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Amato A, Cavallo C, Marín-García PJ, Emmanuele G, Tomasello M, Tomasella C, Floridia V, Liotta L, Llobat L. Effect of Breed on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Apparently Healthy Dogs Infected with Zoonotic Pathogens Endemic to the Mediterranean Basin. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1516. [PMID: 38891563 PMCID: PMC11171318 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered the main reservoir of several zoonoses endemic to the Mediterranean Basin. In this study, a prevalence of infections and coinfections of canine vector-borne diseases was analyzed in apparently healthy dogs of different canine pure breeds in Sicily (Italy), where these diseases are endemic. The seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum, Ricketsia ricketsii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Erlichia canis was assessed, as single and coinfections. Biochemical and hematological parameters were evaluated, and epidemiological factors, including sex, age, and canine breed, were recovered. The most frequent infection was L. infantum (45.61%), following R. ricketsii (36.84%), both as single, double, or triple coinfections. Coinfections change the biochemical and hematological parameters of the host, and canine breeds are related to the infection frequency and the parameters observed during infections. Changes in the complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical values also differ between canine breeds, with the Cirneco dell'Etna dogs infected with L. infantum being the animals presenting the most interesting results in our study. High values of RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, and albumin and low levels of β-2 globulin and γ-globulin were found only in this canine breed, suggesting some resistance to infection in these dogs. Future studies about the immune response of this canine breed could be interesting to determine their possible resistance to zoonotic pathogens, such as L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Amato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Carmelo Cavallo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Giovanni Emmanuele
- BIOGENE, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, 95127 Catania, Italy; (G.E.); (M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Mario Tomasello
- BIOGENE, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, 95127 Catania, Italy; (G.E.); (M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Cristina Tomasella
- BIOGENE, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, 95127 Catania, Italy; (G.E.); (M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Viviana Floridia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisns of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
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da Silva AS, de Medeiros Silva MM, de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar C, Nascimento PRP, da Costa EG, Jeronimo SMB, de Melo Ximenes MDFF. Challenges of animals shelters in caring for dogs infected with Leishmania and other pathogens. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100988. [PMID: 38462297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) has decreased in Brazil; however, the number of areas reporting human and canine cases has increased, with Leishmania infantum usually preceding human infection. This study aimed to analyze the profile of infectious diseases that are endemic for both human and canine VL, in dogs housed in a shelter located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Data was obtained between November/2021 to April/2022. All dogs residing at the shelter (98 dogs) were examined and blood was collected for testing for L. infantum, Ehrlichia canis, and Babesia sp. Statistical analyses considered the clinical and laboratory findings. Of the 98 animals, approximately 43% were positive for L. infantum antibodies, 19% were positive for L. infantum kDNA, and 18% were L. infantum positive by culture. Greater levels of anti-leishmania antibodies were observed in dogs with symptoms suggestive of VL. The dogs tested positive for E. canis (19/98) and B. canis (18/98). Lutzomyia longipalpis was captured inside the shelter, representing 74.25% (n = 225) of whole sandflies in the dog shelter. Concomitant infection by L. infantum and E. canis increased the odds of death. Treatment of VL included the use of allopurinol (n = 48) and miltefosine (n = 8). Treated animals showed more signs of Leishmania infection. Tickborn parasites and Leishmania were prevalent in sheltered dogs in a VL-endemic area, which increases the odds of death and poses an additional challenge for caring for abandoned dogs and at the same time setting protocols to manage reservoirs of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salles da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcel Miranda de Medeiros Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Petrucio Nascimento
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eliardo Guimarães da Costa
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Maia C, Conceição C, Pereira A, Rocha R, Ortuño M, Muñoz C, Jumakanova Z, Pérez-Cutillas P, Özbel Y, Töz S, Baneth G, Monge-Maillo B, Gasimov E, Van der Stede Y, Torres G, Gossner CM, Berriatua E. The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011497. [PMID: 37467280 PMCID: PMC10389729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autochthonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autochthonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishmaniasis cases-of which 94% were autochthonous-and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases-of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005-2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53-0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07-0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006-2007 and 2011-2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases provide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Conceição
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rocha
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Ortuño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SaBio, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Zarima Jumakanova
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Yusuf Özbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Begoña Monge-Maillo
- Unidad de Referencia Nacional para Enfermedades Tropicales, Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elkhan Gasimov
- Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- Biological Hazards, Animal Health and Welfare (BIOHAW) Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Gregorio Torres
- Science Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | - Céline M. Gossner
- Disease Programme Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Magri A, Caffara M, Fioravanti M, Galuppi R. Detection of Leishmania sp. kDNA in questing Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) from the Emilia-Romagna Region in northeastern Italy. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3331-3336. [PMID: 36076092 PMCID: PMC9556345 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, sand flies (Phlebotominae) are the only recognized biological vectors of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis, which is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and also widespread in Central and South America, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, and the role of secondary vectors such as ticks and fleas and particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus (the brown dog tick) in transmitting L. infantum has been investigated. In the present paper, the presence of Leishmania DNA was investigated in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 4 rural areas included in three parks of the Emilia-Romagna Region (north-eastern Italy), where active foci of human visceral leishmaniasis have been identified. The analyses were performed on 236 DNA extracts from 7 females, 6 males, 72 nymph pools, and 151 larvae pools. Four samples (1.7%) (i.e., one larva pool, 2 nymph pools, and one adult male) tested positive for Leishmania kDNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of Leishmania kDNA in questing I. ricinus ticks collected from a rural environment. This finding in unfed larvae, nymphs, and adult male ticks supports the hypothesis that L. infantum can have both transstadial and transovarial passage in I. ricinus ticks. The potential role of I. ricinus ticks in the sylvatic cycle of leishmaniasis should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Magri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences – Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences – Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences – Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences – Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Canine visceral leishmaniasis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus: evaluation and comparison of classical techniques. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:109-120. [PMID: 34554364 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluating the association and correlation between the diagnostics tests used for Leishmania spp. detection in dogs and ticks. We evaluated 99 dogs and 990 Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In dogs, we used bone marrow aspirates and lymph node fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for direct parasitological examinations and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and collected blood samples for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In ticks, two laboratory techniques [immunohistochemistry to lipophosphoglycan (IHC) and RT-PCR] were performed in the intestine, ovaries and salivary glands. With respect to the measurement of diagnostic performance in dogs, lymph node RT-PCR proved to be the best test followed by ELISA and bone marrow RT-PCR. In ticks, intestine IHC were considered as a gold standard for diagnosis of leishmaniasis with intestinal RT-PCR being the best diagnostic test. To arrive at the correlation between laboratory techniques for dogs and their ticks, we evaluated the diagnostic test used for dogs with tests performed in R. sanguineus, which used lymph node FNAB as the gold standard. The intestine IHC technique showed strongest association. We demonstrated that the best tissue for Leishmania spp. detection in dogs was the lymph node and the intestine in case of ticks. As for laboratory techniques, the isolated analysis of each species presented a strong agreement between immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR when compared to its gold standard. In addition, we concluded that the immunohistochemistry of ticks' intestines was a better technique for diagnosing Leishmania spp. in R. sanguineus, thereby showing almost perfect correlation with the lymph node FNAB.
