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Kaczmarek A, Katarzyna Wrońska A, Irena Boguś M. Octanoic acid kills Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by affecting two major defence systems: cuticular free fatty acids and immunocompetent cells. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108165. [PMID: 38986766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
This work examines the insecticidal activity of octanoic acid (C8:0), a short-chain fatty acid detected in entomopathogenic fungus - Conidiobolus coronatus medium, against Lucilia sericata larvae and adults. The LD50 value was calculated as 3.04±0.26 µg/mg (3040 mg/kg) of insect body mass, which places the compound in category 5 of acute toxicity (slightly hazardous). The presented research also describes its probable mechanism, with a particular focus on changes in two main insect defense mechanisms: (1) the composition of the cuticle (GC-MS analysis) and (2) immunocompetent cells (microscopic analysis of cultured hemocytes). More precisely, octanoic acid application resulted in changes in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in both adults and larvae; generally, treatment increased short-chain FFAs, and a decrease of middle- and long-chain FFAs. Both in vivo and in vitro applications of octanoic acid resulted in vacuolisation, disintegration, and destruction of nets formed by plasmatocytes. As the compound has also previously been found to be toxic against Galleria mellonella, it appears to have lethal potential against insects in both the Orders Diptera and Lepidoptera, indicating it may have strong entomopathogenic potential. It is worth noting that octanoic acid is approved as a food additive with well-documented insecticidal activity, and hence may be a valuable component in the design of new insecticides that are safe for both humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland; Biomibo, Strzygłowska 15, 04-872 Warsaw, Poland
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Lutz L, Klinger MF, Holz F, Verhoff MA, Amendt J. How to prove neglect in the context of the post-mortem examination. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:603-613. [PMID: 37578627 PMCID: PMC11296964 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the causes, extent, and period of neglect is not only a medical but also a forensic task when it comes to legal investigations. In this study, we evaluated 46 autopsied cases where there was clear evidence of physical neglect during the last period of the deceased's life. The age of the deceased ranged from 21 to 96 years; most of them were female (71.7%). The majority of cases (89.9%) took place in a domestic environment, with partners or relatives providing care. The most frequent post-mortem findings were pressure sores, followed by inflammatory skin changes, and signs of malnutrition and dehydration. Neglect was the cause or co-cause of death in 23% of the cases. More than half of the deceased showed severe contamination of the skin surface by excrement, and in almost 40% of the cases, fly infestation was found. The majority of insects belonged to the group of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae), mainly the common house fly, Musca domestica. By analyzing the entomological evidence, it was possible to prove an insect infestation period of at least several days ante-mortem. Since the period of neglect may be relevant in terms of legal proceedings, the present work demonstrates the particular importance of insect traces in providing this evidence. While prosecution and conviction of caregivers remain challenging, it is all the more essential that entomology and legal medicine collaborate on the analysis of findings of neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lutz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - M F Klinger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - F Holz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - M A Verhoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - J Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Rehbein S, Papadopoulos E, Arsenopoulos K, Kirkova Z, Iliev P, Rauh R, Fankhauser B. Efficacy of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution administered pour on at 1 mg per kg body weight against Oestrus ovis myiasis in sheep and goats. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110144. [PMID: 38354457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of the nasal bot, Oestrus ovis, mainly parasitize sheep and goats and some species of wild Caprinae but other mammals and humans are also vulnerable to infestation. Eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered at 1 mg eprinomectin per kg body weight pour on was recently authorized as an anthelmintic for sheep and goats with zero hours milk withdrawal in several countries in Europe. As the product in cattle has claims against a broad range of parasites including insect parasites and activity against O. ovis has previously been reported following extra-label use in sheep, its therapeutic efficacy against ovine and caprine O. ovis myiasis was evaluated in three regulatory compliant, masked clinical studies. Pre-study recovery of O. ovis larvae from five or six of six randomly selected animals per study site (Bulgaria, one site, sheep; Greece, two sites, sheep or goats) supported the inclusion of the animals from those sites into the studies. The study animals (34 animals per study) were ranked based on bodyweight and allocated randomly to remain untreated (control) or to be treated with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution at 1 mL per 5 kg body weight pour on. Treatment efficacy was determined based on O. ovis larval counts of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution-treated vs. untreated animals three weeks after treatment administration. Live O. ovis larvae, including all three instars in each study, were recovered from 13 or 16 of the 17 control animals in the sheep studies (range, 1 to 14 or 5 to 18 larvae, respectively) and from all 17 controls in the goat study (range, 7 to 18 larvae). In each study, eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution-treated animals had significantly (p < 0.001) fewer live O. ovis larvae than the controls. Efficacy of the treatment was 100% and 91.3% against the combined parasitic O. ovis larval stages in sheep and in goats, respectively. The treatment was well accepted by all animals and no health problems were observed throughout the studies. The results of these studies demonstrated eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution administered pour on at 1 mL per 5 kg body weight to be an efficacious and safe treatment of ovine and caprine oestrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Aristotle University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Aristotle University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zvezdelina Kirkova
- Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Iliev
- Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Student Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Renate Rauh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
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Thümmel L, Degoutrie C, Fonseca-Muñoz A, Amendt J. Developmental differences in spatially distinct populations of the forensically relevant blow fly Lucilia sericata - About the comparability of developmental studies (and case work application). Forensic Sci Int 2024; 357:111972. [PMID: 38430653 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures. The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded. Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Thümmel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany; Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany.
