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Antonopoulos A, Doyle SR, Bartley DJ, Morrison AA, Kaplan R, Howell S, Neveu C, Busin V, Devaney E, Laing R. Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:17-26. [PMID: 35970104 PMCID: PMC9399269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants and causes significant animal health concerns and economic losses within the livestock industry on a global scale. Treatment primarily depends on broad-spectrum anthelmintics, however, resistance is established or rapidly emerging against all major drug classes. Levamisole (LEV) remains an important treatment option for parasite control, as resistance to LEV is less prevalent than to members of other major classes of anthelmintics. LEV is an acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist that, when bound, results in paralysis of the worm. Numerous studies implicated the AChR sub-unit, ACR-8, in LEV sensitivity and in particular, the presence of a truncated acr-8 transcript or a deletion in the acr-8 locus in some resistant isolates. Recently, a single non-synonymous SNP in acr-8 conferring a serine-to-threonine substitution (S168T) was identified that was strongly associated with LEV resistance. Here, we investigate the role of genetic variation at the acr-8 locus in a controlled genetic cross between the LEV susceptible MHco3(ISE) and LEV resistant MHco18(UGA2004) isolates of H. contortus. Using single worm PCR assays, we found that the presence of S168T was strongly associated with LEV resistance in the parental isolates and F3 progeny of the genetic cross surviving LEV treatment. We developed and optimised an allele-specific PCR assay for the detection of S168T and validated the assay using laboratory isolates and field samples that were phenotyped for LEV resistance. In the LEV-resistant field population, a high proportion (>75%) of L3 encoded the S168T variant, whereas the variant was absent in the susceptible isolates studied. These data further support the potential role of acr-8 S168T in LEV resistance, with the allele-specific PCR providing an important step towards establishing a sensitive molecular diagnostic test for LEV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen R. Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sue Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Morrison AA, Chaudhry U, Andrews L, Melville L, Doyle SR, Sargison ND, Bartley DJ. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of benzimidazole resistance in reciprocal genetic crosses of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:1-11. [PMID: 34896787 PMCID: PMC8666523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is arguably one of the most economically important and ubiquitous parasites of livestock globally and commonly involved in cases of anthelmintic resistance. Here, we performed reciprocal genetic crosses using susceptible (MHco3(ISE)) and multiple anthelmintic resistant (MHco18(UGA2004)) H. contortus isolates. Resultant admixed populations were designated MHco3/18 or MHco18/3, where the lead isolate reflects the origin of the females. Three independent filial generations were generated for each cross, which were subjected to bioassays, molecular approaches and population genetic analyses to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic inheritance of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance at each stage. A panel of microsatellite markers confirmed the success of the genetic cross as markers from both parents were seen in the F1 crosses. Egg hatch tests revealed a stark difference between the two F1 crosses with ED50 estimates for MHco18/3 being 9 times greater than those for MHco3/18. Resistance factors based on ED50 estimates ranged from 6 to 57 fold in the filial progeny compared to MHco3(ISE) parents. Molecular analysis of the F167Y and F200Y SNP markers associated with BZ resistance were analysed by pyrosequencing and MiSeq deep amplicon sequencing, which showed that MHco3/18.F1 and MHco18/3.F1 both had similar frequencies of the F200Y resistant allele (45.3% and 44.3%, respectively), whereas for F167Y, MHco18/3.F1 had a two-fold greater frequency of the resistant-allele compared to MHco3/18.F1 (18.2% and 8.8%, respectively). Comparison between pyrosequencing and MiSeq amplicon sequencing revealed that the allele frequencies derived from both methods were concordant at codon 200 (rc = 0.97), but were less comparable for codon 167 (rc = 0.55). The use of controlled reciprocal genetic crosses have revealed a potential difference in BZ resistance phenotype dependent on whether the resistant allele is paternally or maternally inherited. These findings provide new insight and prompt further investigation into the inheritance of BZ resistance in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - U Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - L Andrews
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - L Melville
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - S R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgshire, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - N D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Bartley DJ, Andrews L, Melville LA, McBean D, Skuce P, Morrison AA. Integrating applied parasitological and molecular epidemiological methodologies to investigate the capacity of Haemonchus contortus to over-winter on pasture in Scotland. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e137. [PMID: 34357612 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Barber's Pole worm, Haemonchus contortus is of major concern to sheep producers, particularly in the southern hemisphere. This nematode is also commonly found in many sheep flocks in Northern hemisphere countries but is generally not associated with acute clinical pathology. As with other nematode species, the pattern of disease is changing in the United Kingdom. Changes in management practices, climate, anthelmintic resistance prevalence and parasite adaptation are possible factors thought to be responsible for this. METHODS In the present study, a combination of traditional applied parasitological and molecular species identification techniques were used to assess the capability of H. contortus infective larvae to over-winter on pasture and infect lambs in early spring. RESULTS Adult and inhibited H. contortus worms were identified in previously worm-free tracer lambs that had grazed contaminated pasture in late winter/early spring (February/March). CONCLUSION The study illustrated the benefit of using classical applied parasitology techniques in conjunction with molecular species identification methods to explore the epidemiology of gastro-intestinal nematodes of livestock. This study also demonstrated that larvae were able to survive over-winter, albeit in small numbers, and potentially contaminate pastures earlier than previously considered in northern regions of the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Andrews