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Oyarzún-Ruiz P, Espinoza-Carniglia M, Reidembach S, Muñoz P, Moreno L. Expansion in the latitudinal distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) to southern Chile. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:107-114. [PMID: 33219892 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a species complex with a challenging diagnosis. There are two main lineages: a temperate lineage-now recognized as R. sanguineus sensu stricto (s.s.)-and a tropical lineage. In the Americas, several studies examined the distribution of both lineages. Meanwhile, in Chile, the distribution of the tropical lineage was reported from 18° to 22° S and R. sanguineus s.s. from 20° to 33° S; the morphological diagnosis located R. sanguineus in south-central Chile. In this study, we assessed the morphological and genetic identity of ticks collected from 47 dogs in southern Chile. Six dogs (12.8%) were parasitized by ticks that were morphologically and genetically assigned to R. sanguineus s.s. This finding would represent the southernmost record of this species in the country, located at over 308 km further south than the previous record, suggesting a latitudinal expansion of its distribution. Experimental studies are further required to understand how this tick survives extreme weather conditions when compared to other R. sanguineus s.s. from lesser latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
- Becario ANID Doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mario Espinoza-Carniglia
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Scarlet Reidembach
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile.
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Naddaf N, Haddad S. Apigenin effect against Leishmania tropica amastigotes in vitro. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:574-578. [PMID: 32801509 PMCID: PMC7410876 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a current public health problem in Syria. It causes different skin lesions that vary in their severity from spontaneously heal lesions to permanent deformity ones. However, the used treatments have many disadvantages as their high toxicity and many side effects. Flavonoids including Apigenin reported to have many anti parasitic properties. As well as their preference as potential therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of Leishmaniasis due to its low side effects and toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Apigenin against L.tropica amastigotes in vitro using Leishmania-Macrophage Interaction Assay. Our study demonstrated the possibility of efficacy of Apigenin against L.tropica amastigotes since Apigenin reduced the infection index at IC50 60.44 µM and this requires subsequent studies in humans and using Apigenin as a candidate for the chemotherapeutic treatment against Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Naddaf
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Shaden Haddad
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Panahi E, Shivas M, Hall-Mendelin S, Kurucz N, Rudd PA, De Araujo R, Skinner EB, Melville L, Herrero LJ. Utilising a novel surveillance system to investigate species of Forcipomyia ( Lasiohelea) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as the suspected vectors of Leishmania macropodum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Darwin region of Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:192-198. [PMID: 32637311 PMCID: PMC7327299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Up until recently, Australia was considered free of Leishmania due to the absence of phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera: Phlebotominae) known to transmit Leishmania parasites in other parts of the world. The discovery of Leishmania (Mundinia) macropodum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Northern Australia sparked questions as to the existence of alternative vectors of Leishmania. This has added to the complexity of fully understanding the parasite's interaction with its vector, which is known to be very specific. Previous findings demonstrated L. macropodum infection beyond the blood meal stage in the day-biting midges Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) implicating them in the parasite's life cycle. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence demonstrating this suspected vector to transmit L. macropodum to a naïve host. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the vector competency of day-biting midge F. (Lasiohelea) to transmit L. macropodum utilising a novel technology that preserves nucleic acids. Honey-soaked Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) filter-paper cards were used to obtain saliva expectorated from biting midges while sugar-feeding. F. (Lasiohelea) were aspirated directly off macropods from a known Leishmania-transmission site and were kept in a waxed-paper container holding a honey-coated FTA® card for feeding. Insect identification and Taqman quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) screening assays revealed L. macropodum DNA in F. (Lasiohelea) up to 7 days post field-collection, and in an unidentified biting midge, previously known as F. (Lasiohelea) sp.1. Moreover, 7/145 (4.83%) of FTA® cards were confirmed positive with L. macropodum DNA after exposure to field-collected F. (Lasiohelea). Additionally, FTA® cards were found to be a valuable surveillance tool, given the ease of use in the field and laboratory. Overall, our findings support previous reports on L. macropodum transmission by an alternative vector to phlebotomine sandflies. Further studies identifying and isolating infective L. macropodum promastigotes is necessary to resolve questions on the L. macropodum vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Panahi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Martin Shivas
- Mosquito Management, Brisbane City Council, Eagle Farm, QLD, 4009, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Nina Kurucz
- Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control, Top End Health Service, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Rachel De Araujo
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Berrimah, NT, 0828, Australia
| | - Eloise B Skinner
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Berrimah, NT, 0828, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Redland Hospital, Metro South, Queensland Health, Cleveland, QLD, 4163, Australia
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Gharekhani J, Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Sazmand A. Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniosis in Stray Dogs of Hamedan, West of Iran in 2018. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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10
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Tsokana CN, Sokos C, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Valiakos G, Spyrou V, Athanasiou LV, Rodi Burriel A, Billinis C. European Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) as a source of emerging and re-emerging pathogens of Public Health importance: A review. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:550-564. [PMID: 32088933 PMCID: PMC7397891 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
European brown hare (Lepus europaeus, EBH) is probably the most important game animal in Europe throughout its historical distribution. The decline in its populations across its geographic range in Europe have been attributed to factors such as reproductive rate and the ability for adaptation, climate, feed availability, predators, anthropogenic factors and diseases. Apart from common diseases of hares with a high impact on their mortality such as European Brown hare Syndrome, EBH has been involved in the epidemiology of pathogens with zoonotic potential. In this work, the role of EBH as a source of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Yersinia spp., Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum is discussed. Hares may significantly contribute to the epidemiology of important emerging zoonotic pathogens through maintenance of high endemicity levels as in the case of CCHFV, as a reservoir of important pathogens such as Yersinia spp., B. suis, F. tularensis and L. infantum and as a potential source of T. gondii for other animals, especially for carnivores but also for humans. However, EBH may also be a host of minor importance as in the case of HEV. The continuous surveillance of hare populations will enable the collection of information on the population health status and the pathogens currently circulating in the area posing risk for wildlife, domestic animals and humans. The possible live animal translocations of infected hares, the fact that this species acts as a host of vectors (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and sandflies) and the prey of carnivores and omnivores that travel in great distances getting into contact with domestic animals and humans, further highlights the need to be included in surveillance studies. Besides, the hunter‐harvested EBH population is an excellent indicator for recent pathogen transmission due to its short lifespan. The present review provides an overview of the role of European Brown Hare as a source of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Yersinia spp., Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum aiming to highlight the contribution of this species to the epidemiology of important emerging zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina N Tsokana
