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Kołodziej P, Wujec M, Doligalska M, Makuch-Kocka A, Khylyuk D, Bogucki J, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Roczeń-Karczmarz M, Studzińska M, Tomczuk K, Kocki M, Reszka-Kocka P, Granica S, Typek R, Dawidowicz AL, Kocki J, Bogucka-Kocka A. Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of novel thiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study. J Adv Res 2024; 60:57-73. [PMID: 37467960 PMCID: PMC11156610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal parasitic infections are neglected diseases and, due to the increasing resistance of parasites to available drugs, they pose an increasing therapeutic challenge. Therefore, there is a great need for finding new compounds with antiparasitic activity. OBJECTIVES In this work, new thiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized and tested for their anthelmintic activity. METHODS The synthesis was carried out by classical methods of organic chemistry. Anthelmintic activity tests were carried out in vitro (Rhabditis sp., Haemonchus contortus, Strongylidae sp.) in vivo (Heligmosomoides polygyrus/bakeri), and in silico analysis was performed. RESULTS Quinoline-6-carboxylic acid derivative compounds were designed and synthesized. The highest activity in the screening tests in the Rhabditis model was demonstrated by compound II-1 with a methoxyphenyl substituent LC50 = 0.3 mg/mL. In the next stage of the research, compound II-1 was analyzed in the H. contortus model. The results showed that compound II-1 was active and had ovicidal (percentage of dead eggs > 45 %) and larvicidal (percentage of dead larvae > 75 %) properties. Studies in the Strongylidae sp. model confirmed the ovicidal activity of compound II-1 (percentage of dead eggs ≥ 55 %). In vivo studies conducted in the H. polygyrus/bakeri nematode model showed that the number of nematodes decreased by an average of 30 % under the influence of compound II-1. In silico studies have shown two possible modes of action of compound II-1, i.e. inhibition of tubulin polymerization and SDH. The test compound did not show any systemic toxic effects. Its influence on drug metabolism related to the activity of cytochrome CYP450 enzymes was also investigated. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies indicate that the test compound can be described as a HIT, which in the future may be used in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Kołodziej
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Parasitology, Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Wujec
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Doligalska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Makuch-Kocka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 Street, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dmytro Khylyuk
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Demkowska-Kutrzepa
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Roczeń-Karczmarz
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Studzińska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tomczuk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Kocki
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Reszka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Typek
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 3 Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej L Dawidowicz
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 3 Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 Street, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Anderson HC, Warner SF, Ripley NE, Nielsen MK. Performance of three techniques for diagnosing equine tapeworm infection. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110152. [PMID: 38430622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Tapeworm infection in horses can cause serious health concerns, and recent data have documented treatment failures in the most common species, Anoplocephala perfoliata. The threat of anthelmintic resistance in A. perfoliata is of particular concern because of poor diagnostic performance of standard egg counting techniques for detecting this parasite. This study compared the performance of three diagnostic techniques 1) Mini-FLOTAC, 2) Cornell-Wisconsin, and 3) Proudman and Edwards used to detect and quantify A. perfoliata eggs in naturally infected horses. Eighteen adult female horses from the University of Kentucky's historic parasitology herd were included in this study. Fecal samples were collected from all horses at five collection time points two weeks apart and analyzed with the three techniques. A total of 90 samples were collected and 270 counts determined in the study. The proportions of positive samples determined by the three techniques were significantly different from each other (p<0.05): Mini-FLOTAC (16%), Cornell-Wisconsin (47%), and Proudman and Edwards (70%). The Proudman and Edwards technique counted consistently higher numbers of tapeworm eggs compared to the other two techniques throughout the study [p < 0.05]. Total raw counts of tapeworm eggs across the study for each technique were 16, 88, and 410 for the Mini-FLOTAC, Cornell-Wisconsin, and Proudman and Edwards, respectively. This study demonstrated that the Proudman and Edwards technique was superior in diagnosing A. perfoliata infection. Future work needs to assess this technique's potential for Fecal Egg Count Reduction Testing (FECRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey C Anderson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
| | - Shaelin F Warner
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Nichol E Ripley