| | - Colin Degoutrie
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz
- Facultad de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnologica, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Av. Universidad S/N. Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores, Oaxaca, Méx. C.P. 68120, Mexico
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
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Martinez-Rojano H, Huerta H, Sámano R, Chico-Barba G, Mier-Cabrera J, Plascencia-Nieto ES. Ophthalmomyiasis Externa and Importance of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis: Review of the Medical Literature. Diseases 2023; 11:180. [PMID: 38131986 PMCID: PMC10743177 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022. METHODS We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis. RESULTS A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and Chrysomyia bezziana (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by O. ovis were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by D. hominis, symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation. CONCLUSION Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Martinez-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
- Coordinación de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico;
| | - Reyna Sámano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Jennifer Mier-Cabrera
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Estibeyesbo Said Plascencia-Nieto
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
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Popović Dragonjić L, Jović A, Janković I, Miladinović J, Ranković A, Cvetanović M, Beck R, Novosel D, Pape T, Banović P. Cordylobia anthropophaga Myiasis Mimicking Hyperproliferative Skin Disorder in Traveler Returning from Sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:505. [PMID: 37999624 PMCID: PMC10674998 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Myiasis is one of the most common skin diseases found in travelers returning from tropical and subtropical regions, where humans living in or visiting the African continent are most commonly infested by C. anthropophaga during the rainy season in regions with a warm climate. Here, we present a case of furuncular myiasis caused by C. anthropophaga in a Serbian patient returning from temporary work in Kenya, where the initial histology of skin lesion mimicked hyperproliferative skin disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Popović Dragonjić
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Niš, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
- Clinic for Infectology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrija Jović
- Clinic for Dermatology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Irena Janković
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine Niš, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
- Clinic for Plastic Surgery, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Miladinović
- Clinic for Infectology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Aleksandar Ranković
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Niš, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
- Clinic for Infectology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Maja Cvetanović
- Clinic for Infectology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dinko Novosel
- Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Science Faculty, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Pavle Banović
- Clinic for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Martínez-Sánchez A, López-Iborra G, Rojo S. First report of a traveller myiasis caused by Cordylobia rodhaini (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Spain. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 54:102602. [PMID: 37286122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - German López-Iborra
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Santos Rojo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
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DUTTO M, ZAVATTERO C, VINAI E, LAURIA G, VANIN S. [Diagnostic atypique d'une myiase]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2023; 3:mtsi.v3i2.2023.370. [PMID: 37525680 PMCID: PMC10387311 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i2.2023.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscoid larvae were observed on self-medicated dressing material loaded with purulent material taken from a 91-year-old hospital patient. These larvae were identified as Lucilia sericata. However, no larvae were found in the patient's tissues. The observation of larvae on dressings should not automatically lead to a diagnosis of cutaneous myiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno DUTTO
- Former Medical Entomology and Zoology Consultant, Santa Croce e Carle General Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Carla ZAVATTERO
- Division Pathological Anatomy, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì, Italy
| | - Elio VINAI
- Biomedic Laboratory, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì, Italy
| | - Giuseppe LAURIA
- Department Emergency and Acceptance, Santa Croce e Carle General Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Stefano VANIN
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Bugelli V, Tarozzi I, Galante N, Bortolini S, Franceschetti L. Review on forensic importance of myiasis: Focus on medicolegal issues on post-mortem interval estimation and neglect evaluation. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 63:102263. [PMID: 37126932 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body. In both animals and humans, myiasis plays a fundamental role in forensic practice because of its implications in the evaluation of cases of neglect and in the mPMI (minimum post-mortem interval) estimation. The present study aims to provide a review of forensic issues related to myiasis. A retrospective analysis was conducted by exploring major electronic literature databases. Methodological evaluation of each study was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) standards. Sixty-one papers were included in this review. Entomology shows great potentiality in forensic investigations, mostly because of its contributory role in mPMI estimation. Such evaluation, however, requires a careful consideration of the possibility of an ante-mortem myiasis infestation, which could complicate the correct assessment of the mPMI. Hence, forensic pathologists should pay attention to the entomological fauna on a corpse, in both fresh and decomposed bodies. Moreover, in cases with poor nutritional or hygienic conditions, myiasis should be carefully evaluated as an indicator of neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bugelli
