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Zhang J, Wang P, Xie W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhou H. Cephalopod-Inspired Nanomaterials for Optical and Thermal Regulation: Mechanisms, Applications and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24741-24769. [PMID: 39177374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of interactions between light and matter plays a crucial role in the evolution of organisms and a better life for humans. As a result of natural selection, precise light-regulatory systems of biology have been engineered that provide many powerful and promising bioinspired strategies. As the "king of disguise", cephalopods, which can perfectly control the propagation of light and thus achieve excellent surrounding-matching via their delicate skin structure, have made themselves an exciting source of inspiration for developing optical and thermal regulation nanomaterials. This review presents cutting-edge advancements in cephalopod-inspired optical and thermal regulation nanomaterials, highlighting the key milestones and breakthroughs achieved thus far. We begin with the underlying mechanisms of the adaptive color-changing ability of cephalopods, as well as their special hierarchical skin structure. Then, different types of bioinspired nanomaterials and devices are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, some advanced and emerging applications of these nanomaterials and devices, including camouflage, thermal management, pixelation, medical health, sensing and wireless communication, are addressed. Finally, some remaining but significant challenges and potential directions for future work are discussed. We anticipate that this comprehensive review will promote the further development of cephalopod-inspired nanomaterials for optical and thermal regulation and trigger ideas for bioinspired design of nanomaterials in multidisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Weirong Xie
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201203 Shanghai, China
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2
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Tan M, Zhang S, Stevens M, Li D, Tan EJ. Antipredator defences in motion: animals reduce predation risks by concealing or misleading motion signals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:778-796. [PMID: 38174819 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Motion is a crucial part of the natural world, yet our understanding of how animals avoid predation whilst moving remains rather limited. Although several theories have been proposed for how antipredator defence may be facilitated during motion, there is often a lack of supporting empirical evidence, or conflicting findings. Furthermore, many studies have shown that motion often 'breaks' camouflage, as sudden movement can be detected even before an individual is recognised. Whilst some static camouflage strategies may conceal moving animals to a certain extent, more emphasis should be given to other modes of camouflage and related defences in the context of motion (e.g. flicker fusion camouflage, active motion camouflage, motion dazzle, and protean motion). Furthermore, when motion is involved, defence strategies are not necessarily limited to concealment. An animal can also rely on motion to mislead predators with regards to its trajectory, location, size, colour pattern, or even identity. In this review, we discuss the various underlying antipredator strategies and the mechanisms through which they may be linked to motion, conceptualising existing empirical and theoretical studies from two perspectives - concealing and misleading effects. We also highlight gaps in our understanding of these antipredator strategies, and suggest possible methodologies for experimental designs/test subjects (i.e. prey and/or predators) and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Eunice J Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
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3
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Gong Y, Wang H, Luo J, Chen J, Qu Z. Research Progress of Bioinspired Structural Color in Camouflage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2564. [PMID: 38893828 PMCID: PMC11173615 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired structural color represents a burgeoning field that draws upon principles, strategies, and concepts derived from biological systems to inspire the design of novel technologies or products featuring reversible color changing mechanisms, with significant potential applications for camouflage, sensors, anticounterfeiting, etc. This mini-review focuses specifically on the research progress of bioinspired structural color in the realm of camouflage. Firstly, it discusses fundamental mechanisms of coloration in biological systems, encompassing pigmentation, structural coloration, fluorescence, and bioluminescence. Subsequently, it delineates three modulation strategies-namely, photonic crystals, film interference, and plasmonic modulation-that contribute to the development of bioinspired structural color materials or devices. Moreover, the review critically assesses the integration of bioinspired structural color materials with environmental contexts, with a particular emphasis on their application in camouflage. Finally, the paper outlines persisting challenges and suggests future development trends in the camouflage field via bioinspired structural color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China;
| | - Haibin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Jianxin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Jiwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Zhengyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
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4
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Rodríguez-Barreto D, Sanz-González JC, Martín MV, Arrieta JM, Almansa E. Sex-specific bacterial microbiome variation in octopus vulgaris skin. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1233661. [PMID: 38318128 PMCID: PMC10842966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing knowledge of the host-microbiota of vertebrates has shown the prevalence of sex-specific differences in the microbiome. However, there are virtually no studies assessing sex-associated variation in the microbiome of cephalopods. Here we assess sex-specific variation in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) skin microbiome using amplicon sequencing targeting the V4 hypervariable region of prokaryote 16S rRNA genes. Skin and mantle-associated mucus was collected from wild adult individuals of common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) (9 males and 7 females of similar size). There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity of microbial communities associated with skin or mantle mucosa between sexes. However, our results clearly indicate that adult octopus males and females have a distinct microbial community composition in both skin and mantle associated mucus communities, with female microbiome being dominated by Firmicutes (48.1%), while that of males contained a majority of Proteobacteria (60.5%), with Firmicutes representing only 3.30%, not finding significant differentiation in the microbial communities between the tissues explored. The dominance of different taxa in the skin of O. vulgaris females and males (e.g., Mycoplasmatales and Lactococcus in females and Rhizobiales and Rhodobacteriales in males) suggests a sex-specific symbiosis in which those microbes benefit from easy access to distinct substrates present in female and male skin, respectively. Given the lack of differences in size between specimens of both sexes in this study, we hypothesize differences in hormone profile, as well as behavioral or ecological differences between sexes in the wild, as the main drivers of microbiome differentiation between sexes. Most knowledge of cephalopod microbiota is limited to the digestive tract and the reproductive system. However, cephalopod skin is an organ with a plethora of functions. This is a first attempt to characterize cephalopod skin microbiota and determine sex influence on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiene Rodríguez-Barreto
- Canary Islands Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Sanz-González
- Canary Islands Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - M. Virginia Martín
- Canary Islands Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Arrieta
- Canary Islands Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Canary Islands Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Guidetti G, Kim T, Dutcher A, Presti ML, Ovstrovsky-Snider N, Omenetto FG. Co-modulation of structural and pigmentary coloration in Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43712-43721. [PMID: 38178461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Nature produces some of the most striking optical effects through the combination of structural and chemical principles to give rise to a wide range of colors. However, creating non-spectral colors that extend beyond the color spectrum is a challenging task, as it requires meeting the requirements of both structural and pigmentary coloration. In this study, we investigate the magenta non-spectral color found in the scales of the ventral spots of the Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly. By employing correlated optical and electron microscopy, as well as pigment extraction techniques, we reveal how this color arises from the co-modulation of pigmentary and structural coloration. Specifically, the angle-dependent blue coloration results from the interference of visible light with chitin-based nanostructures, while the diffused red coloration is generated by an ommochrome pigment. The ability to produce such highly conspicuous non-spectral colors provides insights for the development of hierarchical structures with precise control over their optical response. These structures can be used to create hierarchically-arranged systems with a broadened color palette.
