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Khodzori FA, Mazlan NB, Chong WS, Ong KH, Palaniveloo K, Shah MD. Metabolites and Bioactivity of the Marine Xestospongia Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) of Southeast Asian Waters. Biomolecules 2023; 13:484. [PMID: 36979419 PMCID: PMC10046039 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges are aquatic, spineless organisms that belong to the phylum Porifera. They come in three primary classes: Hexactinellidae, Demospongiae, and Calcarea. The Demospongiae class is the most dominant, making up over 90% of sponge species. One of the most widely studied genera within the Demospongiae class is Xestospongia, which is found across Southeast Asian waters. This genus is of particular interest due to the production of numerous primary and secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological potentials. In the current review, the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties of metabolites from several varieties of Southeast Asian Xestospongia spp. were discussed. A total of 40 metabolites of various natures, including alkaloids, fatty acids, steroids, and quinones, were highlighted in X. bergquistia, X. testudinaria, X. muta, X. exigua, X. ashmorica and X. vansoesti. The review aimed to display the bioactivity of Xestospongia metabolites and their potential for use in the pharmaceutical sector. Further research is needed to fully understand their bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Akmal Khodzori
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Malaysia
| | - Nurzafirah Binti Mazlan
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Malaysia
| | - Wei Sheng Chong
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Hung Ong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Level 3, Research Management & Innovation Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Malaysia
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Midha A, Jarquín-Díaz VH, Ebner F, Löber U, Hayani R, Kundik A, Cardilli A, Heitlinger E, Forslund SK, Hartmann S. Guts within guts: the microbiome of the intestinal helminth parasite Ascaris suum is derived but distinct from its host. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:229. [PMID: 36527132 PMCID: PMC9756626 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal helminths are extremely prevalent among humans and animals. In particular, intestinal roundworms affect more than 1 billion people around the globe and are a major issue in animal husbandry. These pathogens live in intimate contact with the host gut microbiota and harbor bacteria within their own intestines. Knowledge of the bacterial host microbiome at the site of infection is limited, and data on the parasite microbiome is, to the best of our knowledge, non-existent. RESULTS The intestinal microbiome of the natural parasite and zoonotic macropathogen, Ascaris suum was analyzed in contrast to the diversity and composition of the infected host gut. 16S sequencing of the parasite intestine and host intestinal compartments showed that the parasite gut has a significantly less diverse microbiome than its host, and the host gut exhibits a reduced microbiome diversity at the site of parasite infection in the jejunum. While the host's microbiome composition at the site of infection significantly determines the microbiome composition of its parasite, microbial signatures differentiate the nematodes from their hosts as the Ascaris intestine supports the growth of microbes that are otherwise under-represented in the host gut. CONCLUSION Our data clearly indicate that a nematode infection reduces the microbiome diversity of the host gut, and that the nematode gut represents a selective bacterial niche harboring bacteria that are derived but distinct from the host gut. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite-Host Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessio Cardilli
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite-Host Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Kirke Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Durrant C, Thiele EA, Holroyd N, Doyle SR, Sallé G, Tracey A, Sankaranarayanan G, Lotkowska ME, Bennett HM, Huckvale T, Abdellah Z, Tchindebet O, Wossen M, Logora MSY, Coulibaly CO, Weiss A, Schulte-Hostedde AI, Foster JM, Cleveland CA, Yabsley MJ, Ruiz-Tiben E, Berriman M, Eberhard ML, Cotton JA. Population genomic evidence that human and animal infections in Africa come from the same populations of Dracunculus medinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008623. [PMID: 33253172 PMCID: PMC7728184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guinea worm-Dracunculus medinensis-was historically one of the major parasites of humans and has been known since antiquity. Now, Guinea worm is on the brink of eradication, as efforts to interrupt transmission have reduced the annual burden of disease from millions of infections per year in the 1980s to only 54 human cases reported globally in 2019. Despite the enormous success of eradication efforts to date, one complication has arisen. Over the last few years, hundreds of dogs have been found infected with this previously apparently anthroponotic parasite, almost all in Chad. Moreover, the relative numbers of infections in humans and dogs suggests that dogs are currently the principal reservoir on infection and key to maintaining transmission in that country. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In an effort to shed light on this peculiar epidemiology of Guinea worm in Chad, we have sequenced and compared the genomes of worms from dog, human and other animal infections. Confirming previous work with other molecular markers, we show that all of these worms are D. medinensis, and that the same population of worms are causing both infections, can confirm the suspected transmission between host species and detect signs of a population bottleneck due to the eradication efforts. The diversity of worms in Chad appears to exclude the possibility that there were no, or very few, worms present in the country during a 10-year absence of reported cases. CONCLUSIONS This work reinforces the importance of adequate surveillance of both human and dog populations in the Guinea worm eradication campaign and suggests that control programs aiming to interrupt disease transmission should stay aware of the possible emergence of unusual epidemiology as pathogens approach elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Durrant
