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Rajan-Babu IS, Dolzhenko E, Eberle MA, Friedman JM. Sequence composition changes in short tandem repeats: heterogeneity, detection, mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:476-499. [PMID: 38467784 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are a class of repetitive elements, composed of tandem arrays of 1-6 base pair sequence motifs, that comprise a substantial fraction of the human genome. STR expansions can cause a wide range of neurological and neuromuscular conditions, known as repeat expansion disorders, whose age of onset, severity, penetrance and/or clinical phenotype are influenced by the length of the repeats and their sequence composition. The presence of non-canonical motifs, depending on the type, frequency and position within the repeat tract, can alter clinical outcomes by modifying somatic and intergenerational repeat stability, gene expression and mutant transcript-mediated and/or protein-mediated toxicities. Here, we review the diverse structural conformations of repeat expansions, technological advances for the characterization of changes in sequence composition, their clinical correlations and the impact on disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indhu-Shree Rajan-Babu
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, and Children's & Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, and Children's & Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ferrari V, Conti M, Bovenzi R, Cerroni R, Pierantozzi M, Mercuri NB, Stefani A. Rare association between spinocerebellar ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case series. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07521-9. [PMID: 38642323 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this work, we describe a new case of association between SCA2 and MND. CASE REPORT A 58-year-old man who was diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 presented dysphagia and a significant decline in his ability to walk, with a reduction in autonomy and the need to use a wheelchair. We performed electromyography and electroneurography of the four limbs and of the cranial district and motor-evoked potentials to study upper and lower motor neurons. Referring to the revised El Escorial criteria of 2015, ALS diagnosis was made. DISCUSSION Considering different cases described in literature over the years, SCA2 could represent an important risk factor for developing ALS. In particular, the presence of alleles of ATXN2 with 27 and 28 CAG repeats seems to slightly decrease the risk of developing the disease, which would instead be progressively increased by the presence of alleles with 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 repeats. The exact physiopathological mechanism by which the mutation increases the risk of developing the disease is currently unknown. Transcriptomic studies on mouse models have demonstrated the involvement of several pathways, including the innate immunity regulation by STING and the biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol by SREBP. CONCLUSION CAG repeat expansions in the ATXN2 gene have been associated with variable neurological presentations, which include SCA2, ALS, Parkinsonism, or a combination of them. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between SCA2 and ALS better and explore molecular underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Ferrari
- Parkinson Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- Parkinson Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Bovenzi
- Parkinson Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Parkinson Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Parkinson Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy.
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Nagy ZF, Pál M, Engelhardt JI, Molnár MJ, Klivényi P, Széll M. Beyond C9orf72: repeat expansions and copy number variations as risk factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis across various populations. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:30. [PMID: 38254109 PMCID: PMC10804878 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons in the central nervous system. In a significant fraction of ALS cases - irrespective of family history- a genetic background may be identified. The genetic background of ALS shows a high variability from one ethnicity to another. The most frequent genetic cause of ALS is the repeat expansion of the C9orf72 gene. With the emergence of next-generation sequencing techniques and copy number alteration calling tools the focus in ALS genetics has shifted from disease causing genes and mutations towards genetic susceptibility and risk factors.In this review we aimed to summarize the most widely recognized and studied ALS linked repeat expansions and copy number variations other than the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. We compare and contrast their involvement and phenotype modifying roles in ALS among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Flóra Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Margit Pál
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- HUN-REN - SZTE Functional Clinical Genetics Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Mária Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Multiomics Neurodegeneration Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- HUN-REN - SZTE Functional Clinical Genetics Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Su WM, Gu XJ, Duan QQ, Jiang Z, Gao X, Shang HF, Chen YP. Genetic factors for survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an integrated approach combining a systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:209. [PMID: 35754054 PMCID: PMC9235235 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The time of survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) varies greatly, and the genetic factors that contribute to the survival of ALS are not well studied. There is a lack of a comprehensive study to elucidate the role of genetic factors in the survival of ALS. METHODS The published studies were systematically searched and obtained from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library without any language restrictions from inception to Oct 27, 2021. A network meta-analysis for ALS causative/risk genes and a systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis for other genetic modifiers were conducted. The PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022311646. RESULTS A total of 29,764 potentially relevant references were identified, and 71 papers were eligible for analysis based on pre-decided criteria, including 35 articles in network meta-analysis for 9 ALS causative/risk genes, 17 articles in pairwise meta-analysis for four genetic modifiers, and 19 articles described in the systematic review. Variants in three genes, including ATXN2 (HR: 3.6), C9orf72 (HR: 1.6), and FUS (HR:1.8), were associated with short survival of ALS, but such association was not identified in SOD1, TARDBP, TBK1, NEK1, UBQLN2, and CCNF. In addition, UNC13A rs12608932 CC genotype and ZNF521B rs2275294 C allele also caused a shorter survival of ALS; however, APOE ε4 allele and KIFAP3 rs1541160 did not be found to have any effect on the survival of ALS. CONCLUSIONS Our study summarized and contrasted evidence for prognostic genetic factors in ALS and would help to understand ALS pathogenesis and guide clinical trials and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Su
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Gu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing-Qing Duan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Lab of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (III), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Centre for Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Hou X, Li W, Liu P, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Ni J, Shen L, Tang B, Wang J. The Clinical and Ploynucleotide Repeat Expansion Analysis of ATXN2, NOP56, AR and C9orf72 in Patients With ALS From Mainland China. Front Neurol 2022; 13:811202. [PMID: 35599735 PMCID: PMC9120572 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repeat expansions, including those in C9orf72 and ATXN2, have been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, there have been few studies on the association of AR and NOP56 repeat expansion with ALS, especially in China. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of C9orf72 and ATXN2 repeat mutations and investigate whether NOP56 and AR repeat expansion are risk factors for ALS. Methods In this study, 736 ALS patients and several hundred healthy controls were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and repeat-primed PCR (RP-PCR) were performed to determine the repeat lengths in C9orf72, ATXN2, AR, and NOP56. Results GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 were observed in six ALS patients (0.8%, 6/736) but not in any of the controls (0/365). The patients with pathogenic GGGGCC repeats showed shorter median survival times than those with a normal genotype (p = 0.006). Regarding ATXN2 CAG repeats, we identified that intermediate repeat lengths (29–34 copies) were associated with ALS (p = 0.033), and there was no difference in clinical characteristics between the groups with and without intermediate repeats (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, we observed that there was no association between the repeat size in AR and NOP56 and ALS (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that pathogenetic repeats in C9orf72 are rare in China, while intermediate CAG repeats in ATXN2 are more frequent but have no effect on disease phenotypes; the repeat size in AR and NOP56 may not be a risk factor for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Junling Wang
