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Jouffroy S, Bordes L, Grisez C, Sutra JF, Cazajous T, Lafon J, Dumont N, Chastel M, Vial-Novella C, Achard D, Karembe H, Devaux M, Abbadie M, Delmas C, Lespine A, Jacquiet P. First report of eprinomectin-resistant isolates of Haemonchus contortus in 5 dairy sheep farms from the Pyrénées Atlantiques département in France. Parasitology 2023; 150:1-9. [PMID: 36661208 PMCID: PMC10090475 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection of sheep by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in pastoral systems such as those found in the South Western area of France, the Pyrénées Atlantiques, is one of the main reasons for economic loss and degradation of their welfare. In the present study, the efficacy of eprinomectin (EPN) was monitored on farms from this area following suspicion of lack of anthelmintic efficacy. Suspicions were raised by veterinarians, based on clinical signs ranging from milk and body condition loss, to anaemia, and mortality. Resistance was evaluated according to the World Association for the Advancement for Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines using fecal egg count reduction tests reinforced by individual analysis of drug concentration in the serum of all treated ewes by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). EPN was administered by subcutaneous (SC) and topical (T) route according to manufacturer's requirements, as well as by the oral route (O) with the topical solution according to off-labelled practices in the field. For the first time in France, the presence of resistant isolates of Haemonchus contortus to EPN was observed in 5 dairy sheep farms. The HPLC dosages showed exposure of worms to concentrations compatible with anthelmintic activity for animals treated by the SC and O routes. By contrast, they showed under exposure to the drug of most individuals treated by the T route. EPN is the only null milk withdrawal anthelmintic molecule currently available. The presence of resistant isolates of the pathogenic H. contortus to EPN in this important dairy region requires an urgent change in grazing, and sometimes production, systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jouffroy
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- CEVA Santé Animale, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - L. Bordes
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - C. Grisez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - J. F. Sutra
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - T. Cazajous
- Selarl Vétérinaire du Piémont, 64800 Mirepeix, France
| | - J. Lafon
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Haut Béarn, 64400 Oloron Ste Marie, France
| | - N. Dumont
- Vétérinaires Garazi, 64220 St Jean le Vieux, France
| | - M. Chastel
- Clinique du Saison, 64470 Tardets-Sorholus, France
| | | | - D. Achard
- CEVA Santé Animale, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - H. Karembe
- CEVA Santé Animale, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - M. Devaux
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - M. Abbadie
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - C. Delmas
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - A. Lespine
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - P. Jacquiet
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Hassan NMF, Ghazy AA. Advances in diagnosis and control of anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal helminths infecting ruminants. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:901-915. [PMID: 36091263 PMCID: PMC9458815 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with gastrointestinal helminths is widely spread among ruminant causing severe losses and adversely affects the livestock husbandry. Synthetic chemotherapeutics have been utilized throughout years, as a means of combating helminthiasis. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) has a serious concern on livestock industry which, mainly arises as outcome of misuse, improper dosing and frequent utilization of the synthetic drugs.Various gastrointestinal helminths have the capability to survive the therapeutic dose of anthelmintics and become resistant to the major anthelmintic classes. Early diagnosis might delay or reduce the risk of AR. Conventional phenotyping methods were commonly used for detection of anthelmintic resistant helminths, but appeared to lack of sensitivity, especially when the frequency of resistant allele is very low. Several molecular assays were carried out to detect the AR with greater accuracy. Sustainable effective preventive and control measures for gastrointestinal helminths infection remain the corner stone to overcome AR. Rational use of anthelmintics with keeping unexposed proportion of worm populations, could have the potentiality to maintain and prolong the efficacy of anthelmintics. Several alternative anthelmintic treatments might offer valuable solutions either alone or adjunct to synthetic drugs to dilute the spread of resistance alleles among the helminths population. This article reviews current status of various diagnostic methods and control measures for anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal helminths infecting ruminants and tries to present a practical protocol to avoid or delay the development of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. F. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box: 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Ghazy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box: 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Bordes L, Ticoulet D, Sutra JF, Lespine A, Jacquiet P. Lack of efficacy of topical administration of eprinomectin against gastrointestinal nematode in a French dairy sheep farm: A case of underexposure of worms. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bordes
- UMR INRAE/ENVT IHAP UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | | | | | - Anne Lespine
- UMR INRAE/ENVT INTHERES Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRAE/ENVT IHAP UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