- SOUTH-EAST TUSCANY Local Health Unit, Department of Legal Medicine, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tarozzi
- MODENA Local Health Unit, Department of Legal Medicine and Risk Management, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Galante
- Institute of Legal Medicine Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Heath, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Institute of Legal Medicine Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Heath, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Heath, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Bertucci SE, Dufek MI, Patitucci LD. Sarcosaprophagous Muscid Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Assemblages Along an Anthropized Gradient in the Humid Chaco Ecoregion, Chaco Province, Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:316-325. [PMID: 36744968 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation, agriculture, farmyard animal husbandry, and urbanization are known to be the main causes of biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation. The present study evaluated the role of anthropization in modulating Muscidae (Diptera) assemblages in the Humid Chaco ecoregion of Argentina, by testing the biotic homogenization and intermediate disturbance hypotheses. The study focused on natural, rural, and urban habitats in San Lorenzo Department, Chaco Province, where sarcosaprophagous muscid flies were surveyed. A total of 1,343 muscid flies were captured and identified to 7 genera and 24 species and morphospecies. We observed the effect of anthropization on the structuring of the assemblages and the presence of exotic species associated with human activity resulting from biotic homogenization. The highest abundance was recorded in the urban habitat, while the highest species richness and diversity (Shannon-Wienner and Hill's numbers) were found in the rural habitat, supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Several species are classified as indicators of habitat as well as according to their index of synanthropy. Our results provide valuable information about the use of sarcosaprophagous muscids as indicators of disturbance of natural habitats and about possible health risks related to this family of Calyptratae flies previously unsurveyed in northeastern Argentina. This information could be used in the ecological, agronomy, sanitary, and forensic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Eliana Bertucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET-UNNE), Provincial Route N°5 KM 2.5, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matias Ignacio Dufek
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET-UNNE), Provincial Route N°5 KM 2.5, Corrientes, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Biología de los Artrópodos, Libertad Street 5470, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Damián Patitucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN), Angel Gallardo Street 470, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Dires A, Kebede A, Gedamu S, Dires T. Case of multiple furuncular myiasis in Northeast Ethiopia. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6015. [PMID: 35846921 PMCID: PMC9272229 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasitic infestation of the skin, cavities, and other body parts by larvae (maggots) of a wide variety of dipteran flies. Here, we present a case of multiple furuncular myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga in a 61‐year‐old woman from Northeast Ethiopia. Obligate myiasis by Cordylobia species is common throughout tropical areas from Africa. It can occur at any age of the life and clusters of furuncular lesions in which the white end of a maggot can be seen indicating this infestation. It is self‐limiting but can result in secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Dires
- Departement of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Assen Kebede
- Departement of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Gedamu
- Departement of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Tadila Dires
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
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12
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Myiasis by Cordylobia anthropophaga (Calliphoridae) in rodents from Cape Verde. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1260-1264. [PMID: 35687275 PMCID: PMC9399013 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is widely distributed in continental tropical and subtropical Africa, being the most common cause of furuncular myiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the present work was to analyze the role of rodents as possible reservoirs of C. anthropophaga in Cape Verde, considering the zoonotic character of this fly species. Materials and Methods A total of 150 peridomestic rodents were studied in Santiago island. For the obtained larvae, morphological and molecular characters were analyzed. Results Cordylobia anthropophaga was found in 6.4% of the peridomestic Rattus rattus analyzed. The present work unveils the presence of C. anthropophaga in rodents of the African archipelago of Cape Verde, introduced probably with West African humans and/or animals. Conclusion The presence in peridomestic animals, and the wide range of species that this fly can affect, entails a zoonotic risk of myiasis by tumbu fly. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11686-022-00576-8.