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Nagy ZF, Pál M, Salamon A, Zodanu GKE, Füstös D, Klivényi P, Széll M. Re-analysis of the Hungarian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis population and evaluation of novel ALS genetic risk variants. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 116:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gall-Duncan T, Sato N, Yuen RKC, Pearson CE. Advancing genomic technologies and clinical awareness accelerates discovery of disease-associated tandem repeat sequences. Genome Res 2022; 32:1-27. [PMID: 34965938 PMCID: PMC8744678 DOI: 10.1101/gr.269530.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expansions of gene-specific DNA tandem repeats (TRs), first described in 1991 as a disease-causing mutation in humans, are now known to cause >60 phenotypes, not just disease, and not only in humans. TRs are a common form of genetic variation with biological consequences, observed, so far, in humans, dogs, plants, oysters, and yeast. Repeat diseases show atypical clinical features, genetic anticipation, and multiple and partially penetrant phenotypes among family members. Discovery of disease-causing repeat expansion loci accelerated through technological advances in DNA sequencing and computational analyses. Between 2019 and 2021, 17 new disease-causing TR expansions were reported, totaling 63 TR loci (>69 diseases), with a likelihood of more discoveries, and in more organisms. Recent and historical lessons reveal that properly assessed clinical presentations, coupled with genetic and biological awareness, can guide discovery of disease-causing unstable TRs. We highlight critical but underrecognized aspects of TR mutations. Repeat motifs may not be present in current reference genomes but will be in forthcoming gapless long-read references. Repeat motif size can be a single nucleotide to kilobases/unit. At a given locus, repeat motif sequence purity can vary with consequence. Pathogenic repeats can be "insertions" within nonpathogenic TRs. Expansions, contractions, and somatic length variations of TRs can have clinical/biological consequences. TR instabilities occur in humans and other organisms. TRs can be epigenetically modified and/or chromosomal fragile sites. We discuss the expanding field of disease-associated TR instabilities, highlighting prospects, clinical and genetic clues, tools, and challenges for further discoveries of disease-causing TR instabilities and understanding their biological and pathological impacts-a vista that is about to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Gall-Duncan
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nozomu Sato
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christopher E Pearson
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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McGurk L, Rifai OM, Shcherbakova O, Perlegos AE, Byrns CN, Carranza FR, Zhou HW, Kim HJ, Zhu Y, Bonini NM. Toxicity of pathogenic ataxin-2 in Drosophila shows dependence on a pure CAG repeat sequence. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1797-1810. [PMID: 34077532 PMCID: PMC8444453 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 is a polyglutamine (polyQ) disease associated with an expanded polyQ domain within the protein product of the ATXN2 gene. Interestingly, polyQ repeat expansions in ATXN2 are also associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism depending upon the length of the polyQ repeat expansion. The sequence encoding the polyQ repeat also varies with disease presentation: a pure CAG repeat is associated with SCA2, whereas the CAG repeat in ALS and parkinsonism is typically interrupted with the glutamine encoding CAA codon. Here, we asked if the purity of the CAG sequence encoding the polyQ repeat in ATXN2 could impact the toxicity of the ataxin-2 protein in vivo in Drosophila. We found that ataxin-2 encoded by a pure CAG repeat conferred toxicity in the retina and nervous system, whereas ataxin-2 encoded by a CAA-interrupted repeat or CAA-only repeat failed to confer toxicity, despite expression of the protein at similar levels. Furthermore, the CAG-encoded ataxin-2 protein aggregated in the fly eye, while ataxin-2 encoded by either a CAA/G or CAA repeat remained diffuse. The toxicity of the CAG-encoded ataxin-2 protein was also sensitive to the translation factor eIF4H, a known modifier of the toxic GGGGCC repeat in flies. These data indicate that ataxin-2 encoded by a pure CAG versus interrupted CAA/G polyQ repeat domain is associated with differential toxicity, indicating that mechanisms associated with the purity of the sequence of the polyQ domain contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeanne McGurk
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olivia M Rifai
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - China N Byrns
- Neurosciences Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Medical Sciences Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faith R Carranza
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry W Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yang S, Lim KH, Kim SH, Joo JY. Molecular landscape of long noncoding RNAs in brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1060-1074. [PMID: 33173194 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to current paradigms, various risk factors, such as genetic mutations, oxidative stress, neural network dysfunction, and abnormal protein degradation, contribute to the progression of brain disorders. Through the cooperation of gene transcripts in biological processes, the study of noncoding RNAs can lead to insights into the cause and treatment of brain disorders. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are longer than 200 nucleotides in length have been suggested as key factors in various brain disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. High-throughput screening-based sequencing has been instrumental in identification of lncRNAs that demand new approaches to understanding the progression of brain disorders. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs, and addresses the pathogenesis of brain disorders that involve lncRNAs and describes the associations of lncRNAs with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and neurodevelopmental disorders. We also discuss potential targets of lncRNAs and their promise as novel therapeutics and biomarkers in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Yang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Key-Hwan Lim
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeol Joo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Phenotypic and molecular diversities of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 in Japan. J Neurol 2021; 268:2933-2942. [PMID: 33625581 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We intended to clarify the phenotypic and molecular diversities of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) in Japan. METHODS DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 436 patients, including 126 patients with chronic neuropathy, 108 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and 202 with cerebellar ataxia. We then PCR-amplified and sequenced the ATXN2 gene. The biopsied sural nerves of mutation-positive patients were subjected to light-microscopic and electron-microscopic analyses. Transfection analyses were performed using a Schwann cell line, IMS32. RESULTS We found PCR-amplified products potentially corresponding to expanded CAG repeats in four patients. Two patients in the chronic neuropathy group had a full repeat expansion or an intermediate expansion (39 or 32 repeats), without limb ataxia. The sural nerve biopsy findings of the two patients included axonal neuropathy and mixed neuropathy (axonal changes with demyelination). Schwann cells harbored either cytoplasmic or nuclear inclusions on electron microscopic examination. Both patients recently exhibited pyramidal signs. In the third patient in the cerebellar ataxia group, we identified a novel 21-base duplication mutation near 22 CAG repeats (c.432_452dup). The transfection study revealed that the 21-base-duplication mutant Ataxin-2 proteins aggregated in IMS32 and rendered cells susceptible to oxidative stress, similar to a CAG-expanded mutant. The fourth patient, with 41 repeats, had ataxia and spasticity. The two patients with cerebellar ataxia also had peripheral neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with expanded CAG repeats can exhibit a neuropathy-dominant phenotype not described previously. The novel 21-base-duplication mutant seems to share the aggregation properties of polyglutamine-expanded mutants.