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Reslova N, Skorpikova L, Kyrianova IA, Vadlejch J, Höglund J, Skuce P, Kasny M. The identification and semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR assays. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:391. [PMID: 34372893 PMCID: PMC8351436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants is routinely based on morphological/morphometric analysis of parasite specimens recovered by coprological methods, followed by larval culture (LC) techniques. Such an approach is laborious, time-consuming, requires a skilled expert, and moreover suffers from certain limitations. Molecular tools are able to overcome the majority of these issues, providing accurate identification of nematode species and, therefore, may be valuable in sustainable parasite control strategies. METHODS Two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for specific detection of five main and one invasive GIN species, including an internal amplification control to avoid false-negative results, were designed targeting SSU rRNA and COI genetic markers, as well as established ITS1/2 sequences. The assays were optimized for analysis of DNA extracted directly from sheep faeces and verified for Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, Chabertia ovina, and Ashworthius sidemi. Semi-quantitative evaluation of infection intensity was enabled using a plasmid construct and a dilution series of sheep faeces with a known number of nematode eggs. Assays were tested on 44 individually collected faecal samples from three farms, and results were compared to those from faecal egg counts (FEC) using the concentration McMaster technique and LC. RESULTS Multiplex real-time PCR assays showed great specificity to target nematodes. During the analysis of faecal samples, the assays proved to have higher sensitivity in strongylid-type egg detection over FEC by revealing three false-negative samples, while showing moderate agreement in evaluation of infection intensity. The multiplex assays further clarified GIN species identification compared to LC, which had confused determination of Teladorsagia spp. for Trichostrongylus spp. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplex assays proved to be a rapid and accurate approach enabling simultaneous and reliable GIN species identification from faeces and semi-quantitative estimation of the number of eggs present. This approach increases diagnostic value and may add a high degree of precision to evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy, where it is important to identify species surviving after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Skorpikova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Angela Kyrianova
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Queiroz C, Levy M, Avramenko R, Redman E, Kearns K, Swain L, Silas H, Uehlinger F, Gilleard JS. The use of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to enhance anthelmintic resistance diagnosis and surveillance of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:105-117. [PMID: 33027723 PMCID: PMC7548992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A lack of quantitative information on the species composition of parasite communities present in fecal samples is a major limiting factor for the sensitivity, accuracy and interpretation of the diagnostic tests commonly used to assess anthelmintic efficacy and resistance. In this paper, we investigate the ability of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to enhance fecal egg count reduction testing by providing information on the effect of drug treatments on individual parasite species. Application of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to fecal samples from ewes from over 90 flocks across western Canada revealed high gastrointestinal nematode infection intensities in many flocks with Haemonchus contortus being the most abundant species followed by Teladorsagia circumcincta and then Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Integration of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding with pre- and post-treatment fecal egg counting revealed consistently poor efficacy of producer-applied ivermectin and benzimidazole treatments against H. contortus, but much better efficacy against T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis, except for in a small number of flocks. Integration of nemabiome ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding with Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRT), undertaken on farm visits, confirmed that ivermectin and fenbendazole resistance is widespread in H. contortus but is currently less common in T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis in western Canada. FECRT/nemabiome testing did not detect moxidectin resistance in any GIN species but suggested the early emergence of levamisole resistance specifically in T. circumcincta. It also revealed that although poor efficacy to closantel was relatively common, based on total fecal egg counts, this was due to its narrow spectrum of activity rather than the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This study illustrates the value of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to improve fecal egg count resistance testing, perform large-scale anthelmintic resistance surveillance and direct more targeted rational anthelmintic use. Nemabiome metabarcoding in anthelmintic resistance diagnostics and surveillance. Producer-applied treatment results were consistent with controlled FECRT. Widespread BZ and IVM resistance in H. contortus in western Canada. Only sporadic BZ and IVM resistance T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis. Early levamisole resistance in T. circumcincta, closantel resistance not prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Queiroz
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Michel Levy
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Russell Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Kelsey Kearns
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Lana Swain
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Haley Silas
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Fabienne Uehlinger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Dr S7N5B4
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada.