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Liu P, Leung EM, Badshah MA, Moore CS, Gorodetsky AA. Structure-function relationships for squid skin-inspired wearable thermoregulatory materials. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:046111. [PMID: 37941766 PMCID: PMC10629970 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable thermoregulatory technologies have attracted widespread attention because of their potential for impacting individual physiological comfort and for reducing building energy consumption. Within this context, the study of materials and systems that can merge the advantageous characteristics of both active and passive operating modes has proven particularly attractive. Accordingly, our laboratory has drawn inspiration from the appearance-changing skin of Loliginidae (inshore squids) for the introduction of a unique class of dynamic thermoregulatory composite materials with outstanding figures of merit. Herein, we demonstrate a straightforward approach for experimentally controlling and computationally predicting the adaptive infrared properties of such bioinspired composites, thereby enabling the development and validation of robust structure-function relationships for the composites. Our findings may help unlock the potential of not only the described materials but also comparable systems for applications as varied as thermoregulatory wearables, food packaging, infrared camouflage, soft robotics, and biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Erica M. Leung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Mohsin Ali Badshah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Christopher S. Moore
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
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7
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Li BX, Luo Z, Yang WG, Sun H, Ding Y, Yu ZZ, Yang D. Adaptive and Adjustable MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Aerogel Composites Integrated with Phase-Change Material and Thermochromic Coating for Synchronous Visible/Infrared Camouflages. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6875-6885. [PMID: 36996266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Although single-function camouflage under infrared/visible bands has made great advances, it is still difficult for camouflage materials to cope with the synergy detection spanning both visible and infrared spectra and adapt to complex and variable scenarios. Herein, a trilayer composite integrating thermal insulation, heat absorption, solar/electro-thermal conversions, and thermochromism is fabricated for visible and infrared dual camouflages by combining anisotropic MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid aerogel with the n-octadecane phase change material in its bottom and a thermochromic coating on its upper surface. Benefiting from the synergetic heat-transfer suppression derived from the thermal insulation of the porous aerogel layer and the heat absorption of the n-octadecane phase-change layer, the composite can serve as a cloak to hide the target signatures from the infrared images of its ambient surroundings during the day in the jungle and at night in all scenes and can assist the target in escaping visual surveillance by virtue of its green appearance. For desert scenarios, the composite can spontaneously increase its surface temperature via its solar-thermal energy conversion, merging infrared images of the targets into the high-temperature surroundings; meanwhile, it can vary the surface color from the original green to yellow, enabling the target to visually disappear from ambient sands and hills. This work provides a promising strategy for designing adaptive and adjustable integrated camouflage materials to counter multiband surveillance in complicated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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An B, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Xun D, Church GM, Dai Z, Yi X, Tang TC, Zhong C. Engineered Living Materials For Sustainability. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2349-2419. [PMID: 36512650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter or cell communities embedded in self-regenerating matrices of their own or artificial scaffolds. Like natural materials such as bone, wood, and skin, ELMs, which possess the functional capabilities of living organisms, can grow, self-organize, and self-repair when needed. They also spontaneously perform programmed biological functions upon sensing external cues. Currently, ELMs show promise for green energy production, bioremediation, disease treatment, and fabricating advanced smart materials. This review first introduces the dynamic features of natural living systems and their potential for developing novel materials. We then summarize the recent research progress on living materials and emerging design strategies from both synthetic biology and materials science perspectives. Finally, we discuss the positive impacts of living materials on promoting sustainability and key future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin An
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhu Liu
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmin Xun
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - George M Church
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Zhuojun Dai
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzu-Chieh Tang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Chao Zhong
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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The Colours of Octopus: Using Spectral Data to Measure Octopus Camouflage. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6040059. [PMID: 36278671 PMCID: PMC9590006 DOI: 10.3390/vision6040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
No animal can so effectively camouflage in such a wide range of environments as the octopus. Thanks to their highly malleable skin, they are capable of adapting their body patterns to the brightness and texture of their immediate environment, and they often seemingly match the colour of background objects. However, octopuses are colour-blind as their eyes have only one type of visual pigment. Therefore, chromatophores in their skin are likely to respond to changes in brightness, not chromaticity. To determine whether octopuses actually match background colours, we used a SpectraScan® PR-655 spectroradiometer to measure the reflectance spectra of Octopus tetricus skin in captivity. The spectra were compared with those of green algae, brown algae, and sponges—all of these being colourful objects commonly found in the octopus’s natural environment. Even though we show that octopuses change both lightness and chromaticity, allowing them to potentially camouflage in a wide range of backgrounds in an effective manner, the overall octopus colours did not reach the same level of saturation compared to some background objects. Spectra were then modelled under the visual systems of four potential octopus predators: one dichromatic fish (Heller’s barracuda), two trichromatic fish (blue-spotted stingray and two-spotted red snapper), and one tetrachromatic bird (wedge-tailed shearwater). We show that octopuses are able to match certain background colours for some visual systems. How a colour-blind animal is capable of colour-matching is still unknown.