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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Burcáková L, Königová A, Kuzmina TA, Austin CJ, Matthews JB, Lightbody KL, Peczak NA, Syrota Y, Várady M. Equine tapeworm (Anoplocephala spp.) infection: evaluation of saliva- and serum-based antibody detection methods and risk factor analysis in Slovak horse populations. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3037-3052. [PMID: 37803152 PMCID: PMC10667452 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of accurate information on the prevalence and distribution of Anoplocephala spp. infections on horse farms has led to insufficient attention to tapeworm control and increasing horse anoplocephaloses in Europe. Our study aimed to examine the occurrence of Anoplocephala spp. infection using coprological, serum- and saliva-based antibody detection methods and to analyze the risk factors associated with tapeworm infection in domestic horses in Slovakia. Fecal, serum, and saliva samples were collected from 427 horses from 31 farms in Slovakia. Additionally, a questionnaire study was conducted to collect information on tapeworm distribution on horse farms and analyze risk factors associated with infection. Fecal samples were examined by the mini-FLOTAC and the double centrifugation/combined sedimentation-flotation techniques. Serum and saliva samples were analyzed by ELISA to determine antibody levels against Anoplocephala spp. The effects of variables associated with an individual horse were tested for the positive result of the saliva ELISA test on Anoplocephala spp. Cestode eggs were detected in 1.99% of fecal samples (farm prevalence 12.90%), with no differences between the two coprological methods. Serum-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed that 39.39% of horses tested positive (farm prevalence 83.87%); while saliva-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed 56.95% positive horses (farm prevalence 96.77%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed four meaningful predictors that significantly impacted the likelihood of detecting tapeworm infection in horses: horse age, pasture size, anthelmintic treatment scheme, and access to pasture. The influences of other variables associated with an individual horse were not significantly associated with detecting tapeworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Burcáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Kosice, 04001, Slovakia
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, Kosice, 04181, Slovakia
| | - Alzbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Kosice, 04001, Slovakia
| | - Tetiana A Kuzmina
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Kosice, 04001, Slovakia.
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Bogdan Khmelnytsky Street, 15, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine.
| | - Corrine J Austin
- Austin Davis Biologics Ltd, Unit 1 Denfield Lodge, Lower Street, Great Addington, Northants, NN14 4BL, UK
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Austin Davis Biologics Ltd, Unit 1 Denfield Lodge, Lower Street, Great Addington, Northants, NN14 4BL, UK
| | - Kirsty L Lightbody
- Austin Davis Biologics Ltd, Unit 1 Denfield Lodge, Lower Street, Great Addington, Northants, NN14 4BL, UK
| | - Natalia A Peczak
- Austin Davis Biologics Ltd, Unit 1 Denfield Lodge, Lower Street, Great Addington, Northants, NN14 4BL, UK
| | - Yaroslav Syrota
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Kosice, 04001, Slovakia
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Bogdan Khmelnytsky Street, 15, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marian Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Kosice, 04001, Slovakia
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Matthews JB, Peczak N, Lightbody KL. The Use of Innovative Diagnostics to Inform Sustainable Control of Equine Helminth Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1233. [PMID: 37887749 PMCID: PMC10610145 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are commonly found in grazing equids, with cyathostomin nematodes and the cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata being the most prevalent. Most horses harbour low burdens of these parasites and do not develop signs of infection; however, in a small number of animals, high burdens can accumulate and cause disease. Cyathostomins are associated with a syndrome known as larval cyathostominosis. This occurs when large numbers of larvae emerge from the large intestinal wall. This disease has a case fatality rate of up to 50%. A. perfoliata infection has been associated with various types of colic, with burdens of >20 worms associated with pathogenicity. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious problem in cyathostomins and is emerging in A. perfoliata. Control methods that reduce reliance on anthelmintics now need to be applied, especially as no new dewormer compounds are on the horizon. Sustainable control methods must employ diagnostics to identify horses that require treatment. Coprological tests (faecal egg counts, FECs) have been used for several decades to inform treatment decisions to reduce helminth egg shedding. These tests cannot be used to assess host burdens as FECs do not correlate with cyathostomin or A. perfoliata burdens. In the last decade, new tests have become available that measure parasite-specific antibodies, the levels of which have been shown to correlate with parasite burden. These tests measure antigen-specific IgG(T) and are available in serum (cyathostomin, A. perfoliata) or saliva (A. perfoliata) formats. Tests for other helminths have been developed as research tools and need to be translated to support equine clinicians in practice. A key element of sustainable control strategies is that diagnostics must be used in combination with management approaches to reduce environmental transmission of helminths; this will help limit the proportion of horses harbouring parasite burdens that need to be targeted by treatment. This manuscript provides a review of the development, performance and general utility of various diagnostic methods for informing equine helminth management decisions.