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - David McBean
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
| | - Philip Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
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Bartley DJ, Jewell NJ, Andrews LM, Mitchell S, Morrison AA. Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of fenbendazole resistance in a field-derived isolate of Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2020; 289:109319. [PMID: 33249304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in the bovine nematode Cooperia oncophora has been well documented globally but lack of efficacy against the more pathogenic nematode species Ostertagia ostertagi is less common. The sensitivity of an O. ostertagi isolate to the benzimidazole class of anthelmintic was investigated using classical parasitological techniques following apparent clinical failure of controlled release fenbendazole capsule administration in first season grazers at pasture. A controlled efficacy test (CET) was conducted in conjunction with sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of larvae pre- and post-fenbendazole administration. Twelve helminth-naïve calves were infected experimentally with 20,000 third stage larvae; six received oral fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight) 28 days post infection. Total abomasal nematode burdens were compared between treatment and control groups to determine efficacy. Fenbendazole resistance in O. ostertagi was confirmed with a total treatment failure in reducing worm burden: efficacy of 0%. Sequence analysis of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene from forty-five infective larvae from both control and treated groups was performed. The three commonest single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with benzimidazole resistance, namely F167Y, E198A and F200Y, were examined. The predominant resistance-associated SNPs were F200Y (78 % control and 79 % treated groups) and F167Y (remaining genotypes) and emphasises the importance of these SNPs in clinical disease in this isolate. The development of diagnostic molecular tools based on a characterised field-derived isolate of benzimidazole-resistant Ostertagia will enable future prevalence surveys to be undertaken to assess the possible risk posed by resistance in this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie J Jewell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Job's Well Road, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire SA31 3EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh M Andrews
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Mitchell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Job's Well Road, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire SA31 3EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Helal MA, Abdel-Gawad AM, Kandil OM, Khalifa MME, Cave GWV, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Elsheikha HM. Nematocidal Effects of a Coriander Essential Oil and Five Pure Principles on the Infective Larvae of Major Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:E740. [PMID: 32916863 PMCID: PMC7558654 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthelmintic effects of extracted coriander oil and five pure essential oil constituents (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) were tested, using larval motility assay, on the third-stage larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Cooperia oncophora. Coriander oil and linalool, a major component of tested coriander oil, showed a strong inhibitory efficacy against all species, except C. oncophora with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) that ranged from 0.56 to 1.41% for the coriander oil and 0.51 to 1.76% for linalool. The coriander oil and linalool combinations conferred a synergistic anthelmintic effect (combination index [CI] <1) on larval motility comparable to positive control (20 mg/mL levamisole) within 24 h (p < 0.05), reduced IC50 values to 0.11-0.49% and induced a considerable structural damage to L3s. Results of the combined treatment were validated by quantitative fluorometric microplate-based assays using Sytox green, propidium iodide and C12-resazurin, which successfully discriminated live/dead larvae. Only Sytox green staining achieved IC50 values comparable to that of the larval motility assay. The cytotoxicity of the combined coriander oil and linalool on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay and showed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations < 1%. These results indicate that testing essential oils and their main components may help to find new potential anthelmintic compounds, while at the same time reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Helal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Gawad
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Marwa M. E. Khalifa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Gareth W. V. Cave
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Alison A. Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
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Melville LA, Redman E, Morrison AA, Rebecca Chen PC, Avramenko R, Mitchell S, Van Dijk J, Innocent G, Sargison F, Aitken C, Gilleard JS, Bartley DJ. Large scale screening for benzimidazole resistance mutations in Nematodirus battus, using both pyrosequence genotyping and deep amplicon sequencing, indicates the early emergence of resistance on UK sheep farms. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 12:68-76. [PMID: 32251964 PMCID: PMC7132121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles (BZ) have been the anthelmintic of choice for controlling Nematodirus battus infections since their release in the 1950s. Despite heavy reliance on this single anthelmintic drug class, resistance was not identified in this nematode until 2010 (Mitchell et al., 2011). The study aimed to explore the prevalence of BZ-resistance mutations in N. battus from UK sheep flocks using deep amplicon sequencing and pyrosequencing platforms. Based on evidence from other gastrointestinal nematodes, resistance in N. battus is likely to be conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the β-tubulin isotype 1 locus at codons 167, 198 and 200. Pyrosequencing and deep amplicon sequencing assays were designed to identify the F167Y (TTC to TAC), E198A (GAA to GCA) and F200Y (TTC to TAC) SNPs. Nematodirus battus populations from 253 independent farms were analysed by pyrosequencing; 174 farm populations were included in deep amplicon sequencing and 170 were analysed using both technologies. F200Y was the most prevalent SNP identified throughout the UK, in 12-27% of the populations tested depending on assay, at a low overall individual frequency of 2.2 ± 0.6% (mean ± SEM, based on pyrosequencing results). Four out of the five populations with high frequencies (>20%) of the F200Y mutation were located in NW England. The F167Y SNP was identified, for the first time in this species, in four of the populations tested at a low frequency (1.2% ± 0.01), indicating the early emergence of the mutation. E198A or E198L were not identified in any of the isolates. Results obtained were comparable between both techniques for F200Y (Lins' CCC, rc = 0.96) with discrepancies being limited to populations with low frequencies. The recent emergence of resistance in this species will provide a unique opportunity to study the early stages of anthelmintic resistance within a natural setting and track its progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey A Melville
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, CalgCary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Pai Chia Rebecca Chen
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, CalgCary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, CalgCary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sian Mitchell
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Jan Van Dijk
- Zoetis, Birchwood Building, Springfield Drive, Leatherhead, KT22 7LP, UK
| | - Giles Innocent
- Biomathmatics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Fiona Sargison
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Catriona Aitken
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, CalgCary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dave J Bartley
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, UK
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Turnbull F, Devaney E, Morrison AA, Laing R, Bartley DJ. Genotypic characterisation of monepantel resistance in historical and newly derived field strains of Teladorsagia circumcincta. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 11:59-69. [PMID: 31622822 PMCID: PMC6796645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of monepantel (MPTL) resistance in UK field isolates of Teladorsagia circumcincta has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the mechanism of MPTL-resistance in order to preserve its anthelmintic efficacy in this economically important species. Nine discrete populations of T. circumcincta were genotypically characterised; three MPTL-susceptible isolates, three experimentally selected MPTL-resistant strains and three field derived populations. Full-length Tci-mptl-1 gene sequences were generated and comparisons between the MPTL-susceptible isolates, MPTL-resistant strains and one field isolate, showed that different putative MPTL-resistance conferring mutations were present in different resistant isolates. Truncated forms of the Tci-mptl-1 gene were also observed. The genetic variability of individual larvae, within and between populations, was examined using microsatellite analyses at 10 'neutral' loci (presumed to be unaffected by MPTL). Results confirmed that there was little background genetic variation between the populations, global FST <0.038. Polymorphisms present in exons 7 and 8 of Tci-mptl-1 enabled genotyping of individual larvae. A reduction in the number of genotypes was observed in all MPTL-resistant strains compared to the MPTL-susceptible strains that they were derived from, suggesting there was purifying selection at Tci-mptl-1 as a result of MPTL-treatment. The potential link between benzimidazole (BZ)-resistance and MPTL-resistance was examined by screening individual larvae for the presence of three SNPs associated with BZ-resistance in the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene. The majority of larvae were BZ-susceptible homozygotes at positions 167 and 198. Increased heterozygosity at position 200 was observed in the MPTL-resistant strains compared to their respective MPTL-susceptible population. There was no decrease in the occurrence of BZ-resistant genotypes in larvae from each population. These differences, in light of the purifying selection at this locus in all MPTL-resistant isolates, suggests that Tci-mptl-1 confers MPTL-resistance in T. circumcincta, as in Haemonchus contortus, but that different mutations in Tci-mptl-1 can confer resistance in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Turnbull
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Hamer K, McIntyre J, Morrison AA, Jennings A, Kelly RF, Leeson S, Bartley DJ, Chaudhry U, Busin V, Sargison N. The dynamics of ovine gastrointestinal nematode infections within ewe and lamb cohorts on three Scottish sheep farms. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104752. [PMID: 31479849 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a serious concern for sheep producers worldwide. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing the epidemiology of GIN on modern UK sheep farms. The aim of this paper was to understand whether expected seasonal variations of infection are still found in ewes and lambs under varying management strategies in temperate climates. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were conducted on freshly voided samples collected from groups of ewes and lambs every third week for twelve months on three farms in southeast Scotland. The patterns of egg output have been described here in relation to management practices undertaken on the farms. Despite changes in farming practice and climatic conditions, the findings complement historical studies detailing the epidemiology of GIN. Findings include a periparturient rise in ewe FEC on two of the farms, while lambing time treatment appeared to suppress this on the third farm. On the same two farms lamb FEC increased during the summer, reaching a peak in the autumn. The work also highlights how the ad hoc use of anthelmintics does little to impact these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hamer
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer McIntyre
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Jennings
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F Kelly
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Leeson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Busin