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Wai AP, Maw WW, Boonmars T. Myiasis in Ulcerated Breast Carcinoma: First Case Record in Myanmar. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:139-141. [PMID: 35500896 PMCID: PMC9058279 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis is an infestation of maggot, which is frequently associated with poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. A 78-year-old female breast cancer patient visited clinic complaining of irritation, itching, and pain within the ulcerous cancer lesion for 3 weeks. Many maggots were found in the lesion. A total of 30 maggots were removed and identified to be 3rd stage of larvae of metallic fly. This is the first case of wound myiasis in advanced breast carcinoma as a complication of untreated or drug-induced ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Phyo Wai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501,
Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
- Corresponding author (, )
| | - Win Win Maw
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon,
Myanmar
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
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Ivorra T, García-Martínez B, Martínez-Sánchez A. First Life Table of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) From Palearctic Region for Analyzing the Effect on Its Dispersal Ability. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2247-2254. [PMID: 34279664 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the population dynamics and dispersal ability of insect species, it is often helpful to derive a life table containing fundamental demographic data. The aim of this study was to determine a life table for the predatory necrophagous species Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) on a pig liver diet and under controlled laboratory conditions (29.5 ± 2. 5°C, RH 50 ± 15%, and a photoperiod of 12:12). This species has medical and veterinary importance and its distribution extends in tropical and subtropical areas and now it has been established in the southwestern of Europe. The mean adult longevity was 36. 18 ± 2. 06 d and the net reproduction rate, R, was 27.65 offspring/female, the mean generation time, T, was 22. 09 d, the finite rate of increase, λ, was 1. 16 d-1, and the intrinsic rate of increase, r, was 0. 15 d-1. These results indicate that S. nudiseta cannot be considered an r-strategist as the most common synanthropic necrophagous blowflies due to its predatory behavior; however, its invasive and colonist abilities are discussed. This is the first life table study of this species from Palearctic region to analyze the effect of its dispersal ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ivorra
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante (Spain)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Borja García-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante (Spain)
| | - Anabel Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante (Spain)
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15
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Noguera Zayas LP, Rüegg S, Torgerson P. The burden of zoonoses in Paraguay: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009909. [PMID: 34727113 PMCID: PMC8589157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Underestimation of zoonoses is exacerbated in low and middle-income countries due mainly to inequalities with serious consequences in healthcare. This is difficult to gauge and reduce the impact of those diseases. Our study focuses on Paraguay, where the livestock industry is one of the major components of the country's economy. Therefore, the rationale of this study was to develop a case study in Paraguay to estimate the dual impact of zoonotic diseases on both the human health and animal health sector and thus determine the societal burden of such diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a systemic review (including a meta-analysis) to assess the burden of zoonoses in Paraguay, including official reports and grey literature of disease incidence and prevalence. We estimated the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Zoonosis Disability Adjusted Life Years (zDALYs) to measure the difference between the current health status and the desired health situation of animals and the Paraguayan population based on 50 zoonotic diseases suggested by the WHO (World Health Organization), OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) and the National Health in Paraguay. The total DALYs represent 19,384 (95% CI: from 15,805 to 29,733), and zDALYs, 62,178 (95% CI: from 48,696 to 77,188). According to the results, the priority pathogens for DALYs are E. coli, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp, and Toxoplasma gondii. When we include the additional animal health burden, the most important pathogens are Brucella spp, E. coli, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Fasciola hepatica for zDALYs. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to integrate DALYs and zDALYs with important clues related to the health status of Paraguay. Through DALYs and zDALYs, our perspective becomes more complete because we consider not only human health but also animal health. This is important for setting priorities in disease control, especially in a society where livestock contribute significantly to the economy and to human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Paola Noguera Zayas