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Xue P, Valenzuela C, Chen Y, Yang X, Wang L, Feng W. Three‐Dimensional Electrochromic Soft Photonic Crystals Based on MXene‐Integrated Blue Phase Liquid Crystals for Bioinspired Visible and Infrared Camouflage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211030. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Pan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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11
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Sprecher M, Sprecher SG, Spadavecchia C. A pilot investigation of the efficacy and safety of magnesium chloride and ethanol as anesthetics in Loligo vulgaris embryos. Front Physiol 2022; 13:968047. [PMID: 36388114 PMCID: PMC9641376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.968047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of cephalopods in the legislation related to the use of animals for experimental purposes has been based on the precautionary principle that these animals have the capacity to experience pain, suffering, distress, and lasting harm. Recent studies have expanded this view and supported it. Handling cephalopod mollusks in research is challenging and whenever more invasive procedures are required, sedation and/or anesthesia becomes necessary. Therefore, finding adequate, safe, and effective anesthetics appears mandatory. Several substances have been considered in sedating cephalopods, in some instances applying those utilized for fish. However, species-specific variability requires more detailed studies. Despite long-lasting experience being linked to classic studies on squid giant axons, evidence of action on putative anesthetic substances is scarce for Loligo vulgaris and particularly for their embryos. The aim of the current study was to evaluate effects elicited by immersion of squid embryos in anesthetic solutions and examine whether these forms display a similar reaction to anesthetics as adults do. Different concentrations of ethanol (EtOH; 2, 2.5, and 3%) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2; 1, 1.5, and 1.8%) were tested by adopting a set of indicators aimed at exploring the physiological responses of squid embryos. Forty-two embryos of the common squid Loligo vulgaris (stages 27-28) were assigned to three conditions (EtOH, MgCl2, and controls) and video recorded for 15 min (5 min before, 5 min during, and 5 min after immersion in the anesthetic solutions). In each group, the heart rate, respiratory rate, buoyancy, chromatophore activity, and tentacles/arms responses were assessed to evaluate the embryos' vitality and responsiveness to stimulation. Both substances provoked a decrease in heart and respiratory rates and inhibited buoyancy, chromatophores, and tentacles/arms responses; no adverse effects were observed. EtOH had a faster onset of action and faster recovery than MgCl2, being potentially more adequate as an anesthetic for shorter procedures. Even though MgCl2 caused a longer muscle relaxation, the reversibility was not confirmed for the 1.8% concentration; however, lower concentrations triggered similar results as the ones obtained with the highest EtOH concentrations. We have shown that the late developmental stages of Loligo vulgaris embryos could represent a good model to evaluate anesthetics for cephalopods since they can display similar reactions to anesthetics as adults animals do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Xue P, Valenzuela C, Chen Y, Yang X, Wang L, Feng W. Three‐Dimensional Electrochromic Soft Photonic Crystals Based on MXene‐Integrated Blue Phase Liquid Crystals for Bioinspired Visible and Infrared Camouflage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Pan Xue
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | | | - Yuanhao Chen
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Ling Wang
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Wei Feng
- Tianjin University Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
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13
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Kay R, Katrycz C, Nitièma K, Jakubiec JA, Hatton BD. Decapod-inspired pigment modulation for active building facades. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4120. [PMID: 35840559 PMCID: PMC9287369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical buildings are static structures, unable to adjust to dynamic temperature and daylight fluctuations. Adaptive facades that are responsive to these unsteady solar conditions can substantially reduce operational energy inefficiencies, indoor heating, cooling, and lighting costs, as well as greenhouse-gas emissions. Inspired by marine organisms that disperse pigments within their skin, we propose an adaptive building interface that uses reversible fluid injections to tune optical transmission. Pigmented fluids with tunable morphologies are reversibly injected and withdrawn from confined layers, achieving locally-adjustable shading and interior solar exposure. Multicell arrays tiled across large areas enable differential and dynamic building responses, demonstrated using both experimental and simulated approaches. Fluidic reconfigurations can find optimal states over time to reduce heating, cooling, and lighting energy in our models by over 30% compared to current available electrochromic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada. .,John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2J5, Canada.
| | - Charlie Katrycz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Kevin Nitièma
- John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2J5, Canada
| | - J Alstan Jakubiec
- John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2J5, Canada.,School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Benjamin D Hatton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada.