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Christos Sokos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Periklis Birtsas
- Research Division, Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Administration, Technological Institute of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - George Valiakos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, Technological Education Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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11
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Latif AA, Nkabinde B, Peba B, Matthee O, Pienaar R, Josemans A, Marumo D, Labuschagne K, Abdelatief NA, Krüger A, Mans BJ. Risk of establishment of canine leishmaniasis infection through the import of dogs into South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e11. [PMID: 31170780 PMCID: PMC6556918 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect dogs, humans and wildlife. Sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the primary vectors. Canine leishmaniasis is an exotic and controlled disease in South Africa. The main purpose of our risk assessment study was to evaluate the likelihood that this exotic disease could enter and be established in South Africa through importation of live dogs. Risk analysis to the spread of the disease follows the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) formal method of quantitative risk assessment documented as a step-by-step process. We have identified and discussed 11 possible risk factors involved in three steps for final assessment. The annual average number of diagnostic tests performed on imported dogs from 44 countries for 2011-2015 was 1158. Leishmania is reported to occur in 21/44 (47.7%) exporting countries. A total of 71.1% of Leishmania positive dogs were imported from these endemic countries. The yearly percentage of Leishmania positive dogs ranged from 0.2% to 2%. Three confirmed clinical and fatal cases of leishmaniasis in dogs of unidentified origin have been reported by our laboratory and the state veterinarians. The disease has been reported in neighbouring countries as well as the putative sandfly vectors. This study concluded that the risk for the introduction and degree of uncertainty of Leishmania in imported dogs in South Africa are moderate. Risk mitigation and recommendations such as investigations into possible occurrence of autochthonous leishmaniasis in the country, surveillance in its wildlife reservoirs and systematic surveillance of sandfly populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Latif
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
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12
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Khamassi Khbou M, Najahi K, Zribi L, Aoun K, Gharbi M. Knowledge and attitudes of Tunisian dog owners regarding leishmaniasis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 5:e00098. [PMID: 30906888 PMCID: PMC6411496 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in several countries in the world. The local population awareness would improve prevention, early detection and treatment of both human and animal leishmaniasis. METHODS The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge about visceral leishmaniasis in a sample of dog owners visiting the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, through a structured questionnaire. FINDINGS Two hundred dog owners were interviewed, 87% were men and 47% had higher education level. Ninety four per cent were from neighbouring districts to Ariana, where the National School of Sidi Thabet is located. Out of 200 respondents, 79 confirmed knowing leishmaniasis. The correct answers concerning canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) (77%) were significantly higher than those concerning human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) (23%). Correct answers concerning CVL were given in part by previously diseased dogs' owners. The respondent could not explain what is exactly leishmaniasis, but the majority of questioned persons know that human and dogs are the most important hosts. Forty-four out 79 (56%) of the persons think that mosquitoes or insects are the vectors of leishmaniasis and 63% (53/79) knows that it is a zoonotic disease but 72% (38/53) were not able to define how. CONCLUSION Despite the frequent visits to veterinarians for vaccination or other medical issues and their long experience in dog breeding, the sample of dog owners had not enough knowledge and several misconceptions regarding leishmaniasis. Large education programmes should be implemented in Tunisia to improve the knowledge of the Tunisian population, especially dog owners, concerning leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonosis and Sanitary Regulation, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Najahi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Zribi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Pl. Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Pl. Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Chen H, Li J, Zhang J, Guo X, Liu J, He J, Song Q, Zhang J, Chen M, Zheng Z, Chen D, Chen J. Multi-locus characterization and phylogenetic inference of Leishmania spp. in snakes from Northwest China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210681. [PMID: 31022192 PMCID: PMC6483563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania is a neglected disease which is endemic in the northwest of China. Reptiles were considered to be the potential reservoir hosts for mammalian Leishmaniasis, and Leishmania had been detected in lizards from the epidemic area in the northwest of China. To date, few studies are focused on the natural infection of snakes with Leishmania. METHODS In this study, 15 snakes captured from 10 endemic foci in the northwest of China were detected Leishmania spp. on the base of mitochondrial cytochrome b, heat shock protein 70 gene and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions, and identified with phylogenetic and network analyses. RESULT In total, Leishmania gene was found in 7 snakes. The phylogenetic inference trees and network analysis suggests that the species identification was confirmed as Leishmania donovani, L. turanica and L. (Sauroleishmania) sp. CONCLUSION Our work is the first time to investigate the natural Leishmania spp. infection of snakes in the northwest of China. Mammalian Leishmania (L. donovani and L. turanica) was discovered in snakes and the reptilian Leishmania (Sauroleishmania sp.) was closely related to the clinical strains both prompt the importance of snakes in the disease cycle. To indicate the epidemiological involvement of snakes, a wide sample size in epidemic area and the pathogenic features of reptilian Leishmania promastigotes are recommended in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianguang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Song
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Prevalence of ectoparasite infestations in owned dogs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018; 4:e00079. [PMID: 30662964 PMCID: PMC6324013 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.e00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Nigeria, dogs are the common companions in many households and, harbor wide range of ectoparasites of severe zoonotic potentials. A cross sectional survey was conducted to examine the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of ectoparasite infestation among the owned dogs in Kwara state, Nigeria. A total of 333 dogs were screened for ectoparasites, and questionnaires were applied to obtain information regarding; age, sex, breeds, coat colour and management practices by dog owners. Two hundred and seventy one (81.4%) dogs were infested with at least one species of ectoparasite and multiple infestations recorded mostly among the female dogs. Six species of ectoparasites of three taxa were identified: ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Haemaphysalis leachii and Amblyomma variegatum), fleas (Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis) and louse (Heterodoxus spiniger). R. sanguineus s.l. was the most prevalent (70.3%) followed by C. felis (42.1%) and H. spiniger (30.0%). Intensities of C. felis, H. spiniger and R. sanguineus s.l infestations were significantly higher in female and younger dogs (p < 0.001). Ectoparasites occurrence varied with breed and coat colour of host. A high prevalence of ectoparasite infestation recorded is at variance with the knowledge of dogs' owners in this study area. Therefore, intervention based on provision of veterinary clinics and prevention and management of parasite infestation in endemic area would mitigate the possible health hazard associated with the ectoparasitic infestation of dogs.