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Donaldson J, Powell S, Rickards N, Holmans P, Jones L. What is the Pathogenic CAG Expansion Length in Huntington's Disease? J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:175-202. [PMID: 33579866 PMCID: PMC7990448 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) (OMIM 143100) is caused by an expanded CAG repeat tract in the HTT gene. The inherited CAG length is known to expand further in somatic and germline cells in HD subjects. Age at onset of the disease is inversely correlated with the inherited CAG length, but is further modulated by a series of genetic modifiers which are most likely to act on the CAG repeat in HTT that permit it to further expand. Longer repeats are more prone to expansions, and this expansion is age dependent and tissue-specific. Given that the inherited tract expands through life and most subjects develop disease in mid-life, this implies that in cells that degenerate, the CAG length is likely to be longer than the inherited length. These findings suggest two thresholds- the inherited CAG length which permits further expansion, and the intracellular pathogenic threshold, above which cells become dysfunctional and die. This two-step mechanism has been previously proposed and modelled mathematically to give an intracellular pathogenic threshold at a tract length of 115 CAG (95% confidence intervals 70- 165 CAG). Empirically, the intracellular pathogenic threshold is difficult to determine. Clues from studies of people and models of HD, and from other diseases caused by expanded repeat tracts, place this threshold between 60- 100 CAG, most likely towards the upper part of that range. We assess this evidence and discuss how the intracellular pathogenic threshold in manifest disease might be better determined. Knowing the cellular pathogenic threshold would be informative for both understanding the mechanism in HD and deploying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Donaldson
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie Powell
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nadia Rickards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lesley Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Ranganathan R, Haque S, Coley K, Shepheard S, Cooper-Knock J, Kirby J. Multifaceted Genes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:684. [PMID: 32733193 PMCID: PMC7358438 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are two progressive, adult onset neurodegenerative diseases, caused by the cell death of motor neurons in the motor cortex and spinal cord and cortical neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes, respectively. Whilst these have previously appeared to be quite distinct disorders, in terms of areas affected and clinical symptoms, identification of cognitive dysfunction as a component of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with some patients presenting with both ALS and FTD, overlapping features of neuropathology and the ongoing discoveries that a significant proportion of the genes underlying the familial forms of the disease are the same, has led to ALS and FTD being described as a disease spectrum. Many of these genes encode proteins in common biological pathways including RNA processing, autophagy, ubiquitin proteasome system, unfolded protein response and intracellular trafficking. This article provides an overview of the ALS-FTD genes before summarizing other known ALS and FTD causing genes where mutations have been found primarily in patients of one disease and rarely in the other. In discussing these genes, the review highlights the similarity of biological pathways in which the encoded proteins function and the interactions that occur between these proteins, whilst recognizing the distinctions of MAPT-related FTD and SOD1-related ALS. However, mutations in all of these genes result in similar pathology including protein aggregation and neuroinflammation, highlighting that multiple different mechanisms lead to common downstream effects and neuronal loss. Next generation sequencing has had a significant impact on the identification of genes associated with both diseases, and has also highlighted the widening clinical phenotypes associated with variants in these ALS and FTD genes. It is hoped that the large sequencing initiatives currently underway in ALS and FTD will begin to uncover why different diseases are associated with mutations within a single gene, especially as a personalized medicine approach to therapy, based on a patient's genetics, approaches the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ranganathan
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shaila Haque
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Kayesha Coley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Shepheard
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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A Systematic Review of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation across Cohorts Having Causal Mutations of Different Genes in ALS. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030058. [PMID: 32610599 PMCID: PMC7564886 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive deterioration of upper and lower motor neurons that eventually culminates in severe muscle atrophy, respiratory failure and death. There is a concerning lack of understanding regarding the mechanisms that lead to the onset of ALS and as a result there are no reliable biomarkers that aid in the early detection of the disease nor is there an effective treatment. This review first considers the clinical phenotypes associated with ALS, and discusses the broad categorisation of ALS and ALS-mimic diseases into upper and lower motor neuron diseases, before focusing on the genetic aetiology of ALS and considering the potential relationship of mutations of different genes to variations in phenotype. For this purpose, a systematic review is conducted collating data from 107 original published clinical studies on monogenic forms of the disease, surveying the age and site of onset, disease duration and motor neuron involvement. The collected data highlight the complexity of the disease's genotype-phenotype relationship, and thus the need for a nuanced approach to the development of clinical assays and therapeutics.
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14
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Shamim U, Ambawat S, Singh J, Thomas A, Pradeep-Chandra-Reddy C, Suroliya V, Uppilli B, Parveen S, Sharma P, Chanchal S, Nashi S, Preethish-Kumar V, Vengalil S, Polavarapu K, Keerthipriya M, Mahajan NP, Reddy N, Thomas PT, Sadasivan A, Warrier M, Seth M, Zahra S, Mathur A, Vibha D, Srivastava AK, Nalini A, Faruq M. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in Indian patients with ALS: a common founder and its geographical predilection. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 88:156.e1-156.e9. [PMID: 32035847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 is defined as a major causative factor for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The mutation frequency varies dramatically among populations of different ethnicity; however, in most cases, C9orf72 mutant has been described on a common founder haplotype. We assessed its frequency in a study cohort involving 593 clinically and electrophysiologically defined ALS cases. We also investigated the presence of reported Finnish haplotype among the mutation carriers. The identified common haplotype region was further screened in 192 (carrying 2-6 G4C2 repeats) and 96 (≥7 repeats) control chromosomes. The G4C2 expansion was observed in 3.2% (19/593) of total cases where 9/19 (47.4%) positive cases belonged to the eastern region of India. Haplotype analysis revealed 11 G4C2-Ex carriers shared the common haplotype (haplo-A) background spanning a region of ∼90 kbp (rs895021-rs11789520) including rs3849942 (a well-known global at-risk loci with T allele for G4C2 expansion). The other 3 G4C2-Ex cases had a different haplotype (haplo-B) with core difference from haplo-A at G4C2-Ex flanking 31 kbp region between rs3849942 and rs11789520 SNPs (allele 'C' of rs3849942 which is a nonrisk allele). Out of other five G4C2-cases, four carried the risk allele T of rs3849942 while one harbored the non-risk allele. This study establishes the prevalence of C9orf72 expansion in Indian ALS cases providing further evidence for geographical predilection. The global core risk haplotype predominated C9orf72 expansion-positive ALS cases, yet the existence of a different haplotype suggests a second lineage (haplo B), which may have been derived from the Finnish core haplotype or may imply a unique haplotype among Asians. The association of risk haplotype with normal intermediate C9orf72 alleles reinforced its role in conferring instability to the C9orf72-G4C2 region. We thus present an effective support to interpret future burden of ALS cases in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sakshi Ambawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Aneesa Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Varun Suroliya
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharathram Uppilli
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shankar Chanchal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saraswati Nashi
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Seena Vengalil
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muddasu Keerthipriya
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Neeraja Reddy
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priya Treesa Thomas
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arun Sadasivan
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manjusha Warrier
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Malika Seth
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sana Zahra
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Aradhana Mathur
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Vibha
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Achal K Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Naruse H, Matsukawa T, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Takahashi Y, Takano H, Goto J, Toda T, Tsuji S. Association of ATXN2 intermediate-length CAG repeats with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with the distributions of normal CAG repeat alleles among individual ethnic populations. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:65-71. [PMID: 30847648 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate-length CAG repeats in ATXN2 have been widely shown to be a risk factor for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). To evaluate the association of ATXN2 intermediate-length CAG repeat alleles with an increased risk of SALS, we investigated distributions of CAG repeat alleles in 394 patients with SALS and 490 control individuals in the Japanese population. In the intermediate-length repeat units of 29 or more, we identified one SALS patient with 31 repeat units and two control individuals with 30 repeat units. Thus, no significant differences in the carrier frequency of intermediate-length CAG repeat alleles were detected between patients with SALS and control individuals. When we investigated the distribution of "large normal alleles" defined as ATXN2 CAG repeats ranging from 24 up to 33 in the Japanese population compared with those in other populations in previous studies, the frequency of large normal alleles was significantly higher in the European and North American series than in the Japanese series. Moreover, these frequencies in the Turkish, Chinese, Korean, and Brazilian (Latin American) series were also higher than that in the Japanese series. These results raise the possibility that the frequencies of large normal alleles in individual populations underlie the frequencies of ALS risk alleles in the corresponding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Naruse
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Department of Neurology, Tachikawa General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Goto
- Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan. .,Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan.