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Nielsen MK. Apparent treatment failure of praziquantel and pyrantel pamoate against anoplocephalid tapeworms. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:96-101. [PMID: 37354849 PMCID: PMC10331019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Anoplocephalid tapeworms are commonly occurring in grazing horses around the world. Two currently available anthelmintics have documented high efficacy against Anoplocephala perfoliata; praziquantel in various dosages ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/kg and pyrantel pamoate administered at 13.2 mg base/kg. Anthelmintic resistance has not been reported in A. perfoliata, but anecdotal reports made during 2022 have suggested a possible loss of efficacy for both actives. This paper reports fecal egg count data from a Thoroughbred operation in Central Kentucky in 2023. Fifty-six yearlings were first dewormed with a combination of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) and praziquantel (1.5 mg/kg) and subsequently treated with pyrantel pamoate (13.2 mg base/kg). Fecal egg counts were determined at the day of treatment and again 14 days post-treatment. Two groups of mares (n = 39 and 45) were also treated with ivermectin/praziquantel and examined pre- and post-treatment. Low efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate was demonstrated against strongylid parasites in the yearlings with mean Fecal Egg Count Reductions (FECRs) at 75.6% or below and upper 95% credible interval (CI) limits below 90% in all cases. Overall anti-cestodal FECR levels in the yearlings were 23.5% (95% CI: 11.2-48.0) for praziquantel and 50.9% (20.5-72.0) for pyrantel pamoate. Praziquantel eliminated anoplocephalid eggs from three of 17 yearlings, but another 5 yearlings went from negative to positive status following treatment. Pyrantel pamoate failed to eliminate anoplocephalid eggs from any of 14 treated tapeworm-positive yearlings. Nine of 84 mares tested positive for anoplocephalid eggs, and seven of these were still positive post praziquantel treatment. These findings sharply contrast data from historic field efficacy studies conducted for both actives and raise concern about anthelmintic resistance having possibly developed. This emphasizes the need for developing and refining antemortem methodologies for evaluating anti-cestodal treatment efficacy and for searching for possible alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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6
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Ilić T, Bogunović D, Nenadović K, Gajić B, Dimitrijević S, Popović G, Kulišić Z, Milosavljević P. Gastrointestinal Helminths in Horses in Serbia and Various Factors Affecting the Prevalence. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:56-69. [PMID: 36350537 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data on gastrointestinal infections in horses in Southeastern Europe are limited; thus, this study aimed to add to the existing knowledge on this topic by reporting on the prevalence of intestinal parasites of horses in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. METHODS In the period from April 2017 to December 2018, parasitological examination of 548 samples from horses of different breed, age and sex from four regions and 18 districts of the country was performed. Coprological diagnostic was done by using qualitative methods without concentration and qualitative methods with concentration of parasitic elements. Quantification of the obtained results was performed using semi-qualitative faecal egg count. RESULTS Four helminthoses were detected in the examined samples: P. equorum (8.57%), O. equi (3.65%), strongylid eggs (71.17%) and Anoplocephala spp. (0.91%). The total prevalence of helminthoses was 77.19%. Monoinfections were significantly more present 70.07% compared to coinfections (7.12%). The highest prevalence of helminthoses was detected in free-ranging horses (93.10%-27/29), in autumn 86.67% (117/135) and winter 79.71% (165/207), in Šumadija and West Serbia region (100%), and in the youngest category (100%). Significant difference (p < 0.001) was detected in the prevalence of monoinfections by strongylids and O. equi and also coinfections by strongylid/P. equorum between horses of different age categories. CONCLUSION Obtained results are of great contribution to clinical parasitology and pathology, especially from the aspect of animal health, welfare and preservation of horse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ilić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Bogunović
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nenadović
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Gajić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 1555, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sanda Dimitrijević
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gorana Popović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Kulišić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milosavljević