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Thiele
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Doyle
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- INRA—U. Tours, UMR 1282 ISP Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alan Tracey
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Geetha Sankaranarayanan
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Magda E. Lotkowska
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M. Bennett
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Present Address: Berkeley Lights Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Huckvale
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Abdellah
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ouakou Tchindebet
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mesfin Wossen
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Cheick Oumar Coulibaly
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adam Weiss
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremy M. Foster
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAC); (MB)
| | - Mark L. Eberhard
- Retired, Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James A. Cotton
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAC); (MB)
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Swantara MD, Rita WS, Suartha N, Agustina KK. Anticancer activities of toxic isolate of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge. Vet World 2019; 12:1434-1440. [PMID: 31749578 PMCID: PMC6813599 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1434-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purposes of this study were to determine the anticancer activity of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge isolate and identify the responsible compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The metabolites were extracted using methanol maceration at room temperature. The separation and purification of metabolites were performed using fractionation and column chromatography. The toxicity was examined using the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the toxic isolates were tested for anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the compounds in the isolate. RESULTS When the methanol extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol, the chloroform fraction was the most toxic, with a concentration that results in 50% lethality (LC50) value of 39.81 ppm. After separation of the chloroform extract, fraction B (FB) was the most toxic, with an LC50 value of 44.67 ppm. The isolate from FB showed anticancer activity with a concentration at which 50% of growth was inhibited (IC50) of 2.273 ppm. In total, 21 compounds were identified in anticancer isolates: Nonanedioic acid; tetradecanoic acid; trans-phytol; 2-pentadecanone-6,10,14-trimethyl; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; 2,3,7-trimethyloctanal; palmitic acid; docosanoic acid, ethyl ester; 1,E-11,Z-13-octadecatriene; chloromethyl 4-chlorododecanoate; 1-tricosene; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide; 1-docosene; heneicosane; phosphonic acid, dioctadecyl ester; dodecane,4,6-dimethyl-; n-tetratriacontane; 1-iodohexadecane; and n-heneicosane. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the isolate of X. testudinaria can be used as a natural anticancer toward HeLa cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Dira Swantara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | - Nyoman Suartha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
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Zhou C, Jian S, Peng W, Li M. Genetic Diversity of Ascaris in China Assessed Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:175-181. [PMID: 29742872 PMCID: PMC5976020 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The giant roundworm Ascaris infects pigs and people worldwide and causes serious diseases. The taxonomic relationship between Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 258 Ascaris specimens from humans and pigs from 6 sympatric regions in Ascaris-endemic regions of China using existing simple sequence repeat data. The microsatellite markers showed a high level of allelic richness and genetic diversity in the samples. Each of the populations demonstrated excess homozygosity (Ho<He, Fis>0). According to a genetic differentiation index (Fst=0.0593), there was a high-level of gene flow in the Ascaris populations. A hierarchical analysis on molecular variance revealed remarkably high levels of variation within the populations. Moreover, a population structure analysis indicated that Ascaris populations fell into 3 main genetic clusters, interpreted as A. suum, A. lumbricoides, and a hybrid of the species. We speculated that humans can be infected with A. lumbricoides, A. suum, and the hybrid, but pigs were mainly infected with A. suum. This study provided new information on the genetic diversity and population structure of Ascaris from human and pigs in China, which can be used for designing Ascaris control strategies. It can also be beneficial to understand the introgression of host affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhou
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Peng
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, People's Republic of China
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Doyle SR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Britton C, Chaudhry U, Gilleard JS, Holroyd N, Mable BK, Maitland K, Morrison AA, Tait A, Tracey A, Berriman M, Devaney E, Cotton JA, Sargison ND. A Genome Resequencing-Based Genetic Map Reveals the Recombination Landscape of an Outbred Parasitic Nematode in the Presence of Polyploidy and Polyandry. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:396-409. [PMID: 29267942 PMCID: PMC5793844 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is an economically and clinically important pathogen of small ruminants, and a model system for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of traits such as anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is widespread and is a major threat to the sustainability of livestock agriculture globally; however, little is known about the genome architecture and parameters such as recombination that will ultimately influence the rate at which resistance may evolve and spread. Here, we performed a genetic cross between two divergent strains of H. contortus, and subsequently used whole-genome resequencing of a female worm and her brood to identify the distribution of genome-wide variation that characterizes these strains. Using a novel bioinformatic approach to identify variants that segregate as expected in a pseudotestcross, we characterized linkage groups and estimated genetic distances between markers to generate a chromosome-scale F1 genetic map. We exploited this map to reveal the recombination landscape, the first for any helminth species, demonstrating extensive variation in recombination rate within and between chromosomes. Analyses of these data also revealed the extent of polyandry, whereby at least eight males were found to have contributed to the genetic variation of the progeny analyzed. Triploid offspring were also identified, which we hypothesize are the result of nondisjunction during female meiosis or polyspermy. These results expand our knowledge of the genetics of parasitic helminths and the unusual life-history of H. contortus, and enhance ongoing efforts to understand the genetic basis of resistance to the drugs used to control these worms and for related species that infect livestock and humans throughout the world. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using whole-genome resequencing data to directly construct a genetic map in a single generation cross from a noninbred nonmodel organism with a complex lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Agustina KK, Swacita IBN, Oka IBM, Dwinata IM, Traub RJ, Cargill C, Damriyasa IM. Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system. Vet World 2017; 10:1347-1352. [PMID: 29263598 PMCID: PMC5732342 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1347-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was designed to validate the effectiveness of the pig confinement system (PCS) in reducing the prevalence of zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs. Materials and Methods Ten PCS households were selected together with 10 households practising traditional scavenging systems. Five pigs were monitored per household every 3 months for 15 months and blood and feces collected. Pigs received a single dose of oxfendazole at 30 mg/kg at baseline. Qualitative fecal examinations for intestinal parasite stages were performed, and serum was tested for antibodies to cysticercus of Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Results Based on fecal examination, the prevalence of pigs positive for parasite eggs was reduced in PCS pigs over consecutive samplings (Ascaris suum [14.3% to 0%], Trichuris suis [46.9% to 8.3%], Strongyle-type eggs [81.6% to 8.3%], Physocephalus spp. [6.1% to 0%], and Metastrongylus apri [20.8% to 0%]) compared with increases in the number of pigs positive for parasite eggs in non-PCS pigs (T. suis [20-61.5%], Strongyle-type [60.4-80.8%], Physocephalus spp. [8.3-15.4%], and M. apri [20.8-34.6%]) and little change in pigs positive for A. suum (18.8-19.2%). While the prevalence of pigs with antibodies against to cysticerci of T. solium reduced in PCS pigs from 18% to 14%, the prevalence in non-PCS pigs increased from 42% to 52%. Antibodies to Trichinella were not detected, but the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies increased from 6% to 10% in PCS pigs and from 7% to 24% in non-PCS pigs. Conclusion These data demonstrate the potential of a PCS to reduce the prevalence of pigs infected with zoonotic and internal parasites and thus the risk to human and pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - I Made Dwinata
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Rebecca Justin Traub
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Cargill
- Department of Livestock Production, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - I Made Damriyasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
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Zou Y, Wu F, Guo YX, Wang HB, Fang YQ, Kang M, Lin Q. Determining geographical variations in Ascaris suum isolated from different regions in northwest China through sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:411-415. [PMID: 26730765 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1129404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The sequence diversities in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely portions of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (pnad4), were investigated in all Ascaris suum samples isolated from four regions in northwestern China. Those genes were amplified by PCR method and the lengths of pnad1, pcox1, and pnad4 were 419 bp, 711 bp, and 723 bp, respectively. The intraspecific sequence variations within A. suum samples were 0-2.9% for pnad1, 0-2.1% for pcox1, and 0-3.1% for pnad4. Phylogenetic analysis combined with three sequences of mtDNA fragments showed that all A. suum samples were monophyletic groups, but samples from the same geographical origin did not always cluster together. The results suggested that the three mtDNA fragments could not be used as molecular markers to identify the A. suum isolates from four regions, and have important implications for studying molecular epidemiology and population genetics of A. suum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xu Guo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Bao Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Fang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Kang
- b College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University , Xining , Qinghai Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
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Medley GF, Turner HC, Baggaley RF, Holland C, Hollingsworth TD. The Role of More Sensitive Helminth Diagnostics in Mass Drug Administration Campaigns: Elimination and Health Impacts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 94:343-392. [PMID: 27756457 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostics play a crucial role in determining treatment protocols and evaluating success of mass drug administration (MDA) programmes used to control soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). The current diagnostic, Kato-Katz, relies on inexpensive, reusable materials and can be used in the field, but only trained microscopists can read slides. This diagnostic always underestimates the true prevalence of infection, and the accuracy worsens as the true prevalence falls. We investigate how more sensitive diagnostics would impact on the management and life cycle of MDA programmes, including number of mass treatment