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16
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Cagnoli C, Brussino A, Mancini C, Ferrone M, Orsi L, Salmin P, Pappi P, Giorgio E, Pozzi E, Cavalieri S, Di Gregorio E, Ferrero M, Filla A, De Michele G, Gellera C, Mariotti C, Nethisinghe S, Giunti P, Stevanin G, Brusco A. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Tethering PCR: A Rapid Genetic Test for the Diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 by PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:289-297. [PMID: 29462666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7, associated with a (CAG)n repeat expansion in coding sequences, are the most prevalent autosomal dominant ataxias worldwide (approximately 60% of the cases). In addition, the phenotype of SCA2 expansions has been now extended to Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Their diagnosis is currently based on a PCR to identify small expanded alleles, followed by a second-level test whenever a false normal homozygous or a CAT interruption in SCA1 needs to be verified. Next-generation sequencing still does not allow efficient detection of these repeats. Here, we show the efficacy of a novel, rapid, and cost-effective method to identify and size pathogenic expansions in SCA1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 and recognize large alleles or interruptions without a second-level test. Twenty-five healthy controls and 33 expansion carriers were analyzed: alleles migrated consistently in different PCRs and capillary runs, and homozygous individuals were always distinguishable from heterozygous carriers of both common and large (>100 repeats) pathogenic CAG expansions. Repeat number could be calculated counting the number of peaks, except for the largest SCA2 and SCA7 alleles. Interruptions in SCA1 were always visible. Overall, our method allows a simpler, cost-effective, and sensibly faster SCA diagnostic protocol compared with the standard technique and to the still unadapted next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cagnoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Orsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Neurologic Division I, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Salmin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pappi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Cavalieri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ferrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Suran Nethisinghe
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM, U 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle epinière, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, Paris, France; UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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17
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Fernandes N, Eshleman N, Buchan JR. Stress Granules and ALS: A Case of Causation or Correlation? ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 20:173-212. [PMID: 29916020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by cytoplasmic protein aggregates within motor neurons. These aggregates are linked to ALS pathogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that stress granules may aid the formation of ALS protein aggregates. Here, we summarize current understanding of stress granules, focusing on assembly and clearance. We also assess the evidence linking alterations in stress granule formation and dynamics to ALS protein aggregates and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nichole Eshleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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18
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Sproviero W, Shatunov A, Stahl D, Shoai M, van Rheenen W, Jones AR, Al-Sarraj S, Andersen PM, Bonini NM, Conforti FL, Van Damme P, Daoud H, Del Mar Amador M, Fogh I, Forzan M, Gaastra B, Gellera C, Gitler AD, Hardy J, Fratta P, La Bella V, Le Ber I, Van Langenhove T, Lattante S, Lee YC, Malaspina A, Meininger V, Millecamps S, Orrell R, Rademakers R, Robberecht W, Rouleau G, Ross OA, Salachas F, Sidle K, Smith BN, Soong BW, Sorarù G, Stevanin G, Kabashi E, Troakes C, van Broeckhoven C, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Shaw CE, Powell JF, Al-Chalabi A. ATXN2 trinucleotide repeat length correlates with risk of ALS. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 51:178.e1-178.e9. [PMID: 28017481 PMCID: PMC5302215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Two new case-control studies, a British dataset of 1474 ALS cases and 567 controls, and a Dutch dataset of 1328 ALS cases and 691 controls were analyzed. In addition, to increase power, we systematically searched PubMed for case-control studies published after 1 August 2010 that investigated the association between ATXN2 intermediate repeats and ALS. We conducted a meta-analysis of the new and existing studies for the relative risks of ATXN2 intermediate repeat alleles of between 24 and 34 CAG trinucleotide repeats and ALS. There was an overall increased risk of ALS for those carrying intermediate sized trinucleotide repeat alleles (odds ratio 3.06 [95% confidence interval 2.37-3.94]; p = 6 × 10-18), with an exponential relationship between repeat length and ALS risk for alleles of 29-32 repeats (R2 = 0.91, p = 0.0002). No relationship was seen for repeat length and age of onset or survival. In contrast to trinucleotide repeat diseases, intermediate ATXN2 trinucleotide repeat expansion in ALS does not predict age of onset but does predict disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sproviero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ashley R Jones
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip Van Damme
- Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hussein Daoud
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Del Mar Amador
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, ALS Paris ALS Center for Rare Diseases, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Monica Forzan
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ben Gaastra
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Center, Bio. Ne. C., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, Departement de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Insititute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Serena Lattante
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- North-East London and Essex MND Care Centre - Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Blizard, Institute of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Vincent Meininger
- Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, institut de recherche translationnelle en neurosciences (A-ICM), Paris, France; Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, réseau SLA IdF, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France
| | - Richard Orrell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francois Salachas
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, ALS Paris ALS Center for Rare Diseases, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France
| | - Katie Sidle
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France; Neurogenetics team, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS1127, Paris, France
| | - Claire Troakes
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Christine van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Insititute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - John F Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.
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Zhang M, Xi Z, Misquitta K, Sato C, Moreno D, Liang Y, Slow E, Rogaeva E, Tartaglia MC. C9orf72 and ATXN2 repeat expansions coexist in a family with ataxia, dementia, and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2016; 32:158-162. [PMID: 28124431 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermediate interrupted ataxin 2 (ATXN2) alleles (27-33 CAG-repeats) increase the risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and are reported as modifiers in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) carriers, rendering susceptibility to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rather than frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The clinical presentation of C9orf72 patients with pathogenic ATXN2 alleles (≥35 CAG-repeats) is unknown. METHODS Blood samples were collected from a family affected by ataxia, dementia, and parkinsonism, but not amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mutation analyses of the proband included C9orf72 and 14 ataxia genes, followed by segregation analyses in family members. RESULTS Both affected siblings carry an uninterrupted 37-repeat expansion in ATXN2 and a methylated G4 C2 -repeat allele in C9orf72 that is typical of large pathogenic expansions. CONCLUSIONS The CAG-expansion in ATXN2 likely caused the ataxia, whereas the dementia may be linked to both C9orf72 and ATXN2 repeat expansions. The pathological uninterrupted ATXN2 repeat may not have the same modifying effect as intermediate interrupted alleles. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Misquitta
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Moreno
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Liang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Slow
- Krembil Neuroscience Center, Movement Disorder's Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Neuroscience Center, University Health Network Memory Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Liu F, Liu Q, Lu CX, Cui B, Guo XN, Wang RR, Liu MS, Li XG, Cui LY, Zhang X. Identification of a novel loss-of-function C9orf72 splice site mutation in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:219.e1-219.e5. [PMID: 27595458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expansion of a hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia in Caucasians. However, the underlying pathologic mechanisms remain controversial, and both loss-of-function and gain-of-function models have been proposed. To gain further insight into these mechanisms, we performed mutation analysis of C9orf72 in 276 Han Chinese patients with ALS. We identified GGGGCC expansions in 2 cases of sporadic ALS with 38 and 63 repeats, as well as a novel splice site mutation (c.601-2A>G) in a third case. These genetic alterations were not detected in 332 control patients without neurological disease. Intriguingly, functional analysis revealed that the splice site mutation disrupted the reading frame, creating a premature stop codon (p.I201fsX235). Decreased levels of the mutant messenger RNA were detected in patient cells, suggesting that it may undergo nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay. Taken together, these results demonstrate that C9orf72 mutation is infrequently associated with ALS in Han Chinese patients and suggest that a splice site mutation in C9orf72 may lead to loss of function due to haploinsufficiency of the resulting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xia Lu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Nan Guo
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Rong Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sheng Liu
- Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guang Li
- Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ying Cui
- Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China.