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14
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Guan Z, Wang L, Bae J. Advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers: materials, techniques, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1825-1849. [PMID: 35504034 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecun Guan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Nakajima R, Lajbner Z, Kuba MJ, Gutnick T, Iglesias TL, Asada K, Nishibayashi T, Miller J. Squid adjust their body color according to substrate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5227. [PMID: 35347207 PMCID: PMC8960755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coleoid cephalopods camouflage on timescales of seconds to match their visual surroundings. To date, studies of cephalopod camouflage-to-substrate have been focused primarily on benthic cuttlefish and octopus, because they are readily found sitting on the substrate. In contrast to benthic cephalopods, oval squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana species complex) are semi-pelagic animals that spend most of their time in the water column. In this study, we demonstrate that in captivity, S. lessoniana Sp.2 (Shiro-ika, white-squid) from the Okinawa archipelago, Japan, adapts the coloration of their skin using their chromatophores according to the background substrate. We show that if the animal moves between substrates of different reflectivity, the body patterning is changed to match. Chromatophore matching to substrate has not been reported in any loliginid cephalopod under laboratory conditions. Adaptation of the chromatophore system to the bottom substrate in the laboratory is a novel experimental finding that establishes oval squid as laboratory model animals for further research on camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Nakajima
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan.,Department of Art and Design, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1201 Ordean Ct., Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Zdeněk Lajbner
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan.
| | - Michael J Kuba
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
| | - Tamar Gutnick
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
| | - Teresa L Iglesias
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan.,Animal Resources Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
| | - Keishu Asada
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan.,Animal Resources Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishibayashi
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0945, Japan
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16
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Poloni E, Rafsanjani A, Place V, Ferretti D, Studart AR. Stretchable Soft Composites with Strain-Induced Architectured Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104874. [PMID: 34632656 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colors enable interaction and communication between living species in a myriad of biological and artificial environments. While living organisms feature low-power mechanisms to dynamically control color in soft tissues, man-made color-changing devices remain predominantly rigid and energy intensive. Here, architectured composites that display striking color changes when stretched in selective directions under ambient light with minimum power input are reported. The orientation-dependent color change results from the rotation of reflective coated platelets that are embedded in a soft polymer matrix and pre-aligned in a well-defined architecture. The light reflected by the platelets generates structural color defined by the oxide coating on the platelet surface. By magnetically programming the initial orientation and spatial distribution of selected platelets within the soft matrix, composites with strain-modulated color-changing effects that cannot be achieved using state-of-the-art technologies are created. The proposed concept of strain-induced architectured color can be harnessed to develop low-power smart stretchable displays, tactile synthetic skins, and autonomous soft robotic devices that undergo fast and reversible color changes through the mechano-optic coupling programmed within their soft composite architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Poloni
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Vadim Place
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - David Ferretti
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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17
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Shi P, Miwa E, He J, Sakai M, Seki T, Takeoka Y. Bioinspired Color Elastomers Combining Structural, Dye, and Background Colors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55591-55599. [PMID: 34752057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organisms that alter body color undergo color change in response to environmental variations and stimuli by combining chromatophores that develop colors by various mechanisms. Inspired by their body color changes, we can develop sensors and optical materials that change colors in response to multiple stimuli, such as mechanical and light stimuli. In this study, we report on bioinspired composite elastomers that exhibit various color changes as the pigment color, structural color, and background color change. These composite elastomers exhibit structural colors due to their fine structures in which fine silica particles form colloidal crystals, and the structural colors reversibly change as the elastomers elongate. Furthermore, photochromic dyes can reversibly change color depending on the wavelength of irradiated light when they are introduced to the composite elastomers. Since the structural color is one of the three primary colors of light and the pigment color is the color that corresponds to the three primary colors of a pigment, each color becomes vivid when the background color is black or white. Thus, we clarify that the composite elastomers exhibit various color changes due to the combination of structural color change in response to the mechanical stimulus, pigment color change in response to light irradiation, and background color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Eiji Miwa
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jialei He
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Miki Sakai
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yukikazu Takeoka
- Department of Molecular & Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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18
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Li S, Kou D, Zhang S, Ma W. Large-Area Fabrication of Structurally Colored and Humidity Sensitive Composite Nanofilm via Ultrasonic Spray-Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213768. [PMID: 34771325 PMCID: PMC8587582 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligent structural colors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their diverse applications. However, the large-area, uniform, and cost-effective fabrication of ultra-thin structural color films is still challenging. Here, for the first time, we design and employ an ultrasonic spray-coating technique with non-toxic, green nano-silica and polyvinylpyrrolidone as raw materials, to prepare structural color films on silicon wafers. Due to the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the coffee-ring effect during droplet drying is suppressed and uniform composite films are formed. We further perform a detailed study of the influence of various processing parameters including silica/polyvinylpyrrolidone concentration, substrate temperature, nozzle-to-substrate distance, and number of spray-passes on film roughness and thickness. By increasing the number of spray-passes from 10 to 30, the film thickness from 120 to 340 nm is modulated, resulting in different colors, and large-area and uniform colors on commercial round silicon wafers with 15 cm diameter are achieved. The silica/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite films show strong hydrophilicity and are sensitive to humidity changes, leading to quickly tunable and reversible structural colors. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation demonstrates water vapor adsorption and condensation on the nanofilm when increasing environmental humidity. Thereby, ultrasonic spray-coating as a novel film fabrication technique provides a feasible scheme for large-area preparation of intelligent structural colors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-84986265
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19
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Deravi LF. Compositional similarities that link the eyes and skin of cephalopods: Implications in optical sensing and signaling during camouflage. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1511-1516. [PMID: 34160621 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods, including squid, octopus, and cuttlefish, can rapidly camouflage in different underwater environments by employing multiple optical effects including light scattering, absorption, reflection, and refraction. They can do so with exquisite control and within a fraction of a second-two features that indicate distributed, intra-dermal sensory and signaling components. However, the fundamental biochemical, electrical, and mechanical controls that regulate color and color change, from discrete elements to interconnected modules, are still not fully understood despite decades of research in this space. This perspective highlights key advancements in the biochemical analysis of cephalopod skin and discusses compositional connections between cephalopod ocular lenses and skin with features that may also facilitate signal transduction during camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
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20
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Senft SL, Kuzirian AM, Hanlon RT. Networks of linked radial muscles could influence dynamic skin patterning of squid chromatophores. J Morphol 2021; 282:1245-1258. [PMID: 33998033 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The visibility of cephalopod chromatophore organs is regulated dynamically by rosettes of obliquely striated radial muscles that dilate or relax the diameter of a central pigmented sacculus in 100-300 ms. Each of the several dozen muscles has a flared proximal end that adheres tightly to its pigmented sacculus and an extremely elongated distal end which branches into single fibrils that anchor into the dermis. This geometry provides ample opportunity for overlap of the many muscles from neighboring chromatophores. The temporal activity of these muscles has been believed to be patterned exclusively by monosynaptic projections from sets of efferent motor axons originating in the chromatophore lobes of the suboesophageal brain. Based on historical observations that distal radial muscles from some chromatophores appear to extend closely to muscles from other chromatophores, we asked whether radial muscles actually make specialized contacts. Using 3D electron microscopy of Doryteuthis pealeii mantle skin, we discovered tight putatively functional muscle-to-muscle contacts between radial muscles from different chromatophores, including elaborate sets of axonal processes located adjacent to those myo-myo junctions. These detailed ultrastructural findings demonstrate auxiliary anatomical routes for radial muscle activation and suggest plausible mechanisms whereby local physical synchronization and axo-axonic processing in the periphery can contribute to chromatophore pattern dynamics such as "passing cloud."
