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Survival of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to in vitro segments of sheep gastrointestinal tract. Exp Parasitol 2021; 231:108172. [PMID: 34774533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is used in integrated management of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. The chlamydospores of the fungus, orally administered, pass through the segments of the ruminant digestive tract and, in the feces, capture the nematodes preventing their migration to grasslands. The drastic conditions of the gastrointestinal segments can negatively affect the fungus' biocontrol activity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of in vitro conditions of the sheep's main gastrointestinal segments on the concentration, viability and nematode predatory ability of D. flagrans chlamydospores. The segments evaluated separately in vitro were the oral cavity, rumen, abomasum, and small intestine. The results showed that chlamydospores concentration was not affected by exposure to the different segments. The viability of the chlamydospores after exposure to the oral cavity (2.53 × 106 CFU/mL) and small intestine (1.24 × 105 CFU/mL) was significantly lower than its control treatment, with values of 6.67 × 106 CFU/mL and 2.31 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. Nematode predatory ability after rumen exposure was reduced by 7% compared to the control treatment, by 25% after abomasum exposure and by 17% after small intestine. This study revealed the individual in vitro effect of each segment of ovine gastrointestinal tract on the integrity of this strain of the fungus D. flagrans affecting its viability and nematode predatory ability under the evaluated conditions. Delivery systems could be designed to protect chlamydospores considering the impact of each gastrointestinal segment.
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Charlier J, Thamsborg SM, Bartley DJ, Skuce PJ, Kenyon F, Geurden T, Hoste H, Williams AR, Sotiraki S, Höglund J, Chartier C, Geldhof P, van Dijk J, Rinaldi L, Morgan ER, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Mind the gaps in research on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed ruminants and pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:217-234. [PMID: 29124904 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode control has an important role to play in increasing livestock production from a limited natural resource base and to improve animal health and welfare. In this synthetic review, we identify key research priorities for GI nematode control in farmed ruminants and pigs, to support the development of roadmaps and strategic research agendas by governments, industry and policymakers. These priorities were derived from the DISCONTOOLS gap analysis for nematodes and follow-up discussions within the recently formed Livestock Helminth Research Alliance (LiHRA). In the face of ongoing spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR), we are increasingly faced with a failure of existing control methods against GI nematodes. Effective vaccines against GI nematodes are generally not available, and anthelmintic treatment will therefore remain a cornerstone for their effective control. At the same time, consumers and producers are increasingly concerned with environmental issues associated with chemical parasite control. To address current challenges in GI nematode control, it is crucial to deepen our insights into diverse aspects of epidemiology, AR, host immune mechanisms and the socio-psychological aspects of nematode control. This will enhance the development, and subsequent uptake, of the new diagnostics, vaccines, pharma-/nutraceuticals, control methods and decision support tools required to respond to the spread of AR and the shifting epidemiology of GI nematodes in response to climatic, land-use and farm husbandry changes. More emphasis needs to be placed on the upfront evaluation of the economic value of these innovations as well as the socio-psychological aspects to prioritize research and facilitate uptake of innovations in practice. Finally, targeted regulatory guidance is needed to create an innovation-supportive environment for industries and to accelerate the access to market of new control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.,Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - P J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - H Hoste
- UMR IHAP 1225, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Sotiraki
- VetResInst, HAO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Höglund
- BVF, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - P Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J van Dijk
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, North Somerset, UK
| | | | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Silva MED, Braga FR, Borges LA, Oliveira PD, Lima WDS, Araújo JVD. Producción de conidios y clamidosporas de los hongos Duddingtonia flagrans y Monacrosporium thaumasium en diferentes medios sólidos. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000942013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMEN Las especies Duddingtonia flagrans y Monacrosporium thaumasium son micro-hongos considerados promisorios agentes del control biológico de parásitos. Bajo condiciones adversas como la falta de nutrientes, estos hongos producen esporas capaces de sobrevivieren después de pasar por el tracto gastrointestinal de los animales. La formación de estas estructuras es una característica deseable ya que promueve la sobrevivencia y la diseminación de los hongos para propósitos de biocontrol. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la producción de esporas de dos especies de hongos nematófagos D. flagrans (aislados AC001 y CG722) y M. thaumasium (NF34A). Estos fueron cultivados en los subproductos agroindustriales, que tenían el intento de identificar el mejor medio para uso en programas de biocontrol de nematodos. Diferentes volúmenes (10, 15 y 20 mL) de masa micelial fueron utilizados como inóculos iniciales y adicionados a 100 gramos de medios de crecimientos sólidos (sémola de arroz - QA; sémola de maíz - QM; bagazo de caña - BC; paja de arroz - PA y cascara de café - CC) y mantenidos a 25°C en la obscuridad para evaluar la producción de esporas. Los aislados AC001 y CG722 mostraron las mejores producciones en el medio de la QA (p<0,05). El volumen de 20 mL de masa micelial utilizado como inóculo inicial proporcionó una mayor recuperación de esporas. El aislado NF34A presentó una baja o nula producción de estructuras reproductivas en los diferentes volúmenes y medios de crecimientos utilizados. La mejor producción de esporas se obtuvo utilizando subproductos de la agroindustria con mayor densidad proteica y energética.