- Department of Surgery, Orthopedy and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Kuzmina TA, van Doorn DC, Meana A, Rehbein S, Elliott T, Reinemeyer CR. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): Third edition of guideline for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lawson AL, Pittaway CE, Sparrow RM, Balkwill EC, Coles GC, Tilley A, Wilson AD. Analysis of caecal mucosal inflammation and immune modulation during Anoplocephala perfoliata infection of horses. Parasite Immunol 2020; 41:e12667. [PMID: 31442318 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anoplocephala perfoliata is the commonest equine tapeworm, the adult parasites are attached in groups close to the ileocaecal valve causing marked inflammatory pathology. This work aimed to characterize the nature of the in vivo mucosal immune response to A perfoliata, and to investigate the role of A perfoliata excretory-secretory components in modulating in vitro immune responses. Real-time PCR detected elevation of IL13 and TGFβ transcription in early-stage A perfoliata infection. In late-stage infection, IL-13, IL4 and Ifn transcripts were reduced while the regulatory cytokines, TGFβ, IL10 and the transcription factor FOXP3 were increased in tissue close to the site of A perfoliata attachment; indicating downregulation of T-cell responses to A perfoliata. In vitro, A perfoliata excretory-secretory products induced apoptosis of the Jurkat T-cell line and premature cell death of ConA stimulated equine peripheral blood leucocytes. Analysis of cytokine transcription patterns in the leucocyte cultures showed a marked inhibition of IL-1 and IL-2 suggesting that a lack of T-cell growth factor transcription underlies the mechanism of the induced equine T-cell death. These preliminary findings suggest A perfoliata may have the ability to down-regulate host T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Lawson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Charles E Pittaway
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Sparrow
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily C Balkwill
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerald C Coles
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alice Tilley
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Douglas Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Sallé G, Guillot J, Tapprest J, Foucher N, Sevin C, Laugier C. Compilation of 29 years of postmortem examinations identifies major shifts in equine parasite prevalence from 2000 onwards. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:125-132. [PMID: 31981673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Horses are infected by a wide range of parasite species that form complex communities. Parasite control imposes significant constraints on parasite communities whose monitoring remains, however, difficult to track through time. Postmortem examination is a reliable method to quantify parasite communities. Here, we compiled 1,673 necropsy reports accumulated over 29 years, in the reference necropsy centre from Normandy (France). The burden of non-strongylid species was quantified and the presence of strongylid species was noted. Details of horse deworming history and the cause of death were registered. Building on these data, we investigated the temporal trend in non-strongylid epidemiology and we determined the contribution of parasites to the deaths of horses throughout the study period. Data analyses revealed the seasonal variations of non-strongylid parasite abundance and reduced worm burden in race horses. Beyond these observations, we found a shift in the species responsible for fatal parasitic infection from the year 2000 onward, whereby fatal cyathostominosis and Parascaris spp. infection have replaced cases of death caused by Strongylus vulgaris and tapeworms. A concomitant break in the temporal trend of parasite species prevalence was also found within a 10 year window (1998-2007) that has seen the rise of Parascaris spp. and the decline of both Gasterophilus spp. and tapeworms. A few cases of parasite persistence following deworming were identified, which all occurred after 2000. Altogether, these findings provide insights into major shifts in non-strongylid parasite prevalence and abundance over the last 29 years. They also underscore the critical importance of Parascaris spp. in young equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sallé
- INRAE, U. de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - J Guillot
- Parasitology Department, EA Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, USC ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J Tapprest
- ANSES Laboratory of Animal Health in Normandy, Goustranville, France
| | - N Foucher
- ANSES Laboratory of Animal Health in Normandy, Goustranville, France
| | - C Sevin
- ANSES Laboratory of Animal Health in Normandy, Goustranville, France
| | - C Laugier
- ANSES Laboratory of Animal Health in Normandy, Goustranville, France