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6
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Bordes L, Dumont N, Lespine A, Souil E, Sutra JF, Prévot F, Grisez C, Romanos L, Dailledouze A, Jacquiet P. First report of multiple resistance to eprinomectin and benzimidazole in Haemonchus contortus on a dairy goat farm in France. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102063. [PMID: 31978599 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pour-on eprinomectin was recently registered for lactating small ruminants. Given the high prevalence of benzimidazole resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy goats, many farmers use eprinomectin exclusively to treat their animals. On a French dairy goat farm, a veterinary practitioner noted a poor response to two types of eprinomectin treatment (pour-on application and injectable formulation). Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of both formulations of eprinomectin, as well as moxidectin and fenbendazole, using the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) according to the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines. Nematode species were identified at days 0 and post-treatment days 14 after bulk larval cultures, by morphology and real-time PCR. Plasma concentrations of eprinomectin were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at post-treatment days 2 and 5 in the eprinomectin-treated groups. Egg count reductions were poor in animals treated with topical (-16.7%; 95% CI:[-237; 59]) or subcutaneous (21.5%; 95% CI:[-126; 73]) eprinomectin, and with fenbendazole (-5.8%; 95% CI:[-205; 63]). Haemonchus contortus was the main species identified by morphology and by real-time PCR before and after treatment. The plasma concentrations of eprinomectin were determined in all eprinomectin-treated animals and were above 2 ng/ml at post-treatment day 2, indicating that the lack of effect was not due to low exposure of the worms to the drug. Interestingly, moxidectin remained effective in all infected animals. This is the first report of multiple resistance to eprinomectin and benzimidazole in H. contortus on a French dairy goat farm with moxidectin as a relevant alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bordes
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Elise Souil
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | | | - Françoise Prévot
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Grisez
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Lola Romanos
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Dailledouze
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRA/ENVT IHAP, UMT Santé des Troupeaux de Petits Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France.
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Cell grazing and Haemonchus contortus control in sheep: lessons from a two-year study in temperate Western Europe. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12699. [PMID: 31481719 PMCID: PMC6722091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing infections of sheep with anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a major challenge for sheep producers in Western Europe. New methods of grazing management have been poorly explored as a component of an integrated and sustainable control of these parasites. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different types of grazing systems of sheep (intensive cell grazing versus conventional rotational grazing) on GIN infections over two years in a farm located in a temperate environment of Western France. When considering the whole study, the type of grazing system did not influence significantly the intensity of egg excretions of adult ewes even if the proportion of ewes excreting high numbers of GIN eggs was higher in cell grazing system than in rotational grazing system. The most striking result of this survey was the effect of grazing system on the GIN species composition harbored by ewes and by their lambs: with time, the proportions of H. contortus infections were lower in cell grazing system than in rotational grazing system. In conclusion, the cell grazing system, as implemented in this study, could limit the importance of this highly pathogenic nematode species in sheep.
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8
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Berton MP, Silva RP, Carvalho FE, Chiaia HLJ, Oliveira PS, Eler JP, Banchero G, Ferraz JBS, Baldi F. Genetic parameter estimates for gastrointestinal nematode parasite resistance and maternal efficiency indicator traits in Santa Inês breed. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 136:495-504. [PMID: 31364226 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Haemonchus contortus is the most economically important gastrointestinal nematode parasitosis and the most important cause of mortality in sheep production. The aim of this study was to estimate variance components of gastrointestinal parasite resistance traits, maternal efficiency (ME) and ewe adult weight (AW) in Santa Inês breed in tropical conditions. The phenotypic records were collected from 700 animals, belonging to four flocks located south-east and north-east in Brazil. The evaluated traits were as follows: degree of anaemia assessed using the FAMACHA chart (FMC), haematocrit (HCT), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), platelets (PLT), faecal egg count (EPGlog ), ME, metabolic maternal efficiency (MME), AW and metabolic ewe adult weight (MAW). From the 700 animals, 576 (82% of the evaluated population) were genotyped with the Ovine SNP12k BeadChip (Illumina, Inc.). Markers with unknown genomic position, located on sex chromosomes, monomorphic, with minor allele frequency <0.05, call rate <90% and with excess heterozygosity were excluded. The variance components were estimated using a single-trait animal model with ssGBLUP procedure. The correlation between the parasite's resistance indicators and the ME suggested that selecting animals with both higher adult weight and ME will also favour the selection of animals with better resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes parasites, specially H. contortus. Therefore, since there are few or no studies with Santa Inês breed in this area, it is important to study those traits to better manage selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Berton
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosiane P Silva
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Nucleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Melhoramento Animal, Biotecnologia e Transgenia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe E Carvalho
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Nucleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Melhoramento Animal, Biotecnologia e Transgenia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila S Oliveira
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Nucleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Melhoramento Animal, Biotecnologia e Transgenia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanir P Eler