rounds, health impact, number of unnecessary treatments and probability of elimination. We use an individual-based model of STH transmission within the current World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines which records individual disability-adjusted life years (DALY) lost. We focus on Ascaris lumbricoides due to the availability of high-quality data on existing diagnostics. We show that the effect of improving the sensitivity of diagnostics is principally determined by the precontrol prevalence in the community. Communities at low true prevalence (<30%) and high true prevalence (>70%) do not benefit greatly from improved diagnostics. Communities with intermediate prevalence benefit greatly from increased chemotherapy application, both in terms of reduced DALY loss and increased probability of elimination. Our results suggest that programmes should be extended beyond school-age children, especially in high prevalence communities. Finally, we argue against using apparent or measured prevalence as an uncorrected proxy for true prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - H C Turner
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R F Baggaley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Holland
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infect over one billion people worldwide. Ascariasis may mimic a number of conditions, and individual clinical diagnosis often requires a thorough work-up. Kato-Katz thick smears are the standard detection method for Ascaris and, despite low sensitivity, are often used for mapping and monitoring and evaluation of national control programmes. Although increased sampling (number of stools) and diagnostic (number of examinations per stool) efforts can improve sensitivity, Kato-Katz is less sensitive than other microscopy methods such as FLOTAC®. Antibody-based diagnostics may be a sensitive diagnostic tool; however, their usefulness is limited to assessing transmission in areas aiming for elimination. Molecular diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but high costs limit their use to individual diagnosis, drug - efficacy studies and identification of Ascaris suum. Increased investments in research on Ascaris and other STHs are urgently required for the development of diagnostic assays to support efforts to reduce human suffering caused by these infections.
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Das K, Chowdhury P, Ganguly S. Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) based sequence typing reveals phylogenetically distinct Ascaris population. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:478-83. [PMID: 26504510 PMCID: PMC4579273 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic differentiation among morphologically identical Ascaris species is a debatable scientific issue in the context of Ascariasis epidemiology. To explain the disease epidemiology and also the taxonomic position of different Ascaris species, genome information of infecting strains from endemic areas throughout the world is certainly crucial. Ascaris population from human has been genetically characterized based on the widely used genetic marker, internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1). Along with previously reported and prevalent genotype G1, 8 new sequence variants of ITS1 have been identified. Genotype G1 was significantly present among female patients aged between 10 to 15 years. Intragenic linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis at target locus within our study population has identified an incomplete LD value with potential recombination events. A separate cluster of Indian isolates with high bootstrap value indicate their distinct phylogenetic position in comparison to the global Ascaris population. Genetic shuffling through recombination could be a possible reason for high population diversity and frequent emergence of new sequence variants, identified in present and other previous studies. This study explores the genetic organization of Indian Ascaris population for the first time which certainly includes some fundamental information on the molecular epidemiology of Ascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Punam Chowdhury
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Dharmarajan G. Inbreeding in stochastic subdivided mating systems: the genetic consequences of host spatial structure, aggregated transmission dynamics and life history characteristics in parasite populations. J Genet 2015; 94:43-53. [PMID: 25846876 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding in parasite populations can have important epidemiological and evolutionary implications. However, theoretical models have predominantly focussed on the evolution of parasite populations under strong selection or in epidemic situations, and our understanding of neutral gene dynamics in parasite populations at equilibrium has been limited to verbal arguments or conceptual models. This study focusses on how host-parasite population dynamics affects observed levels of inbreeding in a random sample of parasites from an infinite population of hosts by bridging traditional genetic and parasitological processes utilizing a backward-forward branching Markov process embedded within a flexible statistical framework, the logarithmic-poisson mixture model. My results indicate that levels of inbreeding in parasites are impacted by demographic and/or transmission dynamics (subdivided mating, aggregated transmission dynamics and host spatial structure), and that this inbreeding is poorly estimated by 'equilibrium' levels of inbreeding calculated assuming regular systems of mating. Specifically, the model reveals that at low levels of inbreeding (F ≤ 0.1), equilibrium levels of inbreeding are lower than those observed, while at high levels of inbreeding the opposite pattern occurs. The model also indicates that inbreeding could have important epidemiological implications (e.g., the spread of recessive drug resistance genes) by directly impacting the observed frequency of rare homozygotes in parasite populations. My results indicate that frequencies of rare homozygotes are affected by aggregated transmission dynamics and host spatial structure, and also that an increase in the frequency of rare homozygotes can be caused by a decrease in effective population size solely due to the presence of a subdivided breeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guha Dharmarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India.