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Hreinsdóttir I, Hreinsdóttir A, Eydal M, Tysnes KR, Robertson LJ. Anoplocephala perfoliata Infection in Horses in Iceland: Investigation of Associations between Intensity of Infection and Lesions. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hreinsdóttir
- Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Audur Hreinsdóttir
- Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthías Eydal
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kristoffer Relling Tysnes
- Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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Engell-Sørensen K, Pall A, Damgaard C, Holmstrup M. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of equine tapeworms using coprological diagnosis during a seven-year period in Denmark. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:22-25. [PMID: 31014802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of equine tapeworms, Anoplocephala spp., in Danish horses during a seven-year period assessed by coprological analysis. The data material included >11,000 observations distributed over the period 2009-2015, and four major geographic regions in Denmark representing sandy soils and clayey moraine soils, respectively. This allowed us to test for possible differences between regions (or soil types) and seasons. For a sub-set of the data (about 1200 observations) age of horses was also known, and it was shown that prevalence was highest in the age group 1-5years and then declined with age. We observed no significant difference in the prevalence of Anoplocephala spp. across the geographic regions suggesting that risk of infection was largely the same irrespective the soil types included in the study. Autumn was the season with highest prevalence. However, seasonality was not very marked, and our results show that egg-producing Anoplocephala spp. are found in Danish horses year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adina Pall
- Hestelaboratoriet, Terp Skovvej 107B, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Christian Damgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Lightbody KL, Matthews JB, Kemp‐Symonds JG, Lambert PA, Austin CJ. Use of a saliva‐based diagnostic test to identify tapeworm infection in horses in the UK. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:213-219. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P. A. Lambert
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University Birmingham UK
| | - C. J. Austin
- Austin Davis Biologics Great Addington Northamptonshire UK
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Factors affecting prevalence and abundance of A.perfoliata infections in horses from south-eastern Poland. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:19-24. [PMID: 28969775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine Anoplocephalosis constitute a significant problem in horses worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyse intrinsic (host age and sex) and extrinsic (management type, pasture type and moisture) factors that influence the prevalence and FEC of A. perfoliata infections. Faecal samples were collected from 994 horses managed in studs or individually between 2012 and 2014. The Sedimentation-flotation method was applied for coproscopic analysis, and faecal egg counts were calculated. The overall prevalence was 25.1% (21.4-29.0) with the highest prevalence (36.1% [28.1-44.8]) found in horses 10-20 years old. The individuals kept in studs showed three times higher A. perfoliata prevalence compared to the ones managed individually. The prevalence significantly differed between pasture types, with individuals kept in studs (37.6% [34.3-40.9]) showing four times higher prevalence than horses kept individually (9.2% [4.8-16.5]). More horses kept on watery (42.0% [36.6-47.6]) and semi-watery (35.9% [31.3-40.7]) pastures were infected than those on dry (6.6% [4.6-9.2]) pastures. The overall A. perfoliata FEC in all examined individual was 2.67 and differed within sex, with mares showing 4.3 - times higher FEC of infection than stallions. Horses bred in studs (3.65±0.289) showed higher FEC than these bred individually (1.28±0.198). There was the effect of pasture type on A. perfoliata FEC, with horses kept on joint pastures (4.06±0.29) showing higher FEC than individuals kept individually (0.88±0.23). Pasture moisture significantly affected A. perfoliata FEC with the highest FECs in horses from watery pastures. Horses bred on dry pastures showed 16 times lower FEC than horses bred on watery pastures. Host age also significantly affected A. perfoliata FEC, with the oldest individuals showing the highest mean FEC. The presented analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic factors may help to overcome A. perfoliata infections in horses in different breeding systems. Understanding the role of management and pasture type risk factors that influence this parasitosis may benefit both breeders and veterinary surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science; M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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