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lutz L, Zehner R, Verhoff MA, Bratzke H, Amendt J. It is all about the insects: a retrospective on 20 years of forensic entomology highlights the importance of insects in legal investigations. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2637-2651. [PMID: 34591184 PMCID: PMC8523412 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study highlights the importance of insect evidence by evaluating 949 insect-associated cases, including 139 entomological reports, from 2001 to 2019 at the Institute of Legal Medicine Frankfurt/Germany. With a high number of cases in the summer months and a low number in the colder season, 78.5% of the bodies were found indoors, regardless of year or month. In more than 80% of the cases, where PMI information was available (n = 704), the presumed PMI ranged from 1 to 21 days, a period during which entomological evidence can provide a day-specific estimate of PMImin. In cases where insects have been identified to species level (n = 279), most bodies were infested by one or two species with a maximum of 10 different species. Overall, a total of 55 insect species were found. Information on biology, activity and distribution of the most abundant taxa is given and applied for 5 case histories estimating different PMImins of up to over 6 months. Despite proved importance and scientific development of forensic entomology, insects are still rarely considered as a tool in forensic case work. The main reasons are a lack of awareness and (too) late involvement of a forensic entomologist. Our work shows that forensic entomology is an independent discipline that requires specialist expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lutz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Richard Zehner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel A Verhoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Bratzke
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Martins LGV, Barbosa TM, Gama RA. Myiasis in humans: Case reports in Northeastern Brazil including multispecies co-infestation by Sarcophagidae. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102436. [PMID: 34389491 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis is a parasitosis characterized by an infestation of living vertebrates (humans and other animals) by Diptera larvae, whose occurrence and etiological identification are still neglected by health professionals. Here we analyzed the human myiasis cases registered from 2010 to 2018 in health care units in the municipality of Natal, Northeast region of Brazil. Specifically, we aimed to: I) analyze the medical records of cases documented from 2010 to 2017; II) list the patients predisposing factors; and III) monitor the recent cases diagnosed in health units between August 2017 and March 2018 and report the taxonomic identity of the infesting species. Our data revealed that myiases mainly affect the elderly and individuals with predisposing medical conditions (e.g. senility, filariasis). Regarding the new cases, larvae of Calliphoridae (C. hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858)) and Sarcophagidae [Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794), Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830), and Helicobia morionella (Aldrich, 1930)] were identified. Furthermore, this was the first report of a co-infestation with three Sarcophagidae species and also the presence of H. morionella in a human wound. These results reinforce that myiasis is an underreported parasitosis, which may underestimate the ability of previously unreported fly species to feed on living human tissues in the Neotropical Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G V Martins
- Laboratory of Insect and Vectors, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Taciano M Barbosa
- Laboratory of Insect and Vectors, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Renata A Gama
- Laboratory of Insect and Vectors, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59.072-970, Brazil.
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18
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Andreatta E, Bonavina L. Wound myiasis in Western Europe: prevalence and risk factors in a changing climate scenario. Eur Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-021-00730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Background
Myiasis is an infestation of neglected open wounds by fly larvae. Global warming, related climate changes, and increased traveling in tropical countries may contribute to the worldwide diffusion of new fly species. Common risk factors for myiasis are advanced age, poor hygiene, malnourishment, social isolation, diabetes, cancer, and peripheral artery disease. The aim of this study was to review the characteristics of cases of myiasis reported in Europe.
Methods
A narrative review of cutaneous myiasis was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science database, and the search terms “human,” “myiasis,” “cutaneous myiasis,” “maggot,” “Europe,” “wound,” with the combination of “AND” and “OR.” In addition, hospital charts were reviewed to add personal experience to the literature review.
Results
Overall, 52 articles, both single case reports and case series reporting cutaneous myiasis, were found in the medical literature of the past two decades. A total of 64 patients living in Europe were identified, of whom 36% had wound myiasis. In addition to the literature review, we report the case of a male patient who presented with myiasis within a deep scalp ulcer occurring after radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma.
Conclusion
Myasis is rare and possibly under-reported in Europe. The epidemiology of this infestation may be changing in the future due to climate variability, a rise in travel to tropical areas, and the migration of fly species.