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Zufiría M, Gil-Bea FJ, Fernández-Torrón R, Poza JJ, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Rojas-García R, Riancho J, López de Munain A. ALS: A bucket of genes, environment, metabolism and unknown ingredients. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:104-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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ATNX2 is not a regulatory gene in Italian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with C9ORF72 GGGGCC expansion. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 39:218.e5-8. [PMID: 26733254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are indications that both familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and sporadic ALS phenotype and prognosis are partly regulated by genetic and environmental factors, supporting the theory that ALS is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this article was to assess the role of ATXN2 intermediate length repeats in a large series of Italian and Sardinian ALS patients and controls carrying a pathogenetic C9ORF72 GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat. A total of 1972 ALS cases were identified through the database of the Italian ALS Genetic consortium, a collaborative effort including 18 ALS centers throughout Italy. The study population included: (1) 276 Italian and 57 Sardinian ALS cases who carried the C9ORF72 expansion; (2) 1340 Italian and 299 Sardinian ALS cases not carrying the C9ORF72 expansion. A total of healthy 1043 controls were also assessed. Most Italian and Sardinian cases and controls were homozygous for 22/22 or 23/23 repeats or heterozygous for 22/23 repeats of the ATXN2 gene. ATXN2 intermediate length repeats alleles (≥28) were detected in 3 (0.6%) Italian ALS cases carrying the C9ORF72 expansion, in none of the Sardinian ALS cases carrying the expansion, in 60 (4.3%) Italian cases not carrying the expansion, and in 6 (2.0%) Sardinian ALS cases without C9ORF72 expansion. Intermediate length repeat alleles were found in 12 (1.5%) Italian controls and 1 (0.84%) Sardinian controls. Therefore, ALS patients with C9ORF72 expansion showed a lower frequency of ATXN2 polyQ intermediate length repeats than both controls (Italian cases, p = 0.137; Sardinian cases, p = 0.0001) and ALS patients without C9ORF72 expansion (Italian cases, p = 0.005; Sardinian cases, p = 0.178). In our large study on Italian and Sardinian ALS patients with C9ORF72 GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion, compared to age-, gender- and ethnic-matched controls, ATXN2 polyQ intermediate length does not represent a modifier of ALS risk, differently from non-C9ORF72 mutated patients.
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23
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Highley JR, Lorente Pons A, Cooper-Knock J, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Wood J, Kirby J. Motor neurone disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with intermediate-length CAG repeat expansions inAtaxin-2does not have 1C2-positive polyglutamine inclusions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:377-89. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Robin Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Alejandro Lorente Pons
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Stephen B. Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Paul G. Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Jon Wood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Defining the genetic connection linking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Trends Genet 2015; 31:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Neuenschwander AG, Thai KK, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 ATXN2 CAG repeat alleles: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2015; 71:1529-34. [PMID: 25285812 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Repeats of CAG in the ataxin 2 gene (ATXN2) in the long-normal range (sometimes referred to as intermediate) have been identified as modifiers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) risk. Prior studies have used thresholding considering various cutoffs for ATXN2 repeat length. OBJECTIVE To calculate association between ATXN2 CAG repeat alleles and increased risk of ALS across multiple ethnic groups. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE database was searched for studies published by December 29, 2013, reporting ATXN2 CAG repeat length in patients with ALS and controls. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they reported original data on relative risks or odds ratios (ORs) from ALS and control populations for individual ATXN2 alleles. Review articles that reported no new data were not included in the analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Analysis of allele distribution was performed to ensure that all studies followed identical allele sizing. The ORs, 95% confidence intervals, and population attributable risk percentages were calculated according to standard procedures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Occurrence of ALS associated with ATXN2 repeat alleles, expressed as ORs. RESULTS Nine studies were analyzed, including 7505 controls and 6151 sporadic ALS cases. The ALS and control cohorts were recruited from different geographical and ethnic regions including the United States, French Canada/Canada, Belgium and the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, mainland China, Turkey, and Flanders-Belgium. The ATXN2 CAG repeat lengths ranged from 13 to 39 in patients with ALS and from 13 to 34 in controls. The ORs were less than 1.00 for alleles with 25 to 28 repeats. The OR was 1.55 for 30 repeats, but this elevation was not statistically significant (95% CI, 0.88-2.73). The ORs were 2.70 (95% CI, 1.47-4.93) for 31 CAG repeats, 11.09 (95% CI, 4.16-29.57) for 32 repeats, and 5.76 (95% CI, 1.79-18.57) for 33 repeats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In contrast to prior studies with smaller numbers, risk for ALS associated with long-normal alleles is complex. Alleles with 27 and 28 repeats lower ALS risk slightly. The risk for ALS increases beginning with 29 repeats and reaches a maximum at 32 and 33 repeats. Of note, alleles with repeats of these lengths are known to be predisposed to meiotic expansion to full-penetrance mutant alleles. In patients with ALS, alleles with 31 to 33 repeats may have undergone preferential expansion in motor neurons during mitosis or DNA repair. Our meta-analysis provides a framework for counseling individuals with long-normal ATXN2 repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khanh K Thai
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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FTLD-ALS of TDP-43 type and SCA2 in a family with a full ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansion. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:597-604. [PMID: 24718895 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansions in the ataxin-2 gene (ATXN2) cause autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), but have recently also been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We present clinical and pathological features of a family in which a pathological ATXN2 expansion led to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ALS (FTLD-ALS) in the index case, but typical SCA2 in a son, and compare the neuropathology with a case of typical SCA2. The index case shares the molecular signature of SCA2 with prominent polyglutamine and p62-positive intranuclear neuronal inclusions mainly in the pontine nuclei, while harbouring more pronounced neocortical and spinal TDP-43 pathology. We conclude that ATXN2 mutations can cause not only ALS, but also a neuropathological overlap syndrome of SCA2 and FTLD presenting clinically as pure FTLD-ALS without ataxia. The cause of the phenotypic heterogeneity remains unexplained, but the presence of a CAA-interrupted CAG repeat in the FTLD case in this family suggests that one potential mechanism may be variation in repeat tract composition between members of the same family.
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27
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Wang MD, Gomes J, Cashman NR, Little J, Krewski D. Intermediate CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene is a unique genetic risk factor for ALS--a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105534. [PMID: 25148523 PMCID: PMC4141758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare degenerative condition of the motor neurons. Over 10% of ALS cases are linked to monogenic mutations, with the remainder thought to be due to other risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic polymorphisms, and possibly gene-environmental interactions. We examined the association between ALS and an intermediate CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene using a meta-analytic approach. Observational studies were searched with relevant disease and gene terms from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO from January 2010 through to January 2014. All identified articles were screened using disease terms, gene terms, population information, and CAG repeat information according to PRISMA guidelines. The final list of 17 articles was further evaluated based on the study location, time period, and authors to exclude multiple usage of the same study populations: 13 relevant articles were retained for this study. The range 30-33 CAG repeats in the ATXN2 gene was most strongly associated with ALS. The meta-analysis revealed that the presence of an intermediate CAG repeat (30-33) in the ATXN2 gene was associated with an increased risk of ALS [odds ratio (OR) = 4.44, 95%CI: 2.91-6.76)] in Caucasian ALS patients. There was no significant difference in the association of this CAG intermediate repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene between familial ALS cases (OR = 3.59, 1.58-8.17) and sporadic ALS cases (OR = 3.16, 1.88-5.32). These results indicate that the presence of intermediate CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene is a specific genetic risk factor for ALS, unlike monogenic mutations with an autosomal dominant transmission mode, which cause a more severe phenotype of ALS, with a higher prevalence in familial ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Gomes
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil R. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julian Little
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Lattante S, Millecamps S, Stevanin G, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Moigneu C, Camuzat A, Da Barroca S, Mundwiller E, Couarch P, Salachas F, Hannequin D, Meininger V, Pasquier F, Seilhean D, Couratier P, Danel-Brunaud V, Bonnet AM, Tranchant C, LeGuern E, Brice A, Le Ber I, Kabashi E. Contribution of ATXN2 intermediary polyQ expansions in a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. Neurology 2014; 83:990-5. [PMID: 25098532 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of ATXN2 polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in large cohorts of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and to evaluate whether ATXN2 could act as a modifier gene in patients carrying the C9orf72 expansion. METHODS We screened a large cohort of French patients (1,144 ALS, 203 FTD, 168 FTD-ALS, and 109 PSP) for ATXN2 CAG repeat length. We included in our cohort 322 carriers of the C9orf72 expansion (202 ALS, 63 FTD, and 57 FTD-ALS). RESULTS We found a significant association with intermediate repeat size (≥29 CAG) in patients with ALS (both familial and sporadic) and, for the first time, in patients with familial FTD-ALS. Of interest, we found the co-occurrence of pathogenic C9orf72 expansion in 23.2% of ATXN2 intermediate-repeat carriers, all in the FTD-ALS and familial ALS subgroups. In the cohort of C9orf72 carriers, 3.1% of patients also carried an intermediate ATXN2 repeat length. ATXN2 repeat lengths in patients with PSP and FTD were found to be similar to the controls. CONCLUSIONS ATXN2 intermediary repeat length is a strong risk factor for ALS and FTD-ALS. Furthermore, we propose that ATXN2 polyQ expansions could act as a strong modifier of the FTD phenotype in the presence of a C9orf72 repeat expansion, leading to the development of clinical signs featuring both FTD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Rivaud-Péchoux
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carine Moigneu
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sandra Da Barroca
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emeline Mundwiller
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Couarch
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Salachas
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Meininger
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Danel-Brunaud
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Bonnet
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric LeGuern
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- From the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) (S.L., S.M., G.S., S.R.-P., C.M., A.C., S.D., E.M., P.C., A.B., I.L., E.K.), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM75, Inserm U1127, Cnrs UMR7225, F-75013, Paris; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, ICM (G.S.), HéSam Université, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre de référence maladies rares SLA (F.S., V.M.), Département de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Department of Neurology (A.-M.B.), Unité Fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire (E.L.), Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique (A.B.), and Centre de référence Démences Rares (I.L.), AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris; Inserm U1079 (D.H.), Rouen; Centre mémoire (F.P.), Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Lille; Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (P.C.), Université de Limoges INSERM UMR1094, Limoges; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (V.D.-B.), Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille; and Service de neurologie (C.T.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France.