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Senft
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan M Kuzirian
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Facile, scalable, and adaptive infrared reflection towards soft systems by blowing a Janus rubber film. iScience 2021; 24:102430. [PMID: 34113807 PMCID: PMC8169794 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controllable IR-reflection systems can be applied to displays, adaptive military camouflages, thermal managements, and many other fields. However, current reported controllable IR-reflection systems suffer from utilizing rigid materials, complicated devices, or high working temperature/voltage, which are not suitable for their widespread applications toward soft systems. Herein, inspired by cephalopods, we demonstrate a facile and scalable method for adaptive IR reflection based on a Janus rubber film, which is composed of aluminum-coated microsheets (AMSs)/rubber composite top and a rubber only bottom. Expansion of the Janus rubber film causes random arrangement of AMSs to stay planar, resulting in the change from IR scattering to concentrated IR reflection. By fixing the Janus rubber films upon the arranged tubes, as-prepared arrays could display complex and changeable patterns by selectively pumping tubes. Being facile and of general validity, our strategies broaden the scope of future controllable IR reflecting applications for environmental IR camouflages and displays. The IR reflection can be tuned by the expansion/recovery of the Janus rubber film. A pixilated device can adaptively IR camouflage/display through selected blowing. The assembled tube arrays exhibit fast response and can be scalable manufactured.
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22
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Martin CA, Lin Z, Kumar A, Dinneen SR, Osgood RM, Deravi LF. Biomimetic Colorants and Coatings Designed with Cephalopod-Inspired Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:507-513. [PMID: 35014300 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brilliant and dynamic colors in nature have stimulated the design of dyes and pigments with broad applications ranging from electronic displays to apparel. Inspired by the nanostructured pigment granules present in cephalopod chromatophore organs, we describe the design and fabrication of biohybrid colorants containing the cephalopod-specific pigment, xanthommatin (Xa), encased within silica-based nanostructures. We employed a biomimetic approach to encapsulate Xa with amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer templates, which helped stabilize the pigment during encapsulation. Depending on the concentration of Xa used in the reaction, the resultant biohybrid nanomaterials generated a range of neutral colors of differing hues. When applied as coatings, these colorants can be triggered to change color from yellow/gold to red in the presence of a chemical reducing agent, as we leverage the natural redox-dependent color change of Xa. Altogether, these capabilities demonstrated the ability to process biochromes like Xa as nanomaterials that can be applied as coatings with a tunable and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhuangsheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sean R Dinneen
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Richard M Osgood
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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23
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Umerani MJ, Pratakshya P, Chatterjee A, Cerna Sanchez JA, Kim HS, Ilc G, Kovačič M, Magnan C, Marmiroli B, Sartori B, Kwansa AL, Orins H, Bartlett AW, Leung EM, Feng Z, Naughton KL, Norton-Baker B, Phan L, Long J, Allevato A, Leal-Cruz JE, Lin Q, Baldi P, Bernstorff S, Plavec J, Yingling YG, Gorodetsky AA. Structure, self-assembly, and properties of a truncated reflectin variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32891-32901. [PMID: 33323484 PMCID: PMC7780002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009044117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring and recombinant protein-based materials are frequently employed for the study of fundamental biological processes and are often leveraged for applications in areas as diverse as electronics, optics, bioengineering, medicine, and even fashion. Within this context, unique structural proteins known as reflectins have recently attracted substantial attention due to their key roles in the fascinating color-changing capabilities of cephalopods and their technological potential as biophotonic and bioelectronic materials. However, progress toward understanding reflectins has been hindered by their atypical aromatic and charged residue-enriched sequences, extreme sensitivities to subtle changes in environmental conditions, and well-known propensities for aggregation. Herein, we elucidate the structure of a reflectin variant at the molecular level, demonstrate a straightforward mechanical agitation-based methodology for controlling this variant's hierarchical assembly, and establish a direct correlation between the protein's structural characteristics and intrinsic optical properties. Altogether, our findings address multiple challenges associated with the development of reflectins as materials, furnish molecular-level insight into the mechanistic underpinnings of cephalopod skin cells' color-changing functionalities, and may inform new research directions across biochemistry, cellular biology, bioengineering, and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran J. Umerani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Atrouli Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Juana A. Cerna Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ho Shin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Gregor Ilc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Kovačič
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Sartori
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Helen Orins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Andrew W. Bartlett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Erica M. Leung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Zhijing Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Kyle L. Naughton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Long Phan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - James Long
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alex Allevato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jessica E. Leal-Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Qiyin Lin
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Alon A. Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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24