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Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin-Rheault RA, Fallon C, Tricco AC, Witteman HO. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046333. [PMID: 34108165 PMCID: PMC8191619 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a systematic synthesis of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change, by synthesising studies' characteristics, climate impacts, health outcomes and key findings. DESIGN We conducted an overview of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change. We registered our review in PROSPERO (CRD42019145972). No ethical approval was required since we used secondary data. Additional data are not available. DATA SOURCES On 22 June 2019, we searched Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included systematic reviews that explored at least one health impact of climate change. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We organised systematic reviews according to their key characteristics, including geographical regions, year of publication and authors' affiliations. We mapped the climate effects and health outcomes being studied and synthesised major findings. We used a modified version of A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS We included 94 systematic reviews. Most were published after 2015 and approximately one-fifth contained meta-analyses. Reviews synthesised evidence about five categories of climate impacts; the two most common were meteorological and extreme weather events. Reviews covered 10 health outcome categories; the 3 most common were (1) infectious diseases, (2) mortality and (3) respiratory, cardiovascular or neurological outcomes. Most reviews suggested a deleterious impact of climate change on multiple adverse health outcomes, although the majority also called for more research. CONCLUSIONS Most systematic reviews suggest that climate change is associated with worse human health. This study provides a comprehensive higher order summary of research on health impacts of climate change. Study limitations include possible missed relevant reviews, no meta-meta-analyses, and no assessment of overlap. Future research could explore the potential explanations between these associations to propose adaptation and mitigation strategies and could include broader sociopsychological health impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J Rocque
- Prairie Climate Centre, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ruth Ndjaboue
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre for Sustainable Health, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Cameron
- Prairie Climate Centre, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | - Catherine Fallon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHUQ Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea C Tricco
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre for Sustainable Health, Quebec, QC, Canada
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20
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Ivorra T, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S. Review of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) as a useful tool in forensic entomology. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2003-2015. [PMID: 33738569 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a synanthropic muscid found in tropical and subtropical zones around the world. The larvae of this species are a secondary agent of myiasis with necrophagous habits and play an important role in forensic entomology, as they are used as an indicator of post-mortem interval. Adults can be considered vectors of etiological agents such as Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Due to its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, its high dispersal capacity (shown by its introduction to Europe), its predatory habits in the last larval stage and the difficulty of identifying it, a very important goal is to update our knowledge about this species. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the identification, geographical distribution and biology of this species in order to provide better support to investigations involving this fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ivorra
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh campus, Selangor, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
| | - Anabel Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Santos Rojo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
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Osorio-Pinzon J, Palencia A, Cruz-Calderon S, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Myiasis and Tungiasis. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-021-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Nieto-Benito LM, Rodriguez-Lomba E, Martin-Rabadan-Caballero P, Perez AP. First report of Autochthonous Furuncular Myiasis caused by Dermatobia Hominis in Europe. J Infect 2021; 83:119-145. [PMID: 33556429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lula Maria Nieto-Benito
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 46 Doctor Esquerdo St, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Lomba
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 46 Doctor Esquerdo St, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martin-Rabadan-Caballero
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 46 Doctor Esquerdo St, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pulido Perez
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 46 Doctor Esquerdo St, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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Altuna M, Hickner PV, Castro G, Mirazo S, Pérez de León AA, Arp AP. New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) myiasis in feral swine of Uruguay: One Health and transboundary disease implications. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:26. [PMID: 33413607 PMCID: PMC7789611 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are highly invasive and threaten animal and human health in the Americas. The screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health as a notifiable infestation because myiasis cases affect livestock, wildlife, and humans in endemic areas, and outbreaks can have major socioeconomic consequences in regions where the screwworm has been eradicated. However, a knowledge gap exists on screwworm infestation of feral swine in South America, where the screwworm is endemic. Here, we report screwworm infestation of feral swine harvested in Artigas Department (Uruguay), where the Republic of Uruguay shares borders with Brazil and Argentina. Methods Myiasis caused by the larvae of screwworm were identified in feral swine with the support and collaboration of members of a local feral swine hunting club over a 3-year period in the Department of Artigas. Harvested feral swine were examined for the presence of lesions where maggots causing the myiasis could be sampled and processed for taxonomic identification. The sites of myiasis on the body of infested feral swine and geospatial data for each case were recorded. The sex and relative size of each feral swine were also recorded. Temperature and precipitation profiles for the region were obtained from public sources. Results Myiases caused by screwworms were recorded in 27 of 618 the feral swine harvested. Cases detected in males weighing > 40 kg were associated with wounds that, due to their location, were likely caused by aggressive dominance behavior between adult males. The overall prevalence of screwworm infestation in the harvested feral swine was associated with ambient temperature, but not precipitation. Case numbers peaked in the warmer spring and summer months. Conclusions This is the first report on myiasis in feral swine caused by screwworm in South America. In contrast to myiasis in cattle, which can reach deep into host tissues, screwworms in feral swine tended to cause superficial infestation. The presence of feral swine in screwworm endemic areas represents a challenge to screwworm management in those areas. Screwworm populations maintained by feral swine may contribute to human cases in rural areas of Uruguay, which highlights the importance of the One Health approach to the study of this invasive host species–ectoparasite interaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Altuna
- Universidad de la República, Grupo Proyecto Jabalí, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paul V Hickner
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Gustavo Castro
- Universidad de la República, Grupo Proyecto Jabalí, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Universidad de la República, Grupo Proyecto Jabalí, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Alex P Arp
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kerrville, TX, USA.