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van Blitterswijk M, Mullen B, Heckman MG, Baker MC, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Brown PH, Murray ME, Hsiung GYR, Stewart H, Karydas AM, Finger E, Kertesz A, Bigio EH, Weintraub S, Mesulam M, Hatanpaa KJ, White CL, Neumann M, Strong MJ, Beach TG, Wszolek ZK, Lippa C, Caselli R, Petrucelli L, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Mackenzie IR, Seeley WW, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Boylan KB, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Rademakers R. Ataxin-2 as potential disease modifier in C9ORF72 expansion carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2421.e13-7. [PMID: 24866401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) are an important cause of both motor neuron disease (MND) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Currently, little is known about factors that could account for the phenotypic heterogeneity detected in C9ORF72 expansion carriers. In this study, we investigated 4 genes that could represent genetic modifiers: ataxin-2 (ATXN2), non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome 1 (NIPA1), survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1), and survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2). Assessment of these genes, in a unique cohort of 331 C9ORF72 expansion carriers and 376 control subjects, revealed that intermediate repeat lengths in ATXN2 possibly act as disease modifier in C9ORF72 expansion carriers; no evidence was provided for a potential role of NIPA1, SMN1, or SMN2. The effects of intermediate ATXN2 repeats were most profound in probands with MND or FTD/MND (2.1% vs. 0% in control subjects, p = 0.013), whereas the frequency in probands with FTD was identical to control subjects. Though intermediate ATXN2 repeats were already known to be associated with MND risk, previous reports did not focus on individuals with clear pathogenic mutations, such as repeat expansions in C9ORF72. Based on our present findings, we postulate that intermediate ATXN2 repeat lengths may render C9ORF72 expansion carriers more susceptible to the development of MND; further studies are needed, however, to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Mullen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather Stewart
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Kertesz
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Manuela Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | - Carol Lippa
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin B Boylan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Matilla-Dueñas A, Ashizawa T, Brice A, Magri S, McFarland KN, Pandolfo M, Pulst SM, Riess O, Rubinsztein DC, Schmidt J, Schmidt T, Scoles DR, Stevanin G, Taroni F, Underwood BR, Sánchez I. Consensus paper: pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:269-302. [PMID: 24307138 PMCID: PMC3943639 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intensive scientific research devoted in the recent years to understand the molecular mechanisms or neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are identifying new pathways and targets providing new insights and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in these diseases. In this consensus manuscript, the authors discuss their current views on the identified molecular processes causing or modulating the neurodegenerative phenotype in spinocerebellar ataxias with the common opinion of translating the new knowledge acquired into candidate targets for therapy. The following topics are discussed: transcription dysregulation, protein aggregation, autophagy, ion channels, the role of mitochondria, RNA toxicity, modulators of neurodegeneration and current therapeutic approaches. Overall point of consensus includes the common vision of neurodegeneration in SCAs as a multifactorial, progressive and reversible process, at least in early stages. Specific points of consensus include the role of the dysregulation of protein folding, transcription, bioenergetics, calcium handling and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression. Unresolved questions include how the dysregulation of these pathways triggers the onset of symptoms and mediates disease progression since this understanding may allow effective treatments of SCAs within the window of reversibility to prevent early neuronal damage. Common opinions also include the need for clinical detection of early neuronal dysfunction, for more basic research to decipher the early neurodegenerative process in SCAs in order to give rise to new concepts for treatment strategies and for the translation of the results to preclinical studies and, thereafter, in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matilla-Dueñas
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain,
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31
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McFarland KN, Liu J, Landrian I, Zeng D, Raskin S, Moscovich M, Gatto EM, Ochoa A, Teive HAG, Rasmussen A, Ashizawa T. Repeat interruptions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 expansions are strongly associated with epileptic seizures. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:59-64. [PMID: 24318420 PMCID: PMC4038098 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-013-0385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, is the result of a non-coding, pentanucleotide repeat expansion within intron 9 of the Ataxin 10 gene. SCA10 patients present with pure cerebellar ataxia; yet, some families also have a high incidence of epilepsy. SCA10 expansions containing penta- and heptanucleotide interruption motifs, termed "ATCCT interruptions," experience large contractions during germline transmission, particularly in paternal lineages. At the same time, these alleles confer an earlier age at onset which contradicts traditional rules of genetic anticipation in repeat expansions. Previously, ATCCT interruptions have been associated with a higher prevalence of epileptic seizures in one Mexican-American SCA10 family. In a large cohort of SCA10 families, we analyzed whether ATCCT interruptions confer a greater risk for developing seizures in these families. Notably, we find that the presence of repeat interruptions within the SCA10 expansion confers a 6.3-fold increase in the risk of an SCA10 patient developing epilepsy (6.2-fold when considering patients of Mexican ancestry only) and a 13.7-fold increase in having a positive family history of epilepsy (10.5-fold when considering patients of Mexican ancestry only). We conclude that the presence of repeat interruptions in SCA10 repeat expansion indicates a significant risk for the epilepsy phenotype and should be considered during genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Tazen S, Figueroa K, Kwan JY, Goldman J, Hunt A, Sampson J, Gutmann L, Pulst SM, Mitsumoto H, Kuo SH. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 in a family with full CAG repeat expansions of ATXN2. JAMA Neurol 2014; 70:1302-4. [PMID: 23959108 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A family with coexistence of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is described. OBSERVATIONS Intermediate or full CAG repeat expansions of ATXN2 are associated with ALS. However, no coexistence of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and ALS in a family has been reported in the literature.We describe a 47-year-old woman with an 11-year history of ataxia and her paternal uncle with ALS who were evaluated at Columbia University Medical Center since July 2006. Both our patient with ataxia and her uncle with ALS have full pathological CAG repeat expansions of ATXN2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The diverse clinical phenotypes of ATXN2 CAG expansions and their coexistence in a single family are highlighted. A clinician should consider the diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 when encountering a patient with ataxia and a family history of ALS.