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Eduardo da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Zhao H, Qiao J, Meng Q, Gong S, Chen C, Liu T, Tian L, Cai X, Luo J, Chen C. Expression of serine proteinase P186 of Arthrobotrys oligospora and analysis of its nematode-degrading activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1485-1494. [PMID: 26419902 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nematode-trapping fungi possess a unique capability of predating and invading nematodes. As a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora has been widely used to study the interactions between nematode-trapping fungi and their hosts. Serine proteinase is one of the important virulence factors during process of invasion of the nematode-trapping fungi into nematodes. In this study, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we amplified the gene sequence of serine proteinase 186 from A. oligospora, cloned it into pPIC9K vector and expressed it in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The expressed recombinant serine proteinase186 (reP186) was purified via Ni-affinity chromatography. The in vitro nematode-degrading activity of reP186 was analyzed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis revealed that reP186 with molecular weight of 33 kDa was successfully obtained. ReP186 was capable of degrading a series of protein substrates including casein, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, denatured collagen and nematode cortical layer. The reP186 exhibited the maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 55 °C and was highly sensitive to the inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride. Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus with reP186 for 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively, resulted in 62, 88 and 100 % of killing rates for C. elegans, and 52, 65 and 84 % of killing rates for H. contortus, respectively, indicating a relatively strong nematode-degrading bioactivity of reP186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qingling Meng
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shasha Gong
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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Wang BB, Liu W, Chen MY, Li X, Han Y, Xu Q, Sun LJ, Xie DQ, Cai KZ, Liu YZ, Liu JL, Yi LX, Wang H, Zhao MW, Li XS, Wu JY, Yang J, Wang YY. Isolation and Characterization of China Isolates ofDuddingtonia flagrans, a Candidate of the Nematophagous Fungi for Biocontrol of Animal Parasitic Nematodes. J Parasitol 2015; 101:476-84. [DOI: 10.1645/14-715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Helminth Egg Removal Capacity of UASB Reactors under Subtropical Conditions. WATER 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/w7052402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu W, Han Y, Wang BB, Sun LJ, Chen MY, Cai KZ, Li X, Zhao MW, Xu CL, Xu Q, Yi LX, Wang H, Xie DQ, Li XS, Wu JY, Yang J, Wei S, Li D, Chen CR, Zheng TH, Li Q, Peng JW. Isolation, identification, and characterization of the nematophagous fungusMonacrosporium salinumfrom China. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yuan Han
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bo-bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Long-jie Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-yue Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Kui-zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-wang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-lan Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Lin-xin Yi
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - De-qiong Xie
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-shan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia-yan Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Shuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-rong Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Tian-hui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jian-wei Peng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium in the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in female bovines bred in the semiarid region. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:101-6. [PMID: 24477840 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brazil has a herd of 212 million cattle and 171 million hectares of pastures that produce approximately 96 % of Brazilian beef. The Brazilian production system enables animal infection by endoparasites, which are considered one of the main obstacles for the development of this industry and are responsible for considerable economic losses. The control of parasitic diseases is performed via the administration of antiparasitic drugs, but they leave residues of the products in the treated animal, affect non-target organisms and select resistant strains of the parasites. The species D. flagrans and M. thaumasium are promising and sustainable alternatives for controlling gastrointestinal helminths of ruminants and other herbivores. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of isolates of these species, formulated in a sodium alginate matrix and administered twice a week, to reduce the number of environmental infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes that affect prepubescent zebu females. The treated animals presented fewer eggs and a lower number of infective larvae per gram of faeces (p < 0.05). The pastures occupied by treated animals showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the number of L3 and, furthermore, the genera Cooperia sp., Haemonchus sp., and Oesophagostomum sp. were the most prevalent. The average weight of the animals did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) among the treated and control groups. The use of sodium alginate pellets as vehicle for delivery of the fungus mycelia D. flagrans (isolate AC001) and M. thaumasium (isolate NF34A) proved effective in controlling trichostrongylids in prepubescent cows bred in the semi-arid region, with an effective reduction in the number of infective larvae in the pastures.
