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Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1777-1799. [PMID: 37438495 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Montaner-Angoiti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Marinho-Júnior JF, Monteiro JFCLS, Sales de Carvalho AW, de Carvalho FG, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, Shaw J, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. High levels of infectiousness of asymptomatic Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents highlights their importance in the epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010996. [PMID: 36716345 PMCID: PMC9910795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological significance of wildlife infections with aetiological agents causing human infectious diseases is largely determined by their infection status, contact potential with humans (via vectors for vector-borne diseases), and their infectiousness to maintain onward transmission. This study quantified these parameters in wild and synanthropic naturally infected rodent populations in an endemic region of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. METHODS Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) of rodents was conducted over 27 months in domestic/peri domestic environs, household plantations and nearby Atlantic Forest (9,920 single trap nights). Rodent clinical samples (blood and ear tissue) were tested for infection by conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and xenodiagnosis to measure infectiousness to the local sand fly vector. RESULTS A total 603 individuals of 8 rodent species were (re)captured on 1,051 occasions. The most abundant species were Nectomys squamipes (245 individuals, 41% of the total catch), Rattus rattus (148, 25%), and Necromys lasiurus (83, 14%). All species were captured in greater relative frequencies in plantations; R. rattus was the only species captured in all three habitats including in and around houses. Four species, comprising 22.6% of individuals captured at least twice, were geolocated in more than one habitat type; 78.6% were infected with L. (V.) braziliensis, facilitating inter-species and inter-habitat transmission. Species specific period prevalence ranged between 0%-62% being significantly higher in N. squamipes (54-62%) and Hollochillus sciureus (43-47%). Xenodiagnosis was performed on 41 occasions exposing 1,879 Nyssomyia whitmani sand flies to five rodent species (37 individuals). Similar mean levels of infectiousness amongst the more common rodent species were observed. Longitudinal xenodiagnosis of the N. squamipes population revealed a persistent level of infectiousness over 13 months follow-up, infecting a median 48% (IQR: 30.1%-64.2%) of exposed blood-fed vectors. The proportion of exposed flies infected was greater in the low compared to in the high seasonal period of vector abundance. L. (V.) braziliensis parasite loads in rodent blood quantified by qPCR were similar across rodent species but did not represent a reliable quantitative marker of infectiousness to sand flies. The standardised risk of rodent infection in plantations was 70.3% relative to 11.3% and 18.4% in peri domestic and forest habitats respectively. R. rattus was the only exception to this trend indicating greatest risk in the peri domestic environment. CONCLUSIONS The results support the view that a collective assemblage of wild and synanthropic rodent species is an important wild reservoir of L. (V.) braziliensis in this region, with N. squamipes and R. rattus probably playing a key role in transmission within and between habitat types and rodent species. Rodents, and by implication humans, are at risk of infection in all sampled habitats, but more so in homestead plantations. These conclusions are based on one of the longest CMR study of small rodents in an American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) foci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Gomes de Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- The Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
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ROSA JUANR, MOYA SOFÍAL, SZELAG ENRIQUEA, QUINTANA MARÍAG, SALOMÓN OSCARD. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Migonemyia migonei and Cortelezzii complex (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from Chaco, Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - SOFÍA L. MOYA
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G Malbrán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - MARÍA G. QUINTANA
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G Malbrán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - OSCAR D. SALOMÓN
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
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Fujisawa K, Silcott-Niles C, Simonson P, Lamattina D, Humeres CA, Bhattacharyya T, Mertens P, Thunissen C, O’Rourke V, Pańczuk M, Whitworth JA, Salomón OD, Miles MA. Emergent canine visceral leishmaniasis in Argentina: Comparative diagnostics and relevance to proliferation of human disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009552. [PMID: 34280201 PMCID: PMC8289008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic protozoal vector-borne disease that is a major public health challenge. In Argentina, canine (CVL) and human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) have recently emerged. There is a lack of standardised diagnostic tests for CVL, which hinders control of CVL and HVL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sampling was carried out in Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, comprising 190 asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and polysymptomatic dogs. The following diagnostics were applied: microscopy of lymph node aspirate (LNA); three immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), prototype rK28-ICT, rK39-ICT (both Coris BioConcept), commercial rK39 (InBios); ELISA for IgG, IgG1 and IgG2, against rK28, rK39 or crude lysate antigen. DNA detection and analysis, with 30 dogs, was of the ITS1 region using skin samples, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP; Eiken Loopamp) of buffy coat, skin scrape or LNA. 15.4% of dogs were positive by LNA microscopy. The rK28 RDT had higher seropositivity rate (61%) than either a prototype rK39 RDT (31.4%) or commercial rK39 RDT (18.8%), without cross-reactivity with six other pathogens. IgG anti-rK39 ELISA antibody titres, but not IgG2, were positively correlated with number of clinical signs. LAMP with LNA had a higher positivity rate than PCR; buffy coat sampling was more sensitive than skin scrape. ITS1 confirmed Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum as the agent of CVL. Leishmania (Viannia) spp. was detected in skin samples from two dogs, compatible with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Seroprevalence confirmed rapid increase in CVL in Puerto Iguazú. The rK28 RDT test potentially has great value for improved point-of-care diagnosis. Given cost reduction and accessibility, commercial LAMP may be applicable to buffy coat. RDT biomarkers of CVL clinical status are required to combat spread of CVL and HVL. The presence of Viannia, perhaps as an agent of human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), highlights the need for vigilance and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujisawa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Silcott-Niles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Simonson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Lamattina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Cristian A. Humeres
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Tapan Bhattacharyya
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Victoria O’Rourke
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Pańczuk
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Whitworth
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Quintana MG, Santini MS, Cavia R, Martínez MF, Liotta DJ, Fernández MS, Pérez AA, Mancini JMD, Moya SL, Giuliani MG, Salomón OD. Multiscale environmental determinants of Leishmania vectors in the urban-rural context. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:502. [PMID: 33008441 PMCID: PMC7532651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are emerging diseases, expanding in the border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Outbreaks of CL were reported since the 1990s, with Nyssomyia whitmani as the main vector in this region. Regarding VL, urban reports started in 2010 with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the main vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental determinants related to the main vectors of leishmaniasis, to contribute to the prevention and control response to the emergence of VL and CL in the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border region. Methods The cross-sectional survey includes two cities and two close rural areas in the Argentinean Northeast Region, between November 2014 and January 2015, with a total of 95 sampling sites. REDILA-BL traps were set for three consecutive nights, and a total of 68 meso- and microscale environmental and landscape characteristics were surveyed. The association between vector abundance with different variables was evaluated using a generalized linear model with zero-inflated negative binomial distribution. We analyzed females for detection of Leishmania DNA. Results The analysis for Lu. longipalpis indicates an excess of absences when the mean NDWI around the sites were higher. The abundance of Lu. longipalpis at mesoscale level was higher when more urban services were present, and when blood sources such as chickens or dogs at the microscale level were present. For Ny. whitmani, no variable was found to be associated with the absences, while its abundance increased in association with the following variables: percentage of tree cover, presence of garbage collection service, hosted people and, at microscale, the presence of poultry. Leshmania infantum DNA was detected in 2/49 (4%) Lu. longipalpis. Conclusions The abundance of both species is influenced by variables at different scales, their influence probably has a hierarchy and they are acting on different aspects of the biology of these vectors. The urban spatial segregation of Lu. longipalpis and the peri-urban and rural segregation of N. whitmani increase the risk of VL and CL. The selection of the better variables for each scale will allow the design of appropriate control strategies depending on species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Quintana
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. .,Instituto Superior de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regino Cavia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Florencia Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Domingo Javier Liotta
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Alicia Pérez
- Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Manuel Direni Mancini
- Instituto Superior de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Lorian Moya
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magalí Gabriela Giuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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