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Medicine, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Sargison ND, MacLeay M, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Evans M, Chaudhry U. Development of amplicon sequencing for the analysis of benzimidazole resistance allele frequencies in field populations of gastrointestinal nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 10:92-100. [PMID: 31425900 PMCID: PMC6708983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal helminths have become a major cause of poor health in sheep and goats. Sensitive and specific molecular markers are needed to monitor the genotypic frequency of resistance in field parasite populations. Gastrointestinal nematode resistance to benzimidazole is caused by a mutation in one of three positions within the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene. In the absence of markers for resistance to the other broad spectrum anthelmintic classes, these provide a relevant study example. Determination of the prevalence of these single nucleotide polymorphisms in field nematode populations can be impractical using conventional molecular methods to examine individual parasites; which can be laborious and lack sensitivity in determining low levels of resistance in parasite populations. Here, we report the development of a novel method based on an Illumina MiSeq deep amplicon sequencing platform to sequence the isotype 1 β-tubulin locus of the small ruminant gastrointestinal nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta, and determine the frequency of the benzimidazole resistance mutations. We validated the method by assessing sequence representation bias, comparing the results of Illumina MiSeq and pyrosequencing, and applying the method to populations containing known proportions of resistant and susceptible larvae. We applied the method to field samples collected from ewes and lambs on over a period of one year on three farms, each highlighting different aspects of sheep management and approaches to parasite control. The results show opportunities to build hypotheses with reference to selection pressures leading to differences in resistance allele frequencies between sampling dates, farms and ewes or lambs, and to consider the impact of their genetic fixation or otherwise. This study provides proof of concept of a practical, accurate, sensitive and scalable method to determine frequency of anthelmintic resistance mutations in gastrointestinal nematodes in field studies and as a management tool for livestock farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Madison MacLeay
- University of Edinburgh Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Evans
- University of Edinburgh Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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10
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Hogan G, Walker S, Turnbull F, Curiao T, Morrison AA, Flores Y, Andrews L, Claesson MJ, Tangney M, Bartley DJ. Microbiome analysis as a platform R&D tool for parasitic nematode disease management. ISME J 2019; 13:2664-2680. [PMID: 31239540 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between bacterial communities and their host is being extensively investigated for the potential to improve the host's health. Little is known about the interplay between the microbiota of parasites and the health of the infected host. Using nematode co-infection of lambs as a proof-of-concept model, the aim of this study was to characterise the microbiomes of nematodes and that of their host, enabling identification of candidate nematode-specific microbiota member(s) that could be exploited as drug development tools or for targeted therapy. Deep sequencing techniques were used to elucidate the microbiomes of different life stages of two parasitic nematodes of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta, as well as that of the co-infected ovine hosts, pre- and post infection. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrated significant differences between the composition of the nematode and ovine microbiomes. The two nematode species also differed significantly. The data indicated a shift in the constitution of the larval nematode microbiome after exposure to the ovine microbiome, and in the ovine intestinal microbial community over time as a result of helminth co-infection. Several bacterial species were identified in nematodes that were absent from their surrounding abomasal environment, the most significant of which included Escherichia coli/Shigella. The ability to purposefully infect nematode species with engineered E. coli was demonstrated in vitro, validating the concept of using this bacterium as a nematode-specific drug development tool and/or drug delivery vehicle. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the concept of exploiting a parasite's microbiome for drug development and treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hogan
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sidney Walker
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Frank Turnbull
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Tania Curiao
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Yensi Flores
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Leigh Andrews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Marcus J Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Dave J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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11
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Doyle SR, Illingworth CJR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Redman E, Martinelli A, Holroyd N, Morrison AA, Rezansoff A, Tracey A, Devaney E, Berriman M, Sargison N, Cotton JA, Gilleard JS. Population genomic and evolutionary modelling analyses reveal a single major QTL for ivermectin drug resistance in the pathogenic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:218. [PMID: 30876405 PMCID: PMC6420744 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with helminths cause an enormous disease burden in billions of animals and plants worldwide. Large scale use of anthelmintics has driven the evolution of resistance in a number of species that infect livestock and companion animals, and there are growing concerns regarding the reduced efficacy in some human-infective helminths. Understanding the mechanisms by which resistance evolves is the focus of increasing interest; robust genetic analysis of helminths is challenging, and although many candidate genes have been proposed, the genetic basis of resistance remains poorly resolved. RESULTS Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of two genetic crosses between ivermectin resistant and sensitive isolates of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus, an economically important gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants and a model for anthelmintic research. Whole genome sequencing of parental populations, and key stages throughout the crosses, identified extensive genomic diversity that differentiates populations, but after backcrossing and selection, a single genomic quantitative trait locus (QTL) localised on chromosome V was revealed to be associated with ivermectin resistance. This QTL was common between the two geographically and genetically divergent resistant populations and did not include any leading candidate genes, suggestive of a previously uncharacterised mechanism and/or driver of resistance. Despite limited resolution due to low recombination in this region, population genetic analyses and novel evolutionary models supported strong selection at this QTL, driven by at least partial dominance of the resistant allele, and that large resistance-associated haplotype blocks were enriched in response to selection. CONCLUSIONS We have described the genetic architecture and mode of ivermectin selection, revealing a major genomic locus associated with ivermectin resistance, the most conclusive evidence to date in any parasitic nematode. This study highlights a novel genome-wide approach to the analysis of a genetic cross in non-model organisms with extreme genetic diversity, and the importance of a high-quality reference genome in interpreting the signals of selection so identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. R. Illingworth
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH UK
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA UK
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - David J. Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
- Present Address: Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Present Address: Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Alison A. Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Andrew Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | | | - Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | - James A. Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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12
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McIntyre J, Hamer K, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Sargison N, Devaney E, Laing R. Hidden in plain sight - Multiple resistant species within a strongyle community. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:79-87. [PMID: 30105983 PMCID: PMC6052248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PCR speciation highlighted parasite species diversity on a commercial UK sheep farm. Species diversity confounded interpretation of faecal egg count data and bioassays. These tests detected only moderate resistance to benzimidazoles and ivermectin. Post-treatment populations were composed almost entirely of Teladorsagia circumcincta. Ivermectin strongly selected for a highly dual-resistant and pathogenic species.
Ovine parasitic gastroenteritis is a complex disease routinely treated using anthelmintics. Although many different strongyle species may contribute to parasitic gastroenteritis, not all are equally pathogenic: in temperate regions, the primary pathogen is Teladorsagia circumcincta. In this study we investigated benzimidazole and ivermectin resistance on a commercial sheep farm in southeast Scotland. We assessed the impact of species diversity on the diagnosis of resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test and in vitro bioassays, and correlated the results with the frequency of benzimidazole resistance-associated genotypes measured in the T. circumcincta population by pyrosequencing of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene. Faecal egg count reduction test results showed efficacies of 65% for albendazole and 77% for ivermectin, indicating moderate resistance levels on the farm. However, PCR speciation of the same populations pre- and post-treatment revealed that removal of susceptible species had masked the presence of a highly resistant population of T. circumcincta. Less than 25% of individuals in the pre-treatment populations were T. circumcincta, the remainder consisting of Cooperia curticei, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Trichostrongylus spp. In contrast, post-treatment with albendazole or ivermectin, the majority (88% and 100% respectively) of the populations consisted of T. circumcincta. The egg hatch test for benzimidazole resistance and the larval development test for ivermectin resistance were carried out using eggs obtained from the same populations and the results were broadly consistent with the faecal egg count reduction test. Thirty individual T. circumcincta from each sampling time point were assessed for benzimidazole resistance by pyrosequencing, revealing a high frequency and diversity of resistance-associated mutations, including within the population sampled post-ivermectin treatment. These results highlight the potential diversity of parasite species present on UK farms, and their importance in the diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance. On this particular farm, we demonstrate the presence of a highly dual-resistant population of T. circumcincta, which was strongly selected by treatment with either benzimidazoles or ivermectin, while other potentially less pathogenic species were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McIntyre
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Kim Hamer
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Disease control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - David J Bartley
- Disease control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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13
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Doyle SR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Britton C, Chaudhry U, Gilleard JS, Holroyd N, Mable BK, Maitland K, Morrison AA, Tait A, Tracey A, Berriman M, Devaney E, Cotton JA, Sargison ND. A Genome Resequencing-Based Genetic Map Reveals the Recombination Landscape of an Outbred Parasitic Nematode in the Presence of Polyploidy and Polyandry. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:396-409. [PMID: 29267942 PMCID: PMC5793844 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is an economically and clinically important pathogen of small ruminants, and a model system for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of traits such as anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is widespread and is a major threat to the sustainability of livestock agriculture globally; however, little is known about the genome architecture and parameters such as recombination that will ultimately influence the rate at which resistance may evolve and spread. Here, we performed a genetic cross between two divergent strains of H. contortus, and subsequently used whole-genome resequencing of a female worm and her brood to identify the distribution of genome-wide variation that characterizes these strains. Using a novel bioinformatic approach to identify variants that segregate as expected in a pseudotestcross, we characterized linkage groups and estimated genetic distances between markers to generate a chromosome-scale F1 genetic map. We exploited this map to reveal the recombination landscape, the first for any helminth species, demonstrating extensive variation in recombination rate within and between chromosomes. Analyses of these data also revealed the extent of polyandry, whereby at least eight males were found to have contributed to the genetic variation of the progeny analyzed. Triploid offspring were also identified, which we hypothesize are the result of nondisjunction during female meiosis or polyspermy. These results expand our knowledge of the genetics of parasitic helminths and the unusual life-history of H. contortus, and enhance ongoing efforts to understand the genetic basis of resistance to the drugs used to control these worms and for related species that infect livestock and humans throughout the world. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using whole-genome resequencing data to directly construct a genetic map in a single generation cross from a noninbred nonmodel organism with a complex lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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14
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Partridge FA, Brown AE, Buckingham SD, Willis NJ, Wynne GM, Forman R, Else KJ, Morrison AA, Matthews JB, Russell AJ, Lomas DA, Sattelle DB. An automated high-throughput system for phenotypic screening of chemical libraries on C. elegans and parasitic nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017; 8:8-21. [PMID: 29223747 PMCID: PMC5734697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect hundreds of millions of people and farmed livestock. Further, plant parasitic nematodes result in major crop damage. The pipeline of therapeutic compounds is limited and parasite resistance to the existing anthelmintic compounds is a global threat. We have developed an INVertebrate Automated Phenotyping Platform (INVAPP) for high-throughput, plate-based chemical screening, and an algorithm (Paragon) which allows screening for compounds that have an effect on motility and development of parasitic worms. We have validated its utility by determining the efficacy of a panel of known anthelmintics against model and parasitic nematodes: Caenorhabditis elegans, Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, and Trichuris muris. We then applied the system to screen the Pathogen Box chemical library in a blinded fashion and identified compounds already known to have anthelmintic or anti-parasitic activity, including tolfenpyrad, auranofin, and mebendazole; and 14 compounds previously undescribed as anthelmintics, including benzoxaborole and isoxazole chemotypes. This system offers an effective, high-throughput system for the discovery of novel anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Partridge
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen E Brown
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Buckingham
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky J Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Forman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J Else
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - David A Lomas
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - David B Sattelle
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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15
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Bartley DJ, Meslé M, Donegan H, Devin L, Morrison AA. Phenotypic assessment of the ovicidal activity of monepantel and monepantel sulfone on gastro-intestinal nematode eggs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:87-92. [PMID: 26995727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro ovicidal activity of the amino acetonitrile derivative, monepantel (MPTL) and its active metabolite monepantel sulfone (MPTL-SO2) were assessed against a number of commercially important nematode species of ruminants, namely Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei. An egg hatch test (EHT) was used to make the assessment of both drug sensitive and drug resistant isolates. Both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 showed moderate ovicidal activity in vitro against all of the species examined, although species specific differences as measured by inhibitory concentration were observed. Analysis of the drug sensitive isolates showed H. contortus to be the most sensitive to both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 (ED50 1.7 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. circumcincta (ED50 2.1 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. axei (ED50 68.7 and 60.1 μg/ml respectively). Overall the EHT results would suggest no "global" in vitro discriminatory dose for detection of MPTL resistance is likely to be achievable, using the egg hatch test, due to large inherent variability observed between species. The test identified a dose dependent increase in MPTL and MPTL-SO2 sensitivity in two MPTL resistant T. circumcincta isolates and therefore offers to be a promising tool for the phenotypic characterisation of MPTL sensitivity, allowing exploration into the mechanisms involved in selection and development of MPTL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bartley
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - M Meslé
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - H Donegan
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - L Devin
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - A A Morrison
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Laing R, Bartley DJ, Morrison AA, Rezansoff A, Martinelli A, Laing ST, Gilleard JS. The cytochrome P450 family in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:243-51. [PMID: 25558056 PMCID: PMC4365919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Haemonchus contortus genome encodes a large family of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. Haemonchus contortus lacks the dramatic CYP family expansions seen in Caenorhabditis elegans. Haemonchus contortus orthologues of C. elegans CYPs share similar expression profiles. The majority of H. contortus CYPs are most highly expressed in larval stages. The parasite intestine is a major site of CYP expression.