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López Galán A, Chung WS, Marshall NJ. Dynamic Courtship Signals and Mate Preferences in Sepia plangon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:845. [PMID: 32903768 PMCID: PMC7438932 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication in cuttlefish includes rapid changes in skin coloration and texture, body posture and movements, and potentially polarized signals. The dynamic displays are fundamental for mate choice and agonistic behavior. We analyzed the reproductive behavior of the mourning cuttlefish Sepia plangon in the laboratory. Mate preference was analyzed via choice assays (n = 33) under three sex ratios, 1 male (M): 1 female (F), 2M:1F, and 1M:2F. We evaluated the effect of modifying polarized light from the arms stripes and ambient light with polarized and unpolarized barriers between the cuttlefish. Additionally, to assess whether a particular trait was a determinant for mating, we used 3D printed cuttlefish dummies. The dummies had different sets of visual signals: two sizes (60 or 90 mm mantle length), raised or dropped arms, high or low contrast body coloration, and polarized or unpolarized filters to simulate the arms stripes. Frequency and duration (s) of courtship displays, mating, and agonistic behaviors were analyzed with GLM and ANOVAs. The behaviors, body patterns, and their components were integrated into an ethogram to describe the reproductive behavior of S. plangon. We identified 18 body patterns, 57 body patterns components, and three reproductive behaviors (mating, courtship, and mate guarding). Only sex ratio had a significant effect on courtship frequency, and the male courtship success rate was 80%. Five small (ML < 80 mm) males showed the dual-lateral display to access mates while avoiding fights with large males; this behavior is characteristic of male "sneaker" cuttlefish. Winner males showed up to 17 body patterns and 33 components, whereas loser males only showed 12 patterns and 24 components. We identified 32 combinations of body patterns and components that tended to occur in a specific order and were relevant for mating success in males. Cuttlefish were visually aware of the 3D-printed dummies; however, they did not start mating or agonistic behavior toward the dummies. Our findings suggest that in S. plangon, the dynamic courtship displays with specific sequences of visual signals, and the sex ratio are critical for mate choice and mating success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra López Galán
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wen-Sung Chung
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Zhang Z, Guo L, Zhang X, Hao J. Environmentally stable, photochromic and thermotropic organohydrogels for low cost on-demand optical devices. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:315-325. [PMID: 32531561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The color-changing ability of creatures widely existed in nature has inspired the development of adaptive allochroic materials, which can respond to various external stimuli. Integrating multi-stimuli responsiveness and long-term stability in allochroic system are urgent for practical applications under complex circumstances. EXPERIMENTS The photochromic/thermotropic organohydrogels (PTOs) comprised polyacrylamide and cationic cellulose (JR400) were prepared by facile free-radical polymerization and glycerol displacement. The coexisting covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions collaboratively reinforce the networks, endowing the PTOs with boosted stretchability and toughness. FINDINGS The photochromic ammonium molybdate (Mo7) and thermo-sensitive poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (EPE) were made into networks. In these cooperative networks, each constituent performed their own function without disruption, including fast photochromism (10 s) and durable thermo-responsiveness. Importantly, the glycerol-water solvent bestowed the distinct anti-freezing (-30 °C) and anti-dehydration performances on the PTOs. Accordingly, the materials could serve as promising rewritable devices for high-resolution and long-term data storage/encryption. Moreover, on-demand PTO windows integrating UV-prevention and solar energy regulation with Tlum (92.96%) and ΔTsol (46.02%) could create comfortable and healthy environments for occupants. This work offers a new design strategy for low-cost, environmentally stable smart optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Luxuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Tian Z, Fu Y, Wang Z, Qin M, Yuan Z. Responsive and patterned cellulose nanocrystal films modified by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 228:115387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morse P, Huffard CL. Tactical Tentacles: New Insights on the Processes of Sexual Selection Among the Cephalopoda. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1035. [PMID: 31496951 PMCID: PMC6712556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) are an exceptional class among the invertebrates, characterised by the advanced development of their conditional learning abilities, long-term memories, capacity for rapid colour change and extremely adaptable hydrostatic skeletons. These traits enable cephalopods to occupy diverse marine ecological niches, become successful predators, employ sophisticated predator avoidance behaviours and have complex intraspecific interactions. Where studied, observations of cephalopod mating systems have revealed detailed insights to the life histories and behavioural ecologies of these animals. The reproductive biology of cephalopods is typified by high levels of both male and female promiscuity, alternative mating tactics, long-term sperm storage prior to spawning, and the capacity for intricate visual displays and/or use of a distinct sensory ecology. This review summarises the current understanding of cephalopod reproductive biology, and where investigated, how both pre-copulatory behaviours and post-copulatory fertilisation patterns can influence the processes of sexual selection. Overall, it is concluded that sperm competition and possibly cryptic female choice are likely to be critical determinants of which individuals' alleles get transferred to subsequent generations in cephalopod mating systems. Additionally, it is emphasised that the optimisation of offspring quality and/or fertilisation bias to genetically compatible males are necessary drivers for the proliferation of polyandry observed among cephalopods, and potential methods for testing these hypotheses are proposed within the conclusion of this review. Further gaps within the current knowledge of how sexual selection operates in this group are also highlighted, in the hopes of prompting new directions for research of the distinctive mating systems in this unique lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morse
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine L Huffard
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States.,California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Williams TL, Senft SL, Yeo J, Martín-Martínez FJ, Kuzirian AM, Martin CA, DiBona CW, Chen CT, Dinneen SR, Nguyen HT, Gomes CM, Rosenthal JJC, MacManes MD, Chu F, Buehler MJ, Hanlon RT, Deravi LF. Dynamic pigmentary and structural coloration within cephalopod chromatophore organs. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1004. [PMID: 30824708 PMCID: PMC6397165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatophore organs in cephalopod skin are known to produce ultra-fast changes in appearance for camouflage and communication. Light-scattering pigment granules within chromatocytes have been presumed to be the sole source of coloration in these complex organs. We report the discovery of structural coloration emanating in precise register with expanded pigmented chromatocytes. Concurrently, using an annotated squid chromatophore proteome together with microscopy, we identify a likely biochemical component of this reflective coloration as reflectin proteins distributed in sheath cells that envelop each chromatocyte. Additionally, within the chromatocytes, where the pigment resides in nanostructured granules, we find the lens protein Ω- crystallin interfacing tightly with pigment molecules. These findings offer fresh perspectives on the intricate biophotonic interplay between pigmentary and structural coloration elements tightly co-located within the same dynamic flexible organ - a feature that may help inspire the development of new classes of engineered materials that change color and pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephen L Senft