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15
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Feitosa APS, Chaves MM, Veras DL, de Deus DMV, Portela NC, Araújo AR, Alves LC, Brayner FA. Assessing the cellular and humoral immune response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum (Nicolle, 1908). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1421-1430. [PMID: 30207274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the innate cellular and humoral immune response by evaluating hemocyte dynamics, phagocytosis, phenoloxidase (PO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum and to assess the persistence of parasites at time 0 and 1, 2, 5, and 7 days post-infection (dpi). The total and differential count of the five types of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph of R. sanguineus s.l. females showed the average total number of hemocytes in the group infected with L. infantum to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) on the 1st and 2nd dpi compared to the control group. The hemocyte differential count showed that the average number of plasmatocytes and granulocytes increased significantly on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th dpi with L. infantum compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Phagocytosis assays revealed that plasmatocytes and granulocytes were able to perform phagocytosis of latex beads and L. infantum on the 1st and 2nd dpi, respectively. NO production was significantly increased (p < 0.001) on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th dpi with L. infantum and PO activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) only on the 5th dpi. L. infantum DNA was significantly increased (p < 0.001) on the 5th and 7th dpi compared to time 0. Although there are no studies describing the response of R. sanguineus s.l. to an infection with L. infantum, these results suggest that R. sanguineus s.l. activates the cellular and humoral immune response after infection with L. infantum. Further studies are however, needed to assess the impact of such a response on fighting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S Feitosa
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Marlos M Chaves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Dyana L Veras
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Dayse M Vasconcelos de Deus
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Nairomberg C Portela
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Alberon R Araújo
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Alves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife, PE, CEP 50.100-130, Brazil
| | - Fábio A Brayner
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
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16
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Michelin ADF, Maciel MODS, Okajima M, Nunes CM, Perri SHV, Bonfietti LX. Factors associated with positivity for canine visceral leishmaniosis in an endemic area in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:13-16. [PMID: 31014800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is a public health problem and its occurrence depends primarily on the presence of the vector and susceptible hosts; in the urban environment, the dog is the main reservoir. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) and factors associated with it in an urban area endemic for VL. Analysis of the variables was based on 2755 epidemiological records of dogs positive and negative for CVL over a three-year period (2009, 2010 and 2011). A dog was considered positive when it presented amastigotes in the cytological examination of lymph node biopsy and/or was seropositive by immunoenzymatic and indirect immunofluorescence assays. CVL positive dogs were observed throughout the town, but significant differences were observed between the sectors analyzed (P<0.0001), with two sectors showing higher positivity. CVL prevalence was 35.9% and was significantly associated with age and breed (P<0.0001). Concerning symptoms, 44.3% of symptomatic dogs were positive for LV (P<0.0001) in an urban area endemic for this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Michelin
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil.
| | - Marilene Oliveira Dos Santos Maciel
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil
| | - Mashami Okajima
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da Prefeitura Municipal de Pereira Barreto, Avenida Benedito Jorge Coelho, s/n, Parque Industrial, Pereira Barreto, SP, CEP 15370-000, Brazil
| | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP). Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Jd. D. Amélia, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Helena Venturoli Perri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP). Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Jd. D. Amélia, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Lucas Xavier Bonfietti
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil
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Dabaghmanesh T, Asgari Q, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Soltani A, Azizi K. Natural transovarial and transstadial transmission of Leishmania infantum by naïve Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks blood feeding on an endemically infected dog in Shiraz, south of Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2017; 110:408-13. [PMID: 27496515 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The visceral leishmaniasis parasite, Leishmania infantum, is naturally transmitted through the bites of phlebotomine sand flies. Alternative routes of transmission are questioned. The main aim is to verify the passage of L. infantum kDNA in ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, blood feeding on a parasitemic dog in Shiraz, south of Iran. METHODS A total of 180 Leishmania-free ticks collected from fields and bred on lab rodents, were divided into eight groups and allowed to feed on a dog (Canis familiaris) for fixed periods of time. These and all third generation stages of ticks were checked for L. infantum kDNA using conventional PCR protocol. RESULTS The infection rate was significantly higher in female than male ticks (p=0.043). The rates were higher among nymphs (25/60; 42%) than adult ticks (37/120; 30.8%). The kDNA of L. infantum was not detected in ticks 24 h post-feeding. It was, however, positive among the second to fourth groups of nymphs (4/10; 40%, 10/20; 50% and 11/20; 55%) and adult (12/30; 40%, 14/30; 46.6% and 11/30; 36.6%) ticks. Eggs and unfed larvae recovered from the third and fourth adult groups (2 weeks, 4 weeks) were 100% PCR-positive. The data revealed the passage of L. infantum kDNA in nymphs and adults of brown dog tick following fixed time intervals post blood feeding on an infected dog. CONCLUSIONS The natural transovarial and transstadial passage of kDNA through ticks was shown by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Dabaghmanesh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard
- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Detection of Leishmania (V) guyanensis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from Pecari tajacu. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:208-214. [PMID: 29161493 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies identified the presence of Leishmania infantum in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and indicated the possibility that it could transmit leishmaniasis to a variety of hosts. OBJECTIVE To identify parasites of Leishmania (Viannia) spp. in ticks collected from wild animals in an endemic area for leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed 81 individual DNA extractions from ticks collected from three Tapirus terrestris and three Pecari tajacu in Madre de Dios, Perú. Ticks were taxonomically identified and they were subsequently prepared to identify Leishmania (Viannia) spp. kDNA by PCR and the species of Leishmania by HRM-PCR. RESULTS Leishmania (Viannia) kDNA was detected in three wild ticks of the species R. microplus, collected from a collard peccary (P. tajacu) hunted in the forests of Madre de Dios. The HRM-PCR showed that one of the positive samples had a kDNA curve compatible with L. (V) guyanensis. CONCLUSION The results showed the presence of L. (V) guyanensis DNA in R. microplus possibly acquired after biting a collarde peccary. Therefore, it is important to design future studies to clarify R. microplus involvement in the transmission of leishmaniasis.