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Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and data science breaking into drug design and neglected diseases. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sangmala S, Aiempanakit K, Khantee P, Pengsakul T. Cutaneous Myiasis Caused by Chrysomya megacephala in an Infant with Psoriasis Vulgaris. Case Rep Dermatol 2020; 12:249-254. [PMID: 33362512 PMCID: PMC7747082 DOI: 10.1159/000512709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous myiasis is an infestation of the skin by fly larvae, which usually occurs in adults. We present a case of cutaneous myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephalain a 3-month-old infant with psoriasis vulgaris. In this case report, we highlight the clinical, histopathologic, taxonomic identification, and treatment of cutaneous myiasis occurring in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripan Sangmala
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Kumpol Aiempanakit
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Puttichart Khantee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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A world review of reported myiases caused by flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), including the first case of human myiasis from Palpada scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:815-840. [PMID: 32006229 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rat-tailed larvae of the syrphid species Palpada scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805) are documented causing an enteric human myiasis in Costa Rica. This is the first time that the genus Palpada is recorded as a human myiasis agent. We report a 68-year-old woman with intestinal pain and bloody diarrhea with several live Palpada larvae present in the stool. Using molecular techniques (DNA barcodes) and both electronic and optical microscopy to study the external morphology, the preimaginal stages of the fly were unambiguously identified. An identification key to all syrphid genera actually known as agents of human and animal myiases is provided for larvae, puparia, and adults. Moreover, a critical world review of more than 100 references of Syrphidae as myiasis agents is also given, with emphasis on the species with rat-tailed larvae.
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Ahaduzzaman M. The global and regional prevalence of oestrosis in sheep and goats: a systematic review of articles and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:346. [PMID: 31300017 PMCID: PMC6625052 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oestrosis, caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis, commonly known as sheep nose bot, is an obligatory cavitary myiasis of sheep and goats. Oestrus ovis is a widespread parasite, but little is known about the prevalence of oestrosis at the global and broad geographical levels. The present study aimed to explore the epidemiology of oestrosis at the global and regional level to estimate prevalences and their associated factors using a systematic approach. This is, to the author’s knowledge, the first meta-analysis of oestrosis in sheep and goats. Methods Published articles were obtained from nine electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, UCB library, Medline, Biosis Citation Index, Indian journals and Google Scholar) reporting the prevalence of O. ovis in sheep and goats from 1970 to 2018. Pooled prevalences were estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Results Sixty-six studies were eligible, and data from 40,870 sheep and 18,216 goats were used for quantitative analysis. The random effect estimated prevalence of oestrosis at the global level in sheep was 51.15% (95% CI: 42.80–59.51%) and in goats was 42.19% (95% CI: 33.43–50.95%). The pooled prevalence estimates for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas were 47.85% (95% CI: 36.04–59.66%), 44.48% (95% CI: 33.09–55.87%), 56.83% (95% CI: 48.92–64.74%) and 34.46% (95% CI: 19.90–49.01%), respectively. Heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was detected in most pooled estimates. Conclusions Oestrosis is highly prevalent in many geographical regions of the world, especially in Europe and Africa. Factors that contribute to the pooled prevalence estimate of oestrosis need to be emphasised in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of oestrosis. Furthermore, there is a need for immunisation or implementation of other preventive measures to reduce the burden of oestrosis in sheep and goats and to improve the health and welfare status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3597-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
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