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Nucleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Melhoramento Animal, Biotecnologia e Transgenia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Georgget Banchero
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuária (INIA), Colonia, Uruguay
| | - José B S Ferraz
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Nucleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Melhoramento Animal, Biotecnologia e Transgenia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Baldi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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9
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High Endemicity of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in a Population Frequently Exposed to Albendazole but No Evidence of Antiparasitic Resistance. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4020073. [PMID: 31035610 PMCID: PMC6631243 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are gastrointestinal parasites widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Mass drug administration (MDA) of benzimidazoles (BZ) is the most recommended for STH control. These drugs have demonstrated limited efficacy against Trichuris trichiura and the long-term use of single-dose BZ has raised concerns of the possible emergence of genetic resistance. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether genetic mutations associated with BZ resistance were present in STH species circulating in an endemic region of Honduras. METHODS A parasitological survey was performed as part of this study, the Kato-Katz technique was used to determine STH prevalence in children of La Hicaca, Honduras. A subgroup of children received anthelminthic treatment in order to recover adult parasite specimens that were analyzed through molecular biology techniques. Genetic regions containing codons 200, 198, and 167 of the -tubulin gene of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS Stool samples were collected from 106 children. The overall STH prevalence was 75.47%, whereby T. trichiura was the most prevalent helminth (56.6%), followed by A. lumbricoides (17%), and hookworms (1.9%). Eighty-five sequences were generated for adjacent regions to codons 167, 198, and 200 of the -tubulin gene of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides specimens. The three codons of interest were found to be monomorphic in all the specimens. CONCLUSION Although the inability to find single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the small sample analyzed for the present report does not exclude the possibility of their occurrence, these results suggest that, at present, Honduras's challenges in STH control may not be related to drug resistance but to environmental conditions and/or host factors permitting reinfections.
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10
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Odden A, Stuen S, Enemark HL, Robertson LJ, Molina JM, Ruiz A. Preliminary studies on in vitro methods for the evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy/resistance in ruminants. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:34-41. [PMID: 31034815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovine Eimeria spp. infections cause increased mortality, reduced welfare and substantial economic losses, and anticocccidials are important for their control. Recent reports of anticoccidial resistance against ovine Eimeria spp. necessitate the development of in vitro methods for the detection of reduced anticoccidial efficacy, especially since the in vivo methods are both expensive, time consuming and requires the use of otherwise healthy animals. The aim of the present study was therefore to approach a preliminary standardization of in vitro assays for evaluation of the efficacy of the most commonly used anticoccidials in ruminants. For this purpose, apart from the evaluation of inhibition of oocyst sporulation, most effort was concentrated on assessment of the capacity of the different anticoccidials to inhibit both the invasion and further development (up to the first schizogony) of E. ninakohlyakimovae sporozoites in bovine colonic epithelial cells (BCEC). For this purpose, infected cultures were monitored 1, 8 and 15 days post infection to determine the infection rate, number of immature schizonts and number, size and appearance of mature schizonts, respectively. No clear inhibitory effect was found with any of the anticoccidial formulations tested, and we could not identify why there were no measurable effects from the different anticoccidials. Despite the lack of positive results, further investigations should be encouraged, as this could decrease the need for animal experiments and could be used in the initial assessment of anticoccidial efficacy of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Odden
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, N-4325, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, N-4325, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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11
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Cazajous T, Prevot F, Kerbiriou A, Milhes M, Grisez C, Tropee A, Godart C, Aragon A, Jacquiet P. Multiple-resistance to ivermectin and benzimidazole of a Haemonchus contortus population in a sheep flock from mainland France, first report. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 14:103-105. [PMID: 31014712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance was explored by fecal egg count reduction test in a sheep flock from the French Pyrenees at the request of the veterinary practitioner after a poor response to anthelmintics was noted. The FECRT confirmed the suspicion with a mean percentage of reduction in egg excretions of 45% (CI 95%: - 40 to 78.5) and 0% (CI95%: - 162 to 49) within the ivermectin and the benzimidazole groups respectively. Haemonchus contortus was shown to be the IVM and BZ resistant species after morphological and molecular characterizations whereas Teladorsagia circumcincta was probably resistant to BZ only. The H. contortus population was still susceptible to moxidectin, closantel and levamisole. As this sheep flock is a transhumant flock, the spread of this multiple-resistant Haemonchus contortus population to the other sheep flocks sharing the same pastures in Pyrenean Mountains is highly likely. From the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of multi-resistance to ivermectin and benzimidazole of a Haemonchus contortus population in mainland France.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cazajous
- Selarl vétérinaire du piémont, Zone commerciale espace Pyrénées, 64800, Mirepeix, France
| | - F Prevot
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - A Kerbiriou
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - M Milhes
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - C Grisez
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - A Tropee
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - C Godart
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - A Aragon
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - P Jacquiet
- UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, UMR INRA/ENVT, 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France.