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Sanches LDC, Martini CCD, Nakamura AA, Santiago MEB, Dolabela de Lima B, Lima VMFD. Natural canine infection by Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis and their implications for disease control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:465-469. [PMID: 27925065 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Because Leishmania can adapt to new hosts or vectors, knowledge concerning the current etiological agent in dogs is important in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania species detected in 103 samples of peripheral blood from dogs that were naturally infected with these protozoa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was determined through parasitological examination, the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Leishmania species were identified by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The samples were subjected to PCR using oligonucleotide primers that amplify the intergenic region ITS1 of the rRNA gene in order to identify the species. The amplified DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. A restriction profile identical to L. amazonensis was shown in 77/103 samples and the profile was similar to L. infantum in 17/103. However, a mixed profile was shown in 9/103 samples, which impeded species identification. In conclusion, the infection in these dogs was predominantly due to L. amazonensis, thus indicating that diagnosing of cases of canine leishmaniasis needs to be reexamined, since the causative agent identified is not restricted to L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia da Cruz Sanches
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Cleber Costa de Martini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Beatriz Dolabela de Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Gonçalves LR, Filgueira KD, Ahid SMM, Pereira JS, Vale AMD, Machado RZ, André MR. Study on coinfecting vector-borne pathogens in dogs and ticks in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:407-12. [PMID: 25271465 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since dogs presenting several vector borne diseases can show none or nonspecific clinical signs depending on the phase of infection, the assessment of the particular agents involved is mandatory. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Hepatozoon spp. and Leishmania spp. in blood samples and ticks, collected from two dogs from Rio Grande do Norte showing suggestive tick-borne disease by using molecular techniques. DNA of E. canis, H. canis and L. infantum were detected in blood samples and R. sanguineus ticks collected from dogs. Among all samples analyzed, two showed the presence of multiple infections with E. canis, H. canis and L. infantum chagasi. Here we highlighted the need for molecular differential diagnosis in dogs showing nonspecific clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias ? FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Kilder Dantas Filgueira
- Hospital Veterinário, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ? UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Silvia Maria Mendes Ahid
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ? UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Josivânia Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ? UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - André Mendes do Vale
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido ? UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias ? FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias ? FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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21
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Viol MA, Guerrero FD, de Oliveira BCM, de Aquino MCC, Loiola SH, de Melo GD, de Souza Gomes AH, Kanamura CT, Garcia MV, Andreotti R, de Lima VMF, Bresciani KDS. Identification of Leishmania spp. promastigotes in the intestines, ovaries, and salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus actively infesting dogs. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3479-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Coelho WMD, Buzetti WAS, Bresciani KDS. Histochemical and molecular evaluation of the prevalence of Leishmania spp. in hematophagous insects. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:85-89. [PMID: 29988182 PMCID: PMC5991844 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence study of Leishmania spp. in hematophagous insects captured from the environment in bat roosts and pigeon nests, or feeding their hosts (cattle, pigs, horses, dogs and humans) in urban, peri-urban and rural areas, between 2012 and 2014. For this study, the amastigotes present in these insects were detected by histochemical and PCR techniques. Positive gene amplification for Leishmania was found in two horseflies of the species Tabanus importunus collected in the environment, and amastigote forms of Leishmania spp., as well as erythrocytes and leukocytes, were histochemically detected in one of that insect. The other analyzed insects were not positive by PCR our by direct parasitological examination. Only horseflies captured in urban and peri-urban areas were positive. During the collection, no phlebotomine sand flies were captured in rural areas far from the city limits. It can be concluded that the discovery of horseflies positive for Leishmania spp. in urban and peri-urban areas indicates the likelihood that urban areas and their surroundings provide vector parasites with an environment suitable for the spread and consequent perpetuation of the biological cycle of this protozoan.
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Akhoundi M, Kuhls K, Cannet A, Votýpka J, Marty P, Delaunay P, Sereno D. A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004349. [PMID: 26937644 PMCID: PMC4777430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genetics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- UMR177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Thompson CK, Thompson RA. Trypanosomes of Australian Mammals: Knowledge Gaps Regarding Transmission and Biosecurity. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:553-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Feitosa APS, Alves LC, Chaves MM, Veras DL, Silva EM, Aliança ASS, França IRS, Gonçalves GGA, Lima-Filho JL, Brayner FA. Hemocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae): Characterization, Population Abundance, and Ultrastructural Changes Following Challenge with Leishmania infantum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1193-1202. [PMID: 26336264 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the cellular immune response of ticks, and further research on the characterization of the hemocytes of ticks is required, particularly on those of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) because of the medical and veterinary importance of this tick. The aims of this study were to characterize the morphology and the ultrastructure of the different types of hemocytes of adult R. sanguineus and to determine the population abundance and the ultrastructural changes in the hemocytes of ticks infected with Leishmania infantum. The hemocytes were characterized through light and transmission electron microscopy. Within the variability of circulating cells in the hemolymph of adult R. sanguineus, five cell types were identified, which were the prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and adipohemocytes. The prohemocytes were the smallest cells found in the hemolymph. The plasmatocytes had polymorphic morphology with vesicles and cytoplasmic projections. The granulocytes had an elliptical shape with the cytoplasm filled with granules of different sizes and electrodensities. The spherulocytes were characterized by several spherules of uniform shapes and sizes that filled the entire cytoplasm, whereas the adipohemocytes had an irregular shape with multiple lipid inclusions that occupied almost the entire cytoplasmic space. The total counts of the hemocyte population increased in the group that was infected with L. infantum. Among the different cell types, the numbers increased and the ultrastructural changes occurred in the granulocytes and the plasmatocytes in the infected group of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P S Feitosa
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901.