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Absence of genetic structure in Baylisascaris schroederi populations, a giant panda parasite, determined by mitochondrial sequencing. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:606. [PMID: 25532965 PMCID: PMC4292857 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the parasitic nematode, Baylisascaris schroederi (Ascaridida: Nematoda), is one of the most important causes of death in giant pandas, and was responsible for half of deaths between 2001 and 2005. Mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences of parasites can unveil their genetic diversity and depict their likely dynamic evolution and therefore may provide insights into parasite survival and responses to host changes, as well as parasite control. Methods Based on previous studies, the present study further annotated the genetic variability and structure of B. schroederi populations by combining two different mtDNA markers, ATPase subunit 6 (atp6) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1). Both sequences were completely amplified and genetically analyzed among 57 B. schroederi isolates, which were individually collected from ten geographical regions located in three important giant panda habitats in China (Minshan, Qionglai and Qinling mountain ranges). Results For the DNA dataset, we identified 20 haplotypes of atp6, 24 haplotypes of cox1, and 39 haplotypes of atp6 + cox1. Further haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that B. schroederi populations were predominantly driven by three common haplotypes, atp6 A1, cox1 C10, and atp6 + cox1 H11. However, due to low rates of gene differentiation between the three populations, both the atp6 and cox1 genes appeared not to be significantly associated with geographical divisions. In addition, high gene flow was detected among the B. schroederi populations, consistent with previous studies, suggesting that this parasite may be essentially homogenous across endemic areas. Finally, neutrality tests and mismatch analysis indicated that B. schroederi had undergone earlier demographic expansion. Conclusions These results confirmed that B. schroederi populations do not follow a pattern of isolation by distance, further revealing the possible existence of physical connections before geographic separation. This study should also contribute to an improved understanding of the population genetics and evolutionary biology of B. schroederi and assist in the control of baylisascariasis in giant pandas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0606-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zarlenga DS, Hoberg E, Rosenthal B, Mattiucci S, Nascetti G. Anthropogenics: Human Influence on Global and Genetic Homogenization of Parasite Populations. J Parasitol 2014; 100:756-72. [DOI: 10.1645/14-622.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Gilabert A, Wasmuth JD. Unravelling parasitic nematode natural history using population genetics. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:438-48. [PMID: 23948430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The health and economic importance of parasitic nematodes cannot be overstated. Moreover, they offer a complex and diverse array of life strategies, raising a multitude of evolutionary questions. Researchers are applying population genetics to parasitic nematodes in order to disentangle some aspects of their life strategies, improve our knowledge about disease epidemiology, and design control strategies. However, population genetics studies of nematodes have been constrained due to the difficulty in sampling nematodes and developing molecular markers. In this context, new computational and sequencing technologies represent promising tools to investigate population genomics of parasitic, non-model, nematode species in an epidemiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Gilabert
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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A perfect time to harness advanced molecular technologies to explore the fundamental biology of Toxocara species. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou C, Li M, Yuan K, Deng S, Peng W. Pig Ascaris: An important source of human ascariasis in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ascaris: Development of selected genotypes in mice. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ascariasis in people and pigs: New inferences from DNA analysis of worm populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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