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Gong W, Zhou Y, Wang R, Wei X, Zhang L, Dai Y, Zhu Z. Analysis of T-DNA integration events in transgenic rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153527. [PMID: 34563791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation has been widely used for introducing transgene(s) into a plant genome and plant breeding. However, our understanding of T-DNA integration into rice genome remains limited relative to that in the model dicot Arabidopsis. To better elucidate the T-DNA integration into the rice genome, we investigated extensively the T-DNA ends and their flanking rice genomic sequences from two transgenic rice plants carrying Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI)-derived gene Signal-CpTI-KDEL (SCK) and Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) gene, respectively, by TAIL-PCR method. Analysis of the junction sequences between the T-DNA ends and rice genome DNA indicated that there were three joining patterns of microhomology, filler DNA sequences, and exact joining, and both the T-DNA ends tend to adopt identical manner to join the rice genome. After T-DNA integration, there were several variations of rice genomic sequences, including small deletions at the integration sites, superfluous DNA inserted between T-DNA and genome, and translocation of genomic DNA in the flanking regions. The translocation block could be from a noncontiguous region in the same chromosome or different chromosomes at the integration sites, and the originating position of the translocated block resulted in comparable deletion based on a cut/paste mechanism rather than a replication mechanism. Our study may lead to a better understand of T-DNA integration mechanism and facilitate functional genomic studies and further crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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The Mechanism of T-DNA Integration: Some Major Unresolved Questions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:287-317. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Orbegozo J, Solorzano D, Cuellar WJ, Bartolini I, Roman ML, Ghislain M, Kreuze J. Marker-free PLRV resistant potato mediated by Cre-loxP excision and RNAi. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:813-828. [PMID: 27544267 PMCID: PMC5104775 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An inverted repeat construct corresponding to a segment of the potato leaf roll virus coat protein gene was created under control of a constitutive promoter and transferred into a transformation vector with a heat inducible Cre-loxP system to excise the nptII antibiotic resistance marker gene. Fifty-eight transgenic events were evaluated for resistance to PLRV by greenhouse inoculations, which lead to the identification of 7 highly resistant events, of which 4 were extremely resistant. This resistance was also highly effective against accumulation in subsequent tuber generations from inoculated plants, which has not been reported before. Northern blot analysis showed correlation of PLRV specific siRNA accumulation with the level of PLRV resistance. Heat mediated excision of the nptII antibiotic resistance gene in PLRV resistant events was highly efficient in one event with full excision in 71 % of treated explants. On the other hand 8 out of 10 analyzed events showed truncated T-DNA insertions lacking one of the two loxP sites as determined by PCR and confirmed by sequencing flanking regions in 2 events, suggesting cryptic LB sites in the non-coding region between the nptII gene and the flanking loxP site. Accordingly, it is proposed to modify the Cre-loxP vector by reducing the 1 kb size of the region between nptII, loxP, and the LB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Orbegozo
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- West University Av. C/O Veterinary Service, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Dennis Solorzano
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Dirección de Salud (DISA) II, Ministerio de Salud, Lima 04, Peru
| | - Wilmer J Cuellar
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia
| | - Ida Bartolini
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Marc Ghislain
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- CIP, P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, 00603, Kenya
| | - Jan Kreuze
- International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru.