| | - L C Alves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro - Recife-PE, Brazil -CEP 50.100-130
| | - M M Chaves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465
| | - D L Veras
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - E M Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - A S S Aliança
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - I R S França
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro - Recife-PE, Brazil -CEP 50.100-130
| | - G G A Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - J L Lima-Filho
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - F A Brayner
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
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Medeiros-Silva V, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Nitz N, Morales LEDA, Cruz LM, Sobral IG, Boité MC, Ferreira GEM, Cupolillo E, Romero GAS. Successful isolation of Leishmania infantum from Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from naturally infected dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:258. [PMID: 26452666 PMCID: PMC4600268 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main transmission route of Leishmania infantum is through the bites of sand flies. However, alternative mechanisms are being investigated, such as through the bites of ticks, which could have epidemiological relevance. The objective of this work was to verify the presence of Leishmania spp. in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected from naturally infected dogs in the Federal District of Brazil. METHODS Ticks were dissected to remove their intestines and salivary glands for DNA extraction and the subsequent amplification of the conserved region of 120 bp of kDNA and 234 bp of the hsp70 gene of Leishmania spp. The amplified kDNA products were digested with endonucleases HaeIII and BstUI and were submitted to DNA sequencing. Isolated Leishmania parasites from these ticks were analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and the DNA obtained from this culture was subjected to microsatellite analyses. RESULTS Overall, 130 specimens of R. sanguineus were collected from 27 dogs. Leishmania spp. were successfully isolated in culture from five pools of salivary glands and the intestines of ticks collected from four dogs. The amplified kDNA products from the dog blood samples and from the tick cultures, when digested by HaeIII and BstUI, revealed the presence of L. braziliensis and L. infantum. One strain was cultivated and characterized as L. infantum by enzyme electrophoresis. The amplified kDNA products from the blood of one dog showed a sequence homology with L. braziliensis; however, the amplified kDNA from the ticks collected from this dog showed a sequence homology to L. infantum. CONCLUSION The results confirm that the specimens of R. sanguineus that feed on dogs naturally infected by L. infantum contain the parasite DNA in their intestines and salivary glands, and viable L. infantum can be successfully isolated from these ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Medeiros-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Eduardo Melim Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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27
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Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the obligatory intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages and causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The presence of infected dogs as the main reservoir host of ZVL is regarded as the most important potential risk for human infection. Thus the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is essential to stop the current increase of the Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Recently considerable advances in achieving protective immunization of dogs and several important attempts for achieving an effective vaccine against CVL lead to attracting the scientists trust in its important role for eradication of ZVL. This paper highlights the recent advances in vaccination against canine visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 until now.
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Campos JHF, Costa FAL. Participation of ticks in the infectious cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:297-300. [PMID: 25076429 PMCID: PMC4131814 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we detected Leishmania spp. infection in
R. sanguineus collected from dogs that were naturally infected
with L. (L.) infantum. We examined 35 dogs of both sexes and unknown
ages. The infected dogs were serologically positive by the immunofluorescence
antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Quick Test-DPP
(Dual Path Platform), as well as parasitological examination of a positive skin
biopsy or sternal bone marrow aspiration. Ten negative dogs were included as
controls. The ticks that infested these dogs were collected in pools of 10 adult
females per animal. The PCR was performed with specific primers for
Leishmania spp., which amplified a 720-bp fragment. Of the 35
analyzed samples, a product was observed in eight samples (8/35; 22.9%). We conclude
that the presence of parasite DNA suggests that ticks participate in the zoonotic
cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in the city of Teresina, Piauí.
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Seblova V, Sadlova J, Carpenter S, Volf P. Speculations on biting midges and other bloodsucking arthropods as alternative vectors of Leishmania. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:222. [PMID: 24884857 PMCID: PMC4024269 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies remain the only proven vectors of Leishmania spp. but recent implementation of PCR techniques has led to increasing speculation about "alternative vectors", including biting midges. Here, we summarize that PCR has considerable limits for studing the role of bloodsucking arthropods in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. The Leishmania life cycle in the sand fly includes a complex series of interactions which are in many cases species-specific, the early phase of the infection is, however, non-specific to sand flies. These facts should be considered in detection of Leishmania in ,"alternative" or "new" vectors to avoid mistaken speculation about their vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
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Coelho WMD, Bresciani KDS. Molecular and parasitological detection of Leishmania spp. in a dipteran of the species Tabanus importunus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:605-607. [PMID: 24473890 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important chronic zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. The major vectors of this protozoosis are sand flies, and Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered the main species implicated in the transmission of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. The presence of the parasite's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in ectoparasites such as ticks and fleas has prompted speculations about the existence of new vectors in the cycle of leishmaniasis. The aim of this paper is to report the molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in a horse fly of the species Tabanus importunus which parasitized an oligosymptomatic dog infected with Leishmania spp. Molecular amplification of the protozoan's DNA in the head, thoracic region and abdomen of the tabanid tested positive for Leishmania complex. This is the first report of the presence of DNA from Leishmania spp. in dipterous insects of the species T. importunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Marinho Dourado Coelho