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Junwei W, Qingling M, Jun Q, Weisheng W, Shuangqing C, Jianxun L, Chunguang Z, Chuangfu C. The recombinant serine proteaseXAoz1ofArthrobotrys oligosporaexhibits potent nematicidal activity againstCaenorhabditis elegansandHaemonchus contortus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 344:53-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Junwei
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Meng Qingling
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Qiao Jun
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Wang Weisheng
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Chen Shuangqing
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Luo Jianxun
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou; Gansu; China
| | - Zhao Chunguang
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
| | - Chen Chuangfu
- Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary; College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi; Xinjiang; China
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Srinivasan J, Dillman AR, Macchietto MG, Heikkinen L, Lakso M, Fracchia KM, Antoshechkin I, Mortazavi A, Wong G, Sternberg PW. The draft genome and transcriptome of Panagrellus redivivus are shaped by the harsh demands of a free-living lifestyle. Genetics 2013; 193:1279-95. [PMID: 23410827 PMCID: PMC3606103 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.148809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes compose an abundant and diverse invertebrate phylum with members inhabiting nearly every ecological niche. Panagrellus redivivus (the "microworm") is a free-living nematode frequently used to understand the evolution of developmental and behavioral processes given its phylogenetic distance to Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we report the de novo sequencing of the genome, transcriptome, and small RNAs of P. redivivus. Using a combination of automated gene finders and RNA-seq data, we predict 24,249 genes and 32,676 transcripts. Small RNA analysis revealed 248 microRNA (miRNA) hairpins, of which 63 had orthologs in other species. Fourteen miRNA clusters containing 42 miRNA precursors were found. The RNA interference, dauer development, and programmed cell death pathways are largely conserved. Analysis of protein family domain abundance revealed that P. redivivus has experienced a striking expansion of BTB domain-containing proteins and an unprecedented expansion of the cullin scaffold family of proteins involved in multi-subunit ubiquitin ligases, suggesting proteolytic plasticity and/or tighter regulation of protein turnover. The eukaryotic release factor protein family has also been dramatically expanded and suggests an ongoing evolutionary arms race with viruses and transposons. The P. redivivus genome provides a resource to advance our understanding of nematode evolution and biology and to further elucidate the genomic architecture leading to free-living lineages, taking advantage of the many fascinating features of this worm revealed by comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Srinivasan
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Marissa G. Macchietto
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Liisa Heikkinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Merja Lakso
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kelley M. Fracchia
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Garry Wong
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
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Falbo MK, Soccol VT, Sandini IE, Vicente VA, Robl D, Soccol CR. Isolation and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys conoides. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:177-85. [PMID: 22992897 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spread of organic farming and the development of resistance to anthelmintics by parasites, especially in small ruminants, have necessitated the search for alternative methods of nematode control. Biological control using nematophagous fungi is one option; however, few studies have been conducted with native strains. The present study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, we aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi that had been isolated on Trichostrongylidae third-instar larvae. In the second phase, the isolate with superior predatory activity in vitro was molecularly characterized, and its morphological plasticity was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on Haemonchus third-instar larvae. Of the 56 soil samples from different regions of Paraná State, Brazil, 57 fungal strains were recovered, of which four exhibited predatory activity. Two pure isolates were obtained: the CED and LIN strains. After demonstrating 96.35 % predatory activity for the CED strain, this strain was selected and characterized using molecular criteria by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer and was identified as Arthrobotrys conoides (GenBank ID: JN191309). Morphological patterns in this strain during the interaction between the fungus and the nematode were revealed by SEM, in which two extensions of the infection bulb that was used to pierce the nematode's cuticle were clearly visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Kimie Falbo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03. CEDETEG, Guarapuava, PR, CEP 85040-080, Brazil.
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