths HLBPs and FABPs should play different functions. FABPs might be involved in the removal of fatty acids from the inner surface of the cell membrane and in their subsequent targeting to specific cellular destinations. In contrast, HLBPs might be involved in fatty acid uptake from the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alvite
- Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Makepeace BL, Martin C, Turner JD, Specht S. Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots? Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1567-86. [PMID: 22360486 PMCID: PMC3394172 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic organisms that can be broadly described as “worms” due to their elongated body plan, but which otherwise differ in shape, development, migratory routes and the predilection site of the adults and larvae. They are divided into three major groups: trematodes (flukes), which are leaf-shaped, hermaphroditic (except for blood flukes) flatworms with oral and ventral suckers; cestodes (tapeworms), which are segmented, hermaphroditic flatworms that inhabit the intestinal lumen; and nematodes (roundworms), which are dioecious, cylindrical parasites that inhabit intestinal and peripheral tissue sites. Helminths exhibit a sublime co-evolution with the host´s immune system that has enabled them to successfully colonize almost all multicellular species present in every geographical environment, including over two billion humans. In the face of this challenge, the host immune system has evolved to strike a delicate balance between attempts to neutralize the infectious assault versus limitation of damage to host tissues. Among the most important cell types during helminthic invasion are granulocytes: eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils. Depending on the specific context, these leukocytes may have pivotal roles in host protection, immunopathology, or facilitation of helminth establishment. This review provides an overview of the function of granulocytes in helminthic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Makepeace
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
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19
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Obal G, Ramos AL, Silva V, Lima A, Batthyany C, Bessio MI, Ferreira F, Salinas G, Ferreira AM. Characterisation of the native lipid moiety of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1642. [PMID: 22616019 PMCID: PMC3352830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen B (EgAgB) is the most abundant and immunogenic antigen produced by the larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus granulosus. It is a lipoprotein, the structure and function of which have not been completely elucidated. EgAgB apolipoprotein components have been well characterised; they share homology with a group of hydrophobic ligand binding proteins (HLBPs) present exclusively in cestode organisms, and consist of different isoforms of 8-kDa proteins encoded by a polymorphic multigene family comprising five subfamilies (EgAgB1 to EgAgB5). In vitro studies have shown that EgAgB apolipoproteins are capable of binding fatty acids. However, the identity of the native lipid components of EgAgB remains unknown. The present work was aimed at characterising the lipid ligands bound to EgAgB in vivo. EgAgB was purified to homogeneity from hydatid cyst fluid and its lipid fraction was extracted using chloroform∶methanol mixtures. This fraction constituted approximately 40-50% of EgAgB total mass. High-performance thin layer chromatography revealed that the native lipid moiety of EgAgB consists of a variety of neutral (mainly triacylglycerides, sterols and sterol esters) and polar (mainly phosphatidylcholine) lipids. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis showed that 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1(n-9) are the most abundant fatty acids in EgAgB. Furthermore, size exclusion chromatography coupled to light scattering demonstrated that EgAgB comprises a population of particles heterogeneous in size, with an average molecular mass of 229 kDa. Our results provide the first direct evidence of the nature of the hydrophobic ligands bound to EgAgB in vivo and indicate that the structure and composition of EgAgB lipoprotein particles are more complex than previously thought, resembling high density plasma lipoproteins. Results are discussed considering what is known on lipid metabolism in cestodes, and taken into account the Echinococcus spp. genomic information regarding both lipid metabolism and the EgAgB gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Obal
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Lía Ramos
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Silva
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analía Lima
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Batthyany
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Inés Bessio
- Laboratorio de Carbohidratos y Glicoconjugados, Departamento de Química Orgánica/Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Carbohidratos y Glicoconjugados, Departamento de Química Orgánica/Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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20