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, AraçatubaSP, Brasil, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, AraçatubaSP, Brasil, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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de Almeida RFC, Garcia MV, Cunha RC, Matias J, e Silva EA, de Fatima Cepa Matos M, Andreotti R. Ixodid fauna and zoonotic agents in ticks from dogs: first report of Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus sanguineus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, mid-western Brazil. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 60:63-72. [PMID: 23229491 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks from 148 dogs from the urban area of the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, were collected, classified and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Rickettsia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. A total of 2015 ticks were collected. The species Rhipicephalus sanguineus (98.9 %) and Amblyomma cajennense (1.1 %) were identified. Molecular analysis revealed that no tick samples were infected by T. cruzi. Regarding Leishmania spp., tick samples from 36 dogs spread across all regions of the municipality were positive for L. chagasi. One tick sample was positive for Rickettsia spp. (gltA gene) in the PCR reaction. This sample was submitted to further PCR based on the ompA gene and the amplicon was sequenced. Identity of 100 % was found with homologous sequences of R. rickettsii available in GenBank. This paper is the first to report the natural infection of R. sanguineus by R. rickettsii in the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, mid-western Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Ferreira Cavalcante de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Aguiar CLG, Pinto DM, Pappen FG, Cunha Filho NAD, Santos TRBD, Faria NADR. Parâmetros da fase de vida livre de Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): adaptado ao clima subtropical. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus é considerada a espécie de ixodídeo mais prevalente no mundo e foi introduzida no meio urbano pelo cão doméstico, seu principal hospedeiro. O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer o desempenho biológico da fase de vida livre de R. sanguineus, adaptado à região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da estimativa de parâmetros biológicos, sob condições controladas de temperatura (27 ± 1°C) e umidade relativa (> 70,0%). Foram coletadas teleóginas pré e pós-desprendimento dos cães hospedeiros, sendo cada grupo experimental constituído de 200 teleóginas. Verificou-se que a massa média de cada teleógina foi de 170 mg, o período de pré-postura de quatro dias, a massa total de ovos de 100 mg, a massa da quenógina de 30 mg e a longevidade larval de 31 dias, com índices de eficácia reprodutiva e nutricional de 61,0 e 74,0%, respectivamente. Quanto à dinâmica de postura, 98,5% foram ovipostos na primeira semana de incubação e a eclodibilidade foi de 94,5%. A análise dos parâmetros biológicos de R. sanguineus revelou que não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) entre as fêmeas coletadas diretamente do corpo do hospedeiro e aquelas provenientes do ambiente. Os dados biológicos observados em R. sanguineus adaptados às condições climáticas do Sul do Rio Grande do Sul são similares aos de outras regiões do Brasil. Além disso, as coletas de R. sanguineus para estudos epidemiológicos podem ser realizadas tanto do ambiente quanto do corpo do hospedeiro, devido à similaridade que ambos os grupos apresentam em seus parâmetros biológicos.
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Trotta M, Nicetto M, Fogliazza A, Montarsi F, Caldin M, Furlanello T, Solano-Gallego L. Detection of Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, and rickettsiae in ticks removed from dogs living in Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Remedio RN, Sampieri BR, Vendramini MCR, Souza NM, Anholeto LA, Denardo TAGB, Camargo-Mathias MI. Morphology of the midgut of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) adult ticks in different feeding stages. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:415-25. [PMID: 23052783 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells of ticks are fundamental for their full feeding and reproductive success, besides being considered important sites for the development of pathogens. Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks are known for their great medical and veterinary importance, and for this reason, the knowledge of their intestinal morphology may provide relevant subsidies for the control of these animals, either by direct acaricidal action over these cells or by the production of vaccines. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the midgut morphology of male and female R. sanguineus ticks in different feeding stages, by means of histological analysis. Significant differences were observed between the genders, and such alterations may refer mainly to the distinct demands for nutrients, much higher in females, which need to develop and carry out the egg-laying process. In general, the midgut is coated by a thin muscle layer and presents a pseudostratified epithelium, in which two basic types of cells can be observed, connected to a basal membrane-generative or stem and digestive cells. The latter was classified as follows: residual, deriving from the phase anterior to ecdysis; pinocytic, with vesicles containing liquid or pre-digested components of blood; phagocytic, with entire cells or remnants of nuclear material inside cytoplasmic vesicles; and mature, free in the lumen. Digestion is presumably intracellular and asynchronous and corresponds to a process which starts with the differentiation of generative cells into pinocytic digestive cells, which subsequently start to phagocytize intact blood cells and finally detach from the epithelium, being eliminated with feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Remedio
- Laboratório de Histologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Avenida 24-A, 1515, P.O. Box 199, Jardim Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
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Solano-Gallego L, Rossi L, Scroccaro AM, Montarsi F, Caldin M, Furlanello T, Trotta M. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA mainly in Rhipicephalus sanguineus male ticks removed from dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:98. [PMID: 22613502 PMCID: PMC3409031 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand flies are the only biologically adapted vectors of Leishmania parasites, however, a possible role in the transmission of Leishmania has been proposed for other hematophagous ectoparasites such as ticks. In order to evaluate natural infection by Leishmania infantum in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, taking into account its close association with dogs, 128 adult R. sanguineus ticks removed from 41 dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis were studied. METHODS Individual DNA extraction was performed from each tick and whole blood taken from dogs. Dog sera were tested for IgG antibodies to L. infantum antigen by ELISA and L. infantum real-time PCR was performed from canine whole blood samples and ticks. RESULTS Leishmania infantum PCR was positive in 13 ticks (10.1%) including one female, (2.0%) and 12 males (15.2%), and in only five dogs (12.2%). Male ticks had a significantly higher infection rate when compared to female R. sanguineus. The percentage of L. infantum seroreactive dogs was 19.5%. All but two PCR positive dogs were seroreactive. Leishmania infantum PCR positive ticks were removed from seropositive and seronegative dogs with a variety of PCR results. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates high prevalence of L. infantum DNA in R. sanguineus ticks removed from L. infantum seropositive and seronegative dogs. The presence of L. infantum DNA was detected mainly in male ticks possibly due to their ability to move between canine hosts and feed on several canine hosts during the adult life stage. Additional studies are needed to further explore the role of R. sanguineus ticks and in particular, male adults, in both the epidemiology and immunology of L. infantum infection in dogs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Department Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College of London, United Kingdom.