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van Kregten M, de Pater S, Romeijn R, van Schendel R, Hooykaas PJJ, Tijsterman M. T-DNA integration in plants results from polymerase-θ-mediated DNA repair. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16164. [PMID: 27797358 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogenic bacterium, which transforms plants by transferring a discrete segment of its DNA, the T-DNA, to plant cells. The T-DNA then integrates into the plant genome. T-DNA biotechnology is widely exploited in the genetic engineering of model plants and crops. However, the molecular mechanism underlying T-DNA integration remains unknown1. Here we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA integration critically depends on polymerase theta (Pol θ). We find that TEBICHI/POLQ mutant plants (which have mutated Pol θ), although susceptible to Agrobacterium infection, are resistant to T-DNA integration. Characterization of >10,000 T-DNA-plant genome junctions reveals a distinct signature of Pol θ action and also indicates that 3' end capture at genomic breaks is the prevalent mechanism of T-DNA integration. The primer-template switching ability of Pol θ can explain the molecular patchwork known as filler DNA that is frequently observed at sites of integration. T-DNA integration signatures in other plant species closely resemble those of Arabidopsis, suggesting that Pol-θ-mediated integration is evolutionarily conserved. Thus, Pol θ provides the mechanism for T-DNA random integration into the plant genome, demonstrating a potential to disrupt random integration so as to improve the quality and biosafety of plant transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje van Kregten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia de Pater
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Romeijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Hooykaas
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wei FJ, Kuang LY, Oung HM, Cheng SY, Wu HP, Huang LT, Tseng YT, Chiou WY, Hsieh-Feng V, Chung CH, Yu SM, Lee LY, Gelvin SB, Hsing YIC. Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice transformants for genetic screening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:648-59. [PMID: 26833589 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the world's most important crops. Rice researchers make extensive use of insertional mutants for the study of gene function. Approximately half a million flanking sequence tags from rice insertional mutant libraries are publicly available. However, the relationship between genotype and phenotype is very weak. Transgenic plant assays have been used frequently for complementation, overexpression or antisense analysis, but sequence changes caused by callus growth, Agrobacterium incubation medium, virulence genes, transformation and selection conditions are unknown. We used high-throughput sequencing of DNA from rice lines derived from Tainung 67 to analyze non-transformed and transgenic rice plants for mutations caused by these parameters. For comparison, we also analyzed sequence changes for two additional rice varieties and four T-DNA tagged transformants from the Taiwan Rice Insertional Mutant resource. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms, small indels, large deletions, chromosome doubling and chromosome translocations in these lines. Using standard rice regeneration/transformation procedures, the mutation rates of regenerants and transformants were relatively low, with no significant differences among eight tested treatments in the Tainung 67 background and in the cultivars Taikeng 9 and IR64. Thus, we could not conclusively detect sequence changes resulting from Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in addition to those caused by tissue culture-induced somaclonal variation. However, the mutation frequencies within the two publically available tagged mutant populations, including TRIM transformants or Tos17 lines, were about 10-fold higher than the frequency of standard transformants, probably because mass production of embryogenic calli and longer callus growth periods were required to generate these large libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jin Wei
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yun Kuang
- Transgenic Plant Core Facility, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Oung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hshin-Ping Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Tzu Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Tseng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Chiou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Vicki Hsieh-Feng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 201 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1392, USA
| | - Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 201 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1392, USA
| | - Yue-Ie C Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Yien-Chu-Yuan Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Brenna A, Montanini B, Muggiano E, Proietto M, Filetici P, Ottonello S, Ballario P. Integrative gene transfer in the truffle Tuber borchii by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. AMB Express 2014; 4:43. [PMID: 24949275 PMCID: PMC4052689 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is a powerful tool for reverse genetics and functional genomic analysis in a wide variety of plants and fungi. Tuber spp. are ecologically important and gastronomically prized fungi (“truffles”) with a cryptic life cycle, a subterranean habitat and a symbiotic, but also facultative saprophytic lifestyle. The genome of a representative member of this group of fungi has recently been sequenced. However, because of their poor genetic tractability, including transformation, truffles have so far eluded in-depth functional genomic investigations. Here we report that A. tumefaciens can infect Tuber borchii mycelia, thereby conveying its transfer DNA with the production of stably integrated transformants. We constructed two new binary plasmids (pABr1 and pABr3) and tested them as improved transformation vectors using the green fluorescent protein as reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase as selection marker. Transformants were stable for at least 12 months of in vitro culture propagation and, as revealed by TAIL- PCR analysis, integration sites appear to be heterogeneous, with a preference for repeat element-containing genome sites.