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Jones AR, Woollacott I, Shatunov A, Cooper-Knock J, Buchman V, Sproviero W, Smith B, Scott KM, Balendra R, Abel O, McGuffin P, Ellis CM, Shaw PJ, Morrison KE, Farmer A, Lewis CM, Leigh PN, Shaw CE, Powell JF, Al-Chalabi A. Residual association at C9orf72 suggests an alternative amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-causing hexanucleotide repeat. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2234.e1-7. [PMID: 23587638 PMCID: PMC3753508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3849942 is associated with ALS, tagging a hexanucleotide repeat mutation in the C9orf72 gene. It is possible that there is more than 1 disease-causing genetic variation at this locus, in which case association might remain after removal of cases carrying the mutation. DNA from patients with ALS was therefore tested for the mutation. Genome-wide association testing was performed first using all samples, and then restricting the analysis to samples not carrying the mutation. rs3849942 and rs903603 were strongly associated with ALS when all samples were included (rs3849942, p = [3 × 2] × 10(-6), rank 7/442,057; rs903603, p = [7 × 6] × 10(-8), rank 2/442,057). Removal of the mutation-carrying cases resulted in loss of association for rs3849942 (p = [2 × 6] × 10(-3), rank 1225/442,068), but had little effect on rs903603 (p = [1 × 9] × 10(-5), rank 8/442,068). Those with a risk allele of rs903603 had an excess of apparent homozygosity for wild type repeat alleles, consistent with polymerase chain reaction failure of 1 allele because of massive repeat expansion. These results indicate residual association at the C9orf72 locus suggesting a second disease-causing repeat mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Jones
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ione Woollacott
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Vladimir Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - William Sproviero
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Bradley Smith
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Kirsten M. Scott
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Rubika Balendra
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Olubunmi Abel
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, and Neurosciences Division, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Anne Farmer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P. Nigel Leigh
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Christopher E. Shaw
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - John F. Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
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Abstract
Pathogenic CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-2 gene (ATXN2) is the genetic cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Recently, it has been associated with Parkinsonism and increased genetic risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we report the association of de novo mutations in ATXN2 with autosomal dominant ALS. These findings support our previous conjectures based on population studies on the role of large normal ATXN2 alleles as the source for new mutations being involved in neurodegenerative pathologies associated with CAG expansions. The de novo mutations expanded from ALS/SCA2 non-risk alleles as proven by meta-analysis method. The ALS risk was associated with SCA2 alleles as well as with intermediate CAG lengths in the ATXN2. Higher risk for ALS was associated with pathogenic CAG repeat as revealed by meta-analysis.
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35
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Bentmann E, Haass C, Dormann D. Stress granules in neurodegeneration - lessons learnt from TAR DNA binding protein of 43 kDa and fused in sarcoma. FEBS J 2013; 280:4348-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bentmann
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Munich Germany
| | - Dorothee Dormann
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
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ATXN2 CAG repeat expansions increase the risk for Chinese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2236.e5-8. [PMID: 23635656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with unclear etiology. Recently, intermediate CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2, the gene responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), have been identified as a possible genetic risk factor for ALS. In this study, we analyzed the ATXN2 CAG repeat length in Chinese patients with ALS to evaluate the relationship between the genotype and phenotype. We studied 1,067 patients with ALS and 506 controls from mainland China (excluding Tibet). We collected clinical data and analyzed fluorescent PCR products to assess ATXN2 CAG repeat length in all of the samples. We observed that intermediate CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2 (CAG repeat length >30) were associated with ALS (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics between the groups with and without intermediate CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2. Our data indicate that, for ALS patients from mainland China, intermediate CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2 increase the risk of ALS but have no effect on disease phenotype.
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37
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Nihei Y, Ito D, Suzuki N. Roles of ataxin-2 in pathological cascades mediated by TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41310-23. [PMID: 23048034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) play central roles in neurodegeneration associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Both proteins are components of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules and show cytoplasmic mislocalization in affected tissues. Recently, ataxin-2 was identified as a potent modifier of TDP-43 toxicity in an RNA-dependent manner. This study investigated to clarify how ataxin-2 modifies the TDP-43 and FUS pathological pathway. The expression of cytoplasmic TDP-43, the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment (TDP-p35f), and mutant FUS recruited ataxin-2 to mRNP granules, whereas increased ataxin-2 inhibited the mRNP granule formation of the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment and mutant FUS. A subcellular compartment analysis showed that the overexpressed ataxin-2 increased the cytoplasmic concentrations of both proteins, whereas it decreased their nuclear distributions. These data indicate that increased ataxin-2 impairs the assembly of TDP-43 and FUS into mRNP granules, leading to an aberrant distribution of RNA-binding proteins. Consequently, these sequences may exacerbate the impairment of the RNA-quality control system mediated by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobar degeneration-associated RNA-binding proteins, which forms the core of the degenerative cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nihei
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Stress induces aggregation of RNA-binding proteins to form inclusions, termed stress granules (SGs). Recent evidence suggests that SG proteins also colocalize with neuropathological structures, but whether this occurs in Alzheimer's disease is unknown. We examined the relationship between SG proteins and neuropathology in brain tissue from P301L Tau transgenic mice, as well as in cases of Alzheimer's disease and FTDP-17. The pattern of SG pathology differs dramatically based on the RNA-binding protein examined. SGs positive for T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) or tristetraprolin (TTP) initially do not colocalize with tau pathology, but then merge with tau inclusions as disease severity increases. In contrast, G3BP (ras GAP-binding protein) identifies a novel type of molecular pathology that shows increasing accumulation in neurons with increasing disease severity, but often is not associated with classic markers of tau pathology. TIA-1 and TTP both bind phospho-tau, and TIA-1 overexpression induces formation of inclusions containing phospho-tau. These data suggest that SG formation might stimulate tau pathophysiology. Thus, study of RNA-binding proteins and SG biology highlights novel pathways interacting with the pathophysiology of AD, providing potentially new avenues for identifying diseased neurons and potentially novel mechanisms regulating tau biology.