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12
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Zuccherato LW, Furtado LF, Medeiros CDS, Pinheiro CDS, Rabelo ÉM. PCR-RFLP screening of polymorphisms associated with benzimidazole resistance in Necator americanus and Ascaris lumbricoides from different geographical regions in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006766. [PMID: 30222749 PMCID: PMC6141064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus are soil-transmitted parasites with global geographic distribution, and they represent some of the most common and neglected infections in the world. Periodic treatment with mass drug administration (MDA) in endemic areas is the recommended action put forth by the World Health Organization. However, MDA can cause the selection of subpopulations that possess the genetic ability to overcome the mechanism of drug action. In fact, beta-tubulin gene mutations (codons 167, 198 and 200) are correlated with benzimidazole resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. It is possible that these SNPs also have strong correlation with treatment resistance in the human geohelminths A. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. Here, we aimed to investigate the presence of some of these canonical molecular markers associated with parasite resistance to benzimidazole in N. americanus and A. lumbricoides collected from six Brazilian states. Nested-PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to detect mutations at codons 167 and 198 in 601 individual eggs of A. lumbricoides collected from 62 human stool samples; however, no mutations were found. Codons 198 and 200 were tested in 552 N. americanus eggs collected from 48 patients using the same methodology, which presented a relative frequency of 1.4% and 1.1%, respectively. The presence of these SNPs in N. americanus eggs is an important finding, indicating that with high benzimidazole drug pressure there is potential for benzimidazole resistance to be selected in this hookworm. However, at these low frequencies it does not indicate that there is at present any benzimidazole resistance problem. This is the first systematic study performed in South America, and the study yielded a landscape of the genetic variants in the beta-tubulin gene and anthelmintic resistance to soil-transmitted parasites detected by a simple, rapid and affordable genotyping assay of individual eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Fernando Furtado
- Departament of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celi da Silva Medeiros
- Departament of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Élida M Rabelo
- Departament of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Aguerre S, Jacquiet P, Brodier H, Bournazel J, Grisez C, Prévot F, Michot L, Fidelle F, Astruc J, Moreno C. Resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy sheep: Genetic variability and relevance of artificial infection of nucleus rams to select for resistant ewes on farms. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Perandin F, Pomari E, Bonizzi C, Mistretta M, Formenti F, Bisoffi Z. Assessment of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Trichostrongylus spp. DNA from Human Fecal Samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:768-771. [PMID: 29313482 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cases of Tricostrongylosis are reported in humans. Diagnosis of enteric Trichostrongylus relies primarily on coproscopic analysis but morphological identification is difficult because of similarity among nematode species. The method is time consuming and requires some expertise. To overcome these limitations, we developed a molecular approach by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to provide a rapid, specific, and sensitive tool to detect Trichostrongylus spp. in human feces. We designed primers and probe specific for Trichostrongylus rDNA region 5.8S and internal transcribed spacer 2. Three Italian family clusters were analyzed and DNA sequencing was performed to confirm real-time PCR results comparing with known GenBank sequence data. Sequence analysis showed ≥ 99% identity to Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus axei. This study provides a molecular methodology suitable for fast and specific detection of Trichostrongylus in fecal specimens and to distinguish the zoonotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perandin
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Pomari
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Bonizzi
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Mistretta
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Formenti
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
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