Haemonchus contortus, a highly pathogenic and economically important parasitic nematode of sheep, is particularly adept at developing resistance to the anthelmintic drugs used in its treatment and control. The basis of anthelmintic resistance is poorly understood for many commonly used drugs with most research being focused on mechanisms involving drug targets or drug efflux. Altered or increased drug metabolism is a possible mechanism that has yet to receive much attention despite the clear role of xenobiotic metabolism in pesticide resistance in insects. The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a large family of drug-metabolising enzymes present in almost all living organisms, but for many years thought to be absent from parasitic nematodes. In this paper, we describe the CYP sequences encoded in the H. contortus genome and compare their expression in different parasite life-stages, sexes and tissues. We developed a novel real-time PCR approach based on partially assembled CYP sequences “tags” and confirmed findings in the subsequent draft genome with RNA-seq. Constitutive expression was highest in larval stages for the majority of CYPs, although higher expression was detected in the adult male or female for a small subset of genes. Many CYPs were expressed in the worm intestine. A number of H. contortus genes share high identity with Caenorhabditis elegans CYPs and the similarity in their expression profiles supports their classification as putative orthologues. Notably, H. contortus appears to lack the dramatic CYP subfamily expansions seen in C. elegans and other species, which are typical of CYPs with exogenous roles. However, a small group of H. contortus genes cluster with the C. elegans CYP34 and CYP35 subfamilies and may represent candidate xenobiotic metabolising genes in the parasite.
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Morrison AA, Mitchell S, Mearns R, Richards I, Matthews JB, Bartley DJ. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of benzimidazole resistance in the ovine parasite Nematodirus battus. Vet Res 2014; 45:116. [PMID: 25487605 PMCID: PMC4334412 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole resistance is common amongst many ovine trichostrongylid nematodes species globally. Although anthelmintics have been used for over half a century in some areas of the world for the control of Nematodirus battus, resistance has never been detected. Veterinary investigations conducted in 2010 demonstrated reduced efficacy in a flock that had been treated previously with fenbendazole (FBZ), suggesting probable resistance in N. battus. Infective larvae (L3; designated MNba2) were generated from the original material to conduct a controlled efficacy test (CET). Faecal egg counts showed an average of 37% reduction in the FBZ treated group 7 days post treatment compared to the untreated lambs. Average worm burden results showed no reduction after FBZ treatment compared to the untreated group (3850 and 3850 worms respectively). A molecular assay to assess the frequency of the commonly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene, F200Y and E198A, was developed. Larval genotypes were predominantly homozygous resistant at codon 200 SNP, ranging from 56%-83% and remained stable at 70% for adult worm populations taken from treated and control lambs in the CET. Only susceptible genotypes were found at codon 198. The allele frequency for F200Y ranged between 80-83% in adult worms taken from the CET from treated and control lambs. The results confirmed initial findings and demonstrated the first report of FBZ resistance in N. battus whilst providing evidence that the P200 point mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene is a potential mechanism of resistance in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Sian Mitchell
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Camarthen, Job's Well Road, Johnstown, Camarthen, SE31 3EZ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Mearns
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Penrith, Merrythought, Calthwaite, Penrith, Cumbria, CA11 9RR, UK.
| | - Iain Richards
- Care of Westmorland Veterinary Group, Riverside Business Park, Natland Road, Kendal, LA9 7SX, UK.
| | - Jacqui B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Laing R, Kikuchi T, Martinelli A, Tsai IJ, Beech RN, Redman E, Holroyd N, Bartley DJ, Beasley H, Britton C, Curran D, Devaney E, Gilabert A, Hunt M, Jackson F, Johnston SL, Kryukov I, Li K, Morrison AA, Reid AJ, Sargison N, Saunders GI, Wasmuth JD, Wolstenholme A, Berriman M, Gilleard JS, Cotton JA. The genome and transcriptome of Haemonchus contortus, a key model parasite for drug and vaccine discovery. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R88. [PMID: 23985316 PMCID: PMC4054779 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-8-r88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus is the most widely used parasitic nematode in drug discovery, vaccine development and anthelmintic resistance research. Its remarkable propensity to develop resistance threatens the viability of the sheep industry in many regions of the world and provides a cautionary example of the effect of mass drug administration to control parasitic nematodes. Its phylogenetic position makes it particularly well placed for comparison with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the most economically important parasites of livestock and humans. RESULTS Here we report the detailed analysis of a draft genome assembly and extensive transcriptomic dataset for H. contortus. This represents the first genome to be published for a strongylid nematode and the most extensive transcriptomic dataset for any parasitic nematode reported to date. We show a general pattern of conservation of genome structure and gene content between H. contortus and C. elegans, but also a dramatic expansion of important parasite gene families. We identify genes involved in parasite-specific pathways such as blood feeding, neurological function, and drug metabolism. In particular, we describe complete gene repertoires for known drug target families, providing the most comprehensive understanding yet of the action of several important anthelmintics. Also, we identify a set of genes enriched in the parasitic stages of the lifecycle and the parasite gut that provide a rich source of vaccine and drug target candidates. CONCLUSIONS The H. contortus genome and transcriptome provide an essential platform for postgenomic research in this and other important strongylid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Laing
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692 Japan
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692 Japan