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Jo KR, Kim CJ, Kim SJ, Kim TY, Bergervoet M, Jongsma MA, Visser RGF, Jacobsen E, Vossen JH. Development of late blight resistant potatoes by cisgene stacking. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:50. [PMID: 24885731 PMCID: PMC4075930 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight in potato, remains one of the most devastating pathogens in potato production and late blight resistance is a top priority in potato breeding. The introduction of multiple resistance (R) genes with different spectra from crossable species into potato varieties is required. Cisgenesis is a promising approach that introduces native genes from the crops own gene pool using GM technology, thereby retaining favourable characteristics of established varieties. RESULTS We pursued a cisgenesis approach to introduce two broad spectrum potato late blight R genes, Rpi-sto1 and Rpi-vnt1.1 from the crossable species Solanum stoloniferum and Solanum venturii, respectively, into three different potato varieties. First, single R gene-containing transgenic plants were produced for all varieties to be used as references for the resistance levels and spectra to be expected in the respective genetic backgrounds. Next, a construct containing both cisgenic late blight R genes (Rpi-vnt1.1 and Rpi-sto1), but lacking the bacterial kanamycin resistance selection marker (NPTII) was transformed to the three selected potato varieties using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Gene transfer events were selected by PCR among regenerated shoots. Through further analyses involving morphological evaluations in the greenhouse, responsiveness to Avr genes and late blight resistance in detached leaf assays, the selection was narrowed down to eight independent events. These cisgenic events were selected because they showed broad spectrum late blight resistance due to the activity of both introduced R genes. The marker-free transformation was compared to kanamycin resistance assisted transformation in terms of T-DNA and vector backbone integration frequency. Also, differences in regeneration time and genotype dependency were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS We developed a marker-free transformation pipeline to select potato plants functionally expressing a stack of late blight R genes. Marker-free transformation is less genotype dependent and less prone to vector backbone integration as compared to marker-assisted transformation. Thereby, this study provides an important tool for the successful deployment of R genes in agriculture and contributes to the production of potentially durable late blight resistant potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Ryong Jo
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Agrobiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Chol-Jun Kim
- Research Institute of Agrobiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Research Institute of Agrobiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Tok-Yong Kim
- Research Institute of Agrobiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Marjan Bergervoet
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard GF Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yao JL, Tomes S, Gleave AP. Transformation of apple (Malus × domestica) using mutants of apple acetolactate synthase as a selectable marker and analysis of the T-DNA integration sites. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:703-14. [PMID: 23494389 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Apple acetolactate synthase mutants were generated by site-specific mutagenesis and successfully used as selection marker in tobacco and apple transformation. T-DNA/Apple genome junctions were analysed using genome-walking PCR and sequencing. An Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was developed for apple (Malus × domestica), using mutants of apple acetolactate synthase (ALS) as a selectable marker. Four apple ALS mutants were generated by site-specific mutagenesis and subsequently cloned under the transcriptional control of the CaMV 35S promoter and ocs 3' terminator, in a pART27-derived plant transformation vector. Three of the four mutations were found to confer resistance to the herbicide Glean(®), containing the active agent chlorsulfuron, in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transformation. In apple transformation, leaf explants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 containing one of the three ALS mutants resulted in the production of shoots on medium containing 2-8 μg L(-1) Glean(®), whilst uninfected wild-type explants failed to regenerate shoots or survive on medium containing 1 and 3 μg L(-1) Glean(®), respectively. Glean(®)-resistant, regenerated shoots were further multiplied and rooted on medium containing 10 μg L(-1) Glean(®). The T-DNA and apple genome-DNA junctions from eight rooted transgenic apple plants were analysed using genome-walking PCR amplification and sequencing. This analysis confirmed T-DNA integration into the apple genome, identified the genome integration sites and revealed the extent of any vector backbone integration, T-DNA rearrangements and deletions of apple genome DNA at the sites of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Singer K, Shiboleth YM, Li J, Tzfira T. Formation of complex extrachromosomal T-DNA structures in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-infected plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:511-22. [PMID: 22797657 PMCID: PMC3440224 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a unique plant pathogenic bacterium renowned for its ability to transform plants. The integration of transferred DNA (T-DNA) and the formation of complex insertions in the genome of transgenic plants during A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation are still poorly understood. Here, we show that complex extrachromosomal T-DNA structures form in A. tumefaciens-infected plants immediately after infection. Furthermore, these extrachromosomal complex DNA molecules can circularize in planta. We recovered circular T-DNA molecules (T-circles) using a novel plasmid-rescue method. Sequencing analysis of the T-circles revealed patterns similar to the insertion patterns commonly found in transgenic plants. The patterns include illegitimate DNA end joining, T-DNA truncations, T-DNA repeats, binary vector sequences, and other unknown "filler" sequences. Our data suggest that prior to T-DNA integration, a transferred single-stranded T-DNA is converted into a double-stranded form. We propose that termini of linear double-stranded T-DNAs are recognized and repaired by the plant's DNA double-strand break-repair machinery. This can lead to circularization, integration, or the formation of extrachromosomal complex T-DNA structures that subsequently may integrate.
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MESH Headings
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/pathogenicity
- Ampicillin/pharmacology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA End-Joining Repair
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Nicotiana/microbiology
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamy Singer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA.
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Molecular analysis of rice plants harboring a multi-functional T-DNA tagging system. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:267-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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