- The Eugene Bell Center, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Francisco J Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan M Kuzirian
- The Eugene Bell Center, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Camille A Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher W DiBona
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chun-Teh Chen
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sean R Dinneen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hieu T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Conor M Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua J C Rosenthal
- The Eugene Bell Center, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- The Eugene Bell Center, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chatterjee A, Norton-Baker B, Bagge LE, Patel P, Gorodetsky AA. An introduction to color-changing systems from the cephalopod protein reflectin. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:045001. [PMID: 29799434 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aab804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods possess unrivaled camouflage and signaling abilities that are enabled by their sophisticated skin, wherein multiple layers contain chromatophore pigment cells (as part of larger chromatophore organs) and different types of reflective cells called iridocytes and leucophores. The optical functionality of these cells (and thus cephalopod skin) critically relies upon subcellular structures partially composed of unusual structural proteins known as reflectins. Herein, we highlight studies that have investigated reflectins as materials within the context of color-changing coatings. We in turn discuss these proteins' multi-faceted properties, associated challenges, and future potential. Through our presentation of selected case studies, we hope to stimulate additional dialogue and spur further research on photonic technologies based on and inspired by reflectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrouli Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
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30
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Xu C, Stiubianu GT, Gorodetsky AA. Adaptive infrared-reflecting systems inspired by cephalopods. Science 2018; 359:1495-1500. [PMID: 29599237 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Materials and systems that statically reflect radiation in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum underpin the performance of many entrenched technologies, including building insulation, energy-conserving windows, spacecraft components, electronics shielding, container packaging, protective clothing, and camouflage platforms. The development of their adaptive variants, in which the infrared-reflecting properties dynamically change in response to external stimuli, has emerged as an important unmet scientific challenge. By drawing inspiration from cephalopod skin, we developed adaptive infrared-reflecting platforms that feature a simple actuation mechanism, low working temperature, tunable spectral range, weak angular dependence, fast response, stability to repeated cycling, amenability to patterning and multiplexing, autonomous operation, robust mechanical properties, and straightforward manufacturability. Our findings may open opportunities for infrared camouflage and other technologies that regulate infrared radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George T Stiubianu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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31
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Qin M, Sun M, Bai R, Mao Y, Qian X, Sikka D, Zhao Y, Qi HJ, Suo Z, He X. Bioinspired Hydrogel Interferometer for Adaptive Coloration and Chemical Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800468. [PMID: 29638026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms ubiquitously display colors that adapt to environmental changes, relying on the soft layer of cells or proteins. Adoption of soft materials into an artificial adaptive color system has promoted the development of material systems for environmental and health monitoring, anti-counterfeiting, and stealth technologies. Here, a hydrogel interferometer based on a single hydrogel thin film covalently bonded to a reflective substrate is reported as a simple and universal adaptive color platform. Similar to the cell or protein soft layer of color-changing animals, the soft hydrogel layer rapidly changes its thickness in response to external stimuli, resulting in instant color change. Such interference colors provide a visual and quantifiable means of revealing rich environmental metrics. Computational model is established and captures the key features of hydrogel stimuli-responsive swelling, which elucidates the mechanism and design principle for the broad-based platform. The single material-based platform has advantages of remarkable color uniformity, fast response, high robustness, and facile fabrication. Its versatility is demonstrated by diverse applications: a volatile-vapor sensor with highly accurate quantitative detection, a colorimetric sensor array for multianalyte recognition, breath-controlled information encryption, and a colorimetric humidity indicator. Portable and easy-to-use sensing systems are demonstrated with smartphone-based colorimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mo Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ruobing Bai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yiqi Mao
- The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiaoshi Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dipika Sikka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hang Jerry Qi
- The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zhigang Suo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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32
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Kautz R, Ordinario DD, Tyagi V, Patel P, Nguyen TN, Gorodetsky AA. Cephalopod-Derived Biopolymers for Ionic and Protonic Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704917. [PMID: 29656448 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods (e.g., squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish) have long fascinated scientists and the general public alike due to their complex behavioral characteristics and remarkable camouflage abilities. As such, these animals are explored as model systems in neuroscience and represent a well-known commercial resource. Herein, selected literature examples related to the electrical properties of cephalopod-derived biopolymers (eumelanins, chitosans, and reflectins) and to the use of these materials in voltage-gated devices (i.e., transistors) are highlighted. Moreover, some potential future directions and challenges in this area are described, with the aim of inspiring additional research effort on ionic and protonic transistors from cephalopod-derived biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylan Kautz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David D Ordinario