| | - Robin N Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Helen Beasley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Curran
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Aude Gilabert
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Martin Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Frank Jackson
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Stephanie L Johnston
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ivan Kryukov
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Keyu Li
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Gary I Saunders
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James D Wasmuth
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Adrian Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN, Wildblood LA, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Bartley Y, Longhi C, McKendrick IJ, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Matthews JB. Successful immunization against a parasitic nematode by vaccination with recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2013; 31:4017-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zeng L, Biernacka KM, Holly JMP, Jarrett C, Morrison AA, Morgan A, Winters ZE, Foulstone EJ, Shield JP, Perks CM. Hyperglycaemia confers resistance to chemotherapy on breast cancer cells: the role of fatty acid synthase. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:539-51. [PMID: 20356977 DOI: 10.1677/erc-09-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for women with breast cancer is adversely affected by the comorbidities of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM), which are conditions associated with elevated levels of circulating fatty acids, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. We investigated the effects of exposure of non-malignant and malignant human breast epithelial cells to elevated levels of fatty acids and glucose on their growth, survival and response to chemotherapeutic agents. We found that palmitate induced cell death in the non-malignant cells but not in the malignant cells, which was abrogated through the inhibition of ceramide production and by oleate but not by IGF1. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids from sugars, and is over-expressed in many epithelial cancers. Abundance of FAS was higher in malignant cells than in non-malignant cells, and was up-regulated by IGF1 in both cell types. IGF-induced growth of non-malignant cells was unaffected by suppression of FAS expression, whereas that of malignant cells was blocked as was their resistance to palmitate-induced cell death. Palmitate did not affect cell proliferation, whereas oleate promoted the growth of non-malignant cells but had the opposite effect, that is, inhibition of IGF1-induced growth of malignant cells. However, when the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway was inhibited, oleate enhanced IGF1-induced growth in both cell types. Hyperglycaemia conferred resistance on malignant cells, but not on non-malignant cells, to chemotherapy-induced cell death. This resistance was overcome by inhibiting FAS or ceramide production. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the associations between obesity, DM and breast cancer may lead to more effective treatment regimens and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zeng
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences North Bristol, Learning & Research Building, 2nd floor, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Perks CM, Morrison AA, Zeng L, Jarrett C, Shield J, Winters ZE, Holly JMP. Actions of IGF-I are differentially regulated by fatty acids in normal and breast cancer epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3300742 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Morrison AA, Venables JP, Dellaire G, Ladomery MR. The Wilms tumour suppressor protein WT1 (+KTS isoform) binds alpha-actinin 1 mRNA via its zinc-finger domain. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:789-98. [PMID: 17167543 DOI: 10.1139/o06-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in WT1 are associated with developmental syndromes that affect the urogenital system and neoplasms, including Wilms tumour, acute myeloid leukemia, and breast and prostate cancers. The WT1 protein belongs to the early growth response family of zinc-finger transcription factors. Uniquely to WT1, an evolutionarily conserved alternative splice event inserts the tripeptide KTS, between zinc fingers 3 and 4. Whereas -KTS isoforms bind DNA and activate or repress transcription, +KTS isoforms bind DNA less efficiently and interact with splice factors and RNA in vitro and in vivo. Although candidate DNA targets have been found, physiological mRNA targets are yet to be defined. We examined the distribution of WT1 in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in nuclear extract prepared from M15 cells, a mouse mesonephric fetal kidney cell line. WT1 cofractionated with the splice factor PSF in large RNP particles >or=2 MDa. We also found that PSF co-immunoprecipitated with WT1, suggesting a functional interaction between these 2 multifunctional proteins. Using yeast three-hybrid library constructed from the co-immunoprecipitated RNA we found that WT1 (+KTS) binds close to or at the start codon of alpha-actinin 1 (ACTN1) mRNA. A band shift assay confirmed the ability of the WT1 zinc-finger domain (+KTS) to bind this sequence in vitro. ACTN1 is the first likely physiological mRNA target of WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Morrison
- Bristol Genomics Research Institute, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Abstract
Bilateral thermal lesions in the feline pontine tegmentum release elaborate behaviours during rapid eye movement sleep (REM). The behaviours, which are lesion-site specific, are consistent with the brain's paradoxical appearance of 'alertness' in REM and are largely isolated from environmental events, as are human dreams. This phenomenon may aid in understanding the neurophysiology underlying human dreams but offers little to the unravelling of their cognitive aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Morrison
- Laboratories of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Morrison AA. The aetiology of mental retardation. N Z Med J 1977; 85:103-5. [PMID: 266643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological factors related to mental retardation are tabulated and discussed. The data comprise part of the findings of a large scale sociological survey of mental retardation and show that approximately 65% of subjects classified as "mentally retarded" have a specific diagnosis.
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