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Virginio VG, Monteiro KM, Drumond F, de Carvalho MO, Vargas DM, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Excretory/secretory products from in vitro-cultured Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:15-22. [PMID: 22261090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes and affects humans and livestock. Proteins secreted or excreted by protoscoleces, pre-adult worms found in the metacestode, are thought to play fundamental roles in the host-parasite relationship. In this work, we performed an LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory products obtained from the first 48 h of an in vitro culture of the protoscoleces. We identified 32 proteins, including 18 that were never detected previously in metacestode proteomic studies. Among the novel identified excretory-secretory products are antigenic proteins, such as EG19 and P-29 and a calpain protease. We also identified other important protoscolex excretory-secretory products, such as thioredoxin peroxidase and 14-3-3 proteins, which are potentially involved in evasion mechanisms adopted by parasites to establish infection. Several intracellular proteins were found in the excretory-secretory products, revealing a set of identified proteins not previously thought to be exposed at the host-parasite interface. Additionally, immunological analyses established the antigenic profiles of the newly identified excretory-secretory products and revealed, for the first time, the in vitro secretion of the B antigen by protoscoleces. Considering that the excretory-secretory products obtained in vitro might reflect the products released and exposed to the host in vivo, our results provide valuable information on parasite survival strategies in adverse host environments and on the molecular mechanisms underpinning CHD immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana G Virginio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos e Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Siracusano A, Delunardo F, Teggi A, Ortona E. Host-parasite relationship in cystic echinococcosis: an evolving story. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:639362. [PMID: 22110535 PMCID: PMC3206507 DOI: 10.1155/2012/639362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries. Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system, E. granulosus modulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite. In vitro and in vivo immunological approaches, together with molecular biology and immunoproteomic technologies, provided us exciting insights into the mechanisms involved in the initiation of E. granulosus infection and the consequent induction and regulation of the immune response. Although the last decade has clarified many aspects of host-parasite relationship in human cystic echinococcosis, establishing the full mechanisms that cause the disease requires more studies. Here, we review some of the recent developments and discuss new avenues in this evolving story of E. granulosus infection in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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22
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Monteiro KM, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Recombinant subunits as tools for the structural and functional characterization of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:490-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Siracusano A, Margutti P, Delunardo F, Profumo E, Riganò R, Buttari B, Teggi A, Ortona E. Molecular cross-talk in host-parasite relationships: the intriguing immunomodulatory role of Echinococcus antigen B in cystic echinococcosis. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1371-6. [PMID: 18692060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonosis caused by the development of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm larvae in the internal organs of ungulates and humans, continues to pose a major public health burden in underdeveloped and industrialised areas worldwide. Research designed to improve parasitic disease control and find out more about parasite biology has already identified a number of E. granulosus antigenic molecules. The major E. granulosus immunomodulant antigen isolated from hydatid fluid is antigen B, a 120 kDa polymeric lipoprotein consisting of various 8 kDa subunits. By inhibiting elastase activity and neutrophil chemotaxis and eliciting a non-protective Th2 cell response, antigen B helps the parasite evade the human response. In this review, we briefly discuss current information on the molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory properties of E. granulosus antigen B. Besides focusing on findings that provide intriguing insights into the complex interplay between host and parasite, we suggest how this information could extend the current therapeutic options in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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24
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Siracusano A, Riganò R, Ortona E, Profumo E, Margutti P, Buttari B, Delunardo F, Teggi A. Immunomodulatory mechanisms during Echinococcus granulosus infection. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:483-489. [PMID: 18329023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathologic events that ensue after humans ingest the eggs of Echinococcus granulosus and continue while cystic echinococcosis develops, provide an excellent example illustrating the evasive strategies helminth parasites use to develop, progress and cause chronic disease. The hydatid cyst secretes and exposes numerous immunomodulatory molecules to the host's immune system. By characterizing these molecules we can understand the mechanisms that E. granulosus uses for increasing the efficiency and persistency of infection in the host. These molecules modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response and appear to target cellular and humoral responses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the immunobiology of host-E. granulosus interactions that provide intriguing insights into the complex interplay between host and parasite that ultimately facilitates parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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