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Scoles DR, Pflieger LT, Thai KK, Hansen ST, Dansithong W, Pulst SM. ETS1 regulates the expression of ATXN2. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5048-65. [PMID: 22914732 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG tract in the ATXN2 gene. The SCA2 phenotype is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and slow saccades. SCA2 foreshortens life span and is currently without symptomatic or disease-modifying treatments. Identifying function-specific therapeutics for SCA2 is problematic due to the limited knowledge of ATXN2 function. As SCA2 is likely caused by a gain-of-toxic or gain-of-normal function like other polyglutamine disorders, targeting ATXN2 expression may represent a valid therapeutic approach. This study characterized aspects of ATXN2 expression control using an ATXN2 promoter-luciferase (luc) reporter construct. We verified the fidelity of construct expression by generating transgenic mice expressing the reporter construct. High reporter expression was seen in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb in vivo but there was relatively low expression in other tissues, similar to the expression of endogenous ataxin-2. We verified the second of two possible start codons as the functional start codon in ATXN2. By evaluating deletions in the ATXN2 promoter, we identified an E-twenty six (ETS)-binding site required for ATXN2 expression. We verified that endogenous ETS1 interacted with the ATXN2 promoter by an electromobility supershift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation polymerase chain reaction. ETS1 overexpression increased ATXN2-luc (ATXN2-luciferase) as well as endogenous ATXN2 expression. Deletion of the putative ETS1-binding site abrogated the effects on the expression of ATXN2-luc. A dominant negative ETS1 and an ETS1 short-hairpin RNA both reduced ATXN2-luc expression. Our study broadens the understanding on the transcriptional control of ATXN2 and reveals specific regulatory features of the ATXN2 promoter that can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Lahut S, Ömür Ö, Uyan Ö, Ağım ZS, Özoğuz A, Parman Y, Deymeer F, Oflazer P, Koç F, Özçelik H, Auburger G, Başak AN. ATXN2 and its neighbouring gene SH2B3 are associated with increased ALS risk in the Turkish population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42956. [PMID: 22916186 PMCID: PMC3423429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansions of the polyglutamine (polyQ) domain (≥ 34) in Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) are the primary cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Recent studies reported that intermediate-length (27-33) expansions increase the risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in 1-4% of cases in diverse populations. This study investigates the Turkish population with respect to ALS risk, genotyping 158 sporadic, 78 familial patients and 420 neurologically healthy controls. We re-assessed the effect of ATXN2 expansions and extended the analysis for the first time to cover the ATXN2 locus with 18 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotypes. In accordance with other studies, our results confirmed that 31-32 polyQ repeats in the ATXN2 gene are associated with risk of developing ALS in 1.7% of the Turkish ALS cohort (p=0.0172). Additionally, a significant association of a 136 kb haplotype block across the ATXN2 and SH2B3 genes was found in 19.4% of a subset of our ALS cohort and in 10.1% of the controls (p=0.0057, OR: 2.23). ATXN2 and SH2B3 encode proteins that both interact with growth receptor tyrosine kinases. Our novel observations suggest that genotyping of SNPs at this locus may be useful for the study of ALS risk in a high percentage of individuals and that ATXN2 and SH2B3 variants may interact in modulating the disease pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Lahut
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgür Ömür
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgün Uyan
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Sena Ağım
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Özoğuz
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Parman
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Neurology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feza Deymeer
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Neurology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Piraye Oflazer
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Neurology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Koç
- Çukurova University, Medical School, Neurology Department, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Özçelik
- University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University, Experimental Neurology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A. Nazlı Başak
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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41
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Gellera C, Ticozzi N, Pensato V, Nanetti L, Castucci A, Castellotti B, Lauria G, Taroni F, Silani V, Mariotti C. ATAXIN2 CAG-repeat length in Italian patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: risk factor or variant phenotype? Implication for genetic testing and counseling. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1847.e15-21. [PMID: 22425256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Local regulation of protein synthesis in neurons has emerged as a leading research focus because of its importance in synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. The complexity of neuronal subcellular domains and their distance from the soma demand local spatial and temporal control of protein synthesis. Synthesis of many synaptic proteins, such as GluR and PSD-95, is under local control. mRNA binding proteins (RBPs), such as FMRP, function as key regulators of local RNA translation, and the mTORC1 pathway acts as a primary signaling cascade for regulation of these proteins. Much of the regulation occurs through structures termed RNA granules, which are based on reversible aggregation of the RBPs, some of which have aggregation prone domains with sequence features similar to yeast prion proteins. Mutations in many of these RBPs are associated with neurological diseases, including FMRP in fragile X syndrome; TDP-43, FUS (fused in sarcoma), angiogenin, and ataxin-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ataxin-2 in spinocerebellar ataxia; and SMN (survival of motor neuron protein) in spinal muscular atrophy.
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43
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Shieh SY, Bonini NM. Genes and pathways affected by CAG-repeat RNA-based toxicity in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4810-21. [PMID: 21933837 PMCID: PMC3221540 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is one of the polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, which are caused by a CAG-repeat expansion within the coding region of the associated genes. The CAG repeat specifies glutamine, and the expanded polyQ domain mutation confers dominant toxicity on the protein. Traditionally, studies have focused on protein toxicity in polyQ disease mechanisms. Recent findings, however, demonstrate that the CAG-repeat RNA, which encodes the toxic polyQ protein, also contributes to the disease in Drosophila. To provide insights into the nature of the RNA toxicity, we extracted brain-enriched RNA from flies expressing a toxic CAG-repeat mRNA (CAG100) and a non-toxic interrupted CAA/G mRNA repeat (CAA/G105) for microarray analysis. This approach identified 160 genes that are differentially expressed specifically in CAG100 flies. Functional annotation clustering analysis revealed several broad ontologies enriched in the CAG100 gene list, including iron ion binding and nucleotide binding. Intriguingly, transcripts for the Hsp70 genes, a powerful suppressor of polyQ and other human neurodegenerative diseases, were also upregulated. We therefore tested and showed that upregulation of heat shock protein 70 mitigates CAG-repeat RNA toxicity. We then assessed whether other modifiers of the pathogenic, expanded Ataxin-3 polyQ protein could also modify the CAG-repeat RNA toxicity. This approach identified the co-chaperone Tpr2, the transcriptional regulator Dpld, and the RNA-binding protein Orb2 as modifiers of both polyQ protein toxicity and CAG-repeat RNA-based toxicity. These findings suggest an overlap in the mechanisms of RNA and protein-based toxicity, providing insights into the pathogenicity of the RNA in polyQ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Shieh
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-6018, USA
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44
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Gispert S, Kurz A, Waibel S, Bauer P, Liepelt I, Geisen C, Gitler AD, Becker T, Weber M, Berg D, Andersen PM, Krüger R, Riess O, Ludolph AC, Auburger G. The modulation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis risk by ataxin-2 intermediate polyglutamine expansions is a specific effect. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:356-61. [PMID: 21889984 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Full expansions of the polyglutamine domain (polyQ≥34) within the polysome-associated protein ataxin-2 (ATXN2) are the cause of a multi-system neurodegenerative disorder, which usually presents as a Spino-Cerebellar Ataxia and is therefore known as SCA2, but may rarely manifest as Levodopa-responsive Parkinson syndrome or as motor neuron disease. Intermediate expansions (27≤polyQ≤33) were reported to modify the risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We have now tested the reproducibility and the specificity of this observation. In 559 independent ALS patients from Central Europe, the association of ATXN2 expansions (30≤polyQ≤35) with ALS was highly significant. The study of 1490 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) showed an enrichment of ATXN2 alleles 27/28 in a subgroup with familial cases, but the overall risk of sporadic PD was unchanged. No association was found between polyQ expansions in Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) and ALS risk. These data indicate a specific interaction between ATXN2 expansions and the causes of ALS, possibly through altered RNA-processing as a common pathogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) is a debilitating, and universally fatal, neurodegenerative disease that devastates upper and lower motor neurons. The causes of ALS are poorly understood. A central role for RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism in ALS has recently emerged. The RNA-binding proteins, TDP-43 and FUS, are principal components of cytoplasmic inclusions found in motor neurons of ALS patients and mutations in TDP-43 and FUS are linked to familial and sporadic ALS. Pathology and genetics also connect TDP-43 and FUS with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U). It was unknown whether mechanisms of FUS aggregation and toxicity were similar or different to those of TDP-43. To address this issue, we have employed yeast models and pure protein biochemistry to define mechanisms underlying TDP-43 and FUS aggregation and toxicity, and to identify genetic modifiers relevant for human disease. We have identified prion-like domains in FUS and TDP-43 and provide evidence that these domains are required for aggregation. Our studies have defined key similarities as well as important differences between the two proteins. Collectively, however, our findings lead us to suggest that FUS and TDP-43, though similar RNA-binding proteins, likely aggregate and confer disease phenotypes via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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