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Wells K, Beaucournu JC, Durden LA, Petney TN, Lakim MB, O'Hara RB. Ectoparasite infestation patterns of domestic dogs in suburban and rural areas in Borneo. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:909-19. [PMID: 22526293 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs, Canis lupus, have been one of the longest companions of humans and have introduced their own menagerie of parasites and pathogens into this relationship. Here, we investigate the parasitic load of 212 domestic dogs with fleas (Siphonaptera) chewing lice (Phthiraptera), and ticks (Acarina) along a gradient from rural areas with near-natural forest cover to suburban areas in Northern Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia). We used a spatially-explicit hierarchical Bayesian model that allowed us to impute missing data and to consider spatial structure in modelling dog infestation probability and parasite density. We collected a total of 1,968 fleas of two species, Ctenocephalides orientis and Ctenocephalides felis felis, from 195 dogs (prevalence, 92 %). Flea density was higher on dogs residing in houses made of bamboo or corrugated metal (increase of 40 % from the average) compared to timber or stone/compound houses. Host-dependent and landscape-level environmental variables and spatial structure only had a weak explanatory power. We found adults of the invasive chewing louse Heterodoxus spiniger on 42 dogs (20 %). The effect of housing conditions was opposite to those for fleas; lice were only found on dogs residing in stone or timber houses. We found ticks of the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus as well as Haemaphysalis bispinosa gp., Haemaphysalis cornigera, Haemaphysalis koenigsbergi, and Haemaphysalis semermis on 36 dogs (17 %). The most common tick species was R. sanguineus, recorded from 23 dogs. Tick infestations were highest on dogs using both plantation and forest areas (282 % increase in overall tick density of dogs using all habitat types). The infestation probability of dogs with lice and ticks decreased with elevation, most infestations occurred below 800 m above sea level. However, the density of lice and ticks revealed no spatial structure; infestation probability of dogs with these two groups revealed considerable autocorrelation. Our study shows that environmental conditions on the house level appeared to be more influential on flea and lice density whereas tick density was also influenced by habitat use. Infestation of dogs with Haemaphysalis ticks identified an important link between dogs and forest wildlife for potential pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstans Wells
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (Bik-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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Alcover MM, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Ballart C, Castillejo S, Picado A, Portús M, Gállego M. Application of molecular techniques in the study of natural infection of Leishmania infantum vectors and utility of sandfly blood meal digestion for epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:515-23. [PMID: 22382204 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on the distribution of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) have been based principally on serological surveys of the canine reservoir. This methodology is useful due to the facility of sampling, the rapidity in obtaining results, its consistency and because it allows the detection of heterogeneous foci of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) even in small areas. Other investigations have analysed Leishmania parasitism in sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) by using classical dissection techniques. These techniques allow the vector species to be incriminated in different foci, although they suffer from being very time consuming. Lately, studies in this field are increasingly using molecular techniques, which are faster and easier to perform. In the present work, we applied a nested-PCR in a study of natural infection of sandflies by Leishmania in three isolated farms where serological data on canine leishmaniasis of local dogs were also obtained. The analysis allowed the detection of 38.7% of females with positive nested-PCR (78%, 18% and 0%, respectively, in the different isolated farms). The positive Leishmania DNA samples were genotyped and identified as L. infantum. The results of this work provide new data for the vectorial capacity of Phlebotomus ariasi in a Pyrenean area, which can be considered at risk of becoming a new focus of CanL. The females with positive nested-PCR displayed blood in the midgut at different degrees of digestion, and/or were gravid. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of nested-PCR-positivity increased significantly with the degree of blood digestion (OR = 1.3; P value = 0.025). The Phlebotomus species and the presence of eggs were not statistically associated with nested-PCR positivity (P value of >0.05). The correlation of positive nested-PCR results with the presence of seropositive dogs in the farm confirms the utility of this technique in the study of the distribution and intensity of leishmaniasis foci. Also, the importance of sandfly blood-meal digestion for epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis foci has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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DE F Michelin A, Perri SHV, De Lima VMF. Evaluation of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 and parasite density in spleen and liver of L. (L.) chagasi naturally infected dogs. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:373-83. [PMID: 21929879 DOI: 10.1179/1364859411y.0000000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the main domestic reservoirs of L. (L.) chagasi. Once in the vertebrate host, the parasite can cause visceral leishmaniasis, which can also be transmitted to humans. Cytokines are key elements of the host immune response against Leishmania spp. To investigate whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 are associated with pattern infection in dogs, these cytokines were quantified in the spleen and liver of dogs naturally infected with L. (L.) chagasi, with or without clinical manifestations, and their levels were correlated with the parasite load verified in these organs. A total of 40 adult dogs naturally infected with L. (L.) chagasi were assessed, together with 12 uninfected control dogs. Samples from spleen and liver were used to determine the cytokine levels by capture ELISA and for quantifying parasite load by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using the minimum Chi square method and group means were compared using the Tukey test. TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 levels in infected dogs were higher than in control groups; the liver was the main cytokine-producing organ during infection. The level of splenic TNF-α showed correlation with parasite load and may represent an important marker for infection process evolution, with the participation of IL-10. These results may contribute to a clearer understanding of the immune response in dogs infected with L. (L.) chagasi, which may lead to the development of prophylactic or preventive measures for these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A DE F Michelin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thompson R, Conlan J. Emerging issues and parasite zoonoses in the SE Asian and Australasian region. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dantas-Torres F. Ticks as vectors of Leishmania parasites. Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Colombo FA, Odorizzi RMFN, Laurenti MD, Galati EAB, Canavez F, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum RNA in fleas and ticks collected from naturally infected dogs. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Transovarial passage of Leishmania infantum kDNA in artificially infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:184-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1163-70. [PMID: 20452354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:2. [PMID: 20145730 PMCID: PMC2818618 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. Ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dipylidium caninum, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors of pathogens of zoonotic relevance (e.g., Rickettsia felis) in this country. While some arthropod vectors (e.g., ticks and fleas) are present in certain Italian regions throughout the year, others (e.g., phlebotomine sand flies) are most active during the summer season. Accordingly, control strategies, such as those relying on the systematic use of acaricides and insecticides, should be planned on the basis of the ecology of both vectors and pathogens in different geographical areas in order to improve their effectiveness in reducing the risk of infection by vector-borne pathogens. This article reviews the current situation and perspectives of canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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