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Vivek Tyagi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Priyam Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tam N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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33
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Almeida APC, Canejo JP, Fernandes SN, Echeverria C, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Cellulose-Based Biomimetics and Their Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703655. [PMID: 29333680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature has been producing cellulose since long before man walked the surface of the earth. Millions of years of natural design and testing have resulted in cellulose-based structures that are an inspiration for the production of synthetic materials based on cellulose with properties that can mimic natural designs, functions, and properties. Here, five sections describe cellulose-based materials with characteristics that are inspired by gratings that exist on the petals of the plants, structurally colored materials, helical filaments produced by plants, water-responsive materials in plants, and environmental stimuli-responsive tissues found in insects and plants. The synthetic cellulose-based materials described herein are in the form of fibers and films. Fascinating multifunctional materials are prepared from cellulose-based liquid crystals and from composite cellulosic materials that combine functionality with structural performance. Future and recent applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P C Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João P Canejo
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Coro Echeverria
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Física, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Merchant M, Hale A, Brueggen J, Harbsmeier C, Adams C. Crocodiles Alter Skin Color in Response to Environmental Color Conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6174. [PMID: 29670146 PMCID: PMC5906620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species alter skin color to varying degrees and by different mechanisms. Here, we show that some crocodylians modify skin coloration in response to changing light and environmental conditions. Within the Family, Crocodylidae, all members of the genus Crocodylus lightened substantially when transitioned from dark enclosure to white enclosures, whereas Mecistops and Osteolaemus showed little/no change. The two members of the Family Gavialidae showed an opposite response, lightening under darker conditions, while all member of the Family Alligatoridae showed no changes. Observed color changes were rapid and reversible, occurring within 60–90 minutes. The response is visually-mediated and modulated by serum α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), resulting in redistribution of melanosomes within melanophores. Injection of crocodiles with α-MSH caused the skin to lighten. These results represent a novel description of color change in crocodylians, and have important phylogenetic implications. The data support the inclusion of the Malayan gharial in the Family Gavialidae, and the shift of the African slender-snouted crocodile from the genus Crocodylus to the monophyletic genus Mecistops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Amber Hale
- Department of Biology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA
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35
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Hanlon RT, Mäthger LM, Bell GRR, Kuzirian AM, Senft SL. White reflection from cuttlefish skin leucophores. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:035002. [PMID: 29271355 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aaa3a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly diverse and changeable body patterns of cephalopods require the production of whiteness of varying degrees of brightness for their large repertoire of communication and camouflage behaviors. Leucophores are structural reflectors that produce whiteness in cephalopods; they are dermal aggregates of numerous leucocytes containing spherical leucosomes ranging in diameter from 200-2000 nm. In Sepia officinalis leucophores, leucocytes always occur in various combinations with iridocytes, cells containing plates that function as Bragg stacks to reflect light of particular wavelengths. Both spheres and plates contain the high-refractive-index protein reflectin. Four leucophore skin-patterning components were investigated morphologically and with spectrometry. In descending order of brightness they are: white fin spots, White zebra bands, White square, and White head bar. Different densities, thicknesses and proportions of leucocytes and iridocytes were correlated with the relative brightness measurements of the skin. That is, White fin spots and White zebra bands had leucocytes of the highest density, the greatest number of reflective cell layers, and the highest proportion of leucocytes to iridocytes. In contrast, the White square and White head bar had the lowest density of reflective cells, fewer cell layers and the lowest ratios of leucocytes to iridocytes. Leucophores are white in white light, yet reflect whatever colors are in the available light field: e.g. red in red light, green in green light, etc. Leucophores are physiologically passive, thus their ultrastructure alone is capable of diffusing all ambient wavelengths in all directions, regardless of the angle of incident light. However, the specific optical contributions of spherical leucosomes versus the associated plate-like iridosomes in producing whiteness versus brightness are yet to be determined. This study reveals complex morphological arrangements that produce white structural coloration for different brightnesses of skin by differentially combining spheres and plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger T Hanlon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 United States of America. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
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Wu DM, Solomon ML, Naik GV, García-Etxarri A, Lawrence M, Salleo A, Dionne JA. Chemically Responsive Elastomers Exhibiting Unity-Order Refractive Index Modulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703912. [PMID: 29315902 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chameleons are masters of light, expertly changing their color, pattern, and reflectivity in response to their environment. Engineered materials that share this tunability can be transformative, enabling active camouflage, tunable holograms, and novel colorimetric medical sensors. While progress has been made in creating artificial chameleon skin, existing schemes often require external power, are not continuously tunable, and may prove too stiff or bulky for applications. Here, a chemically tunable, large-area metamaterial is demonstrated that accesses a wide range of colors and refractive indices. An ordered monolayer of nanoresonators is fabricated, then its optical response is dynamically tuned by infiltrating its polymer substrate with solvents. The material shows a strong magnetic response with a dependence on resonator spacing that leads to a highly tunable effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index spanning negative and positive values. The unity-order index tuning exceeds that of traditional electro-optic and photochromic materials and is robust to cycling, providing a path toward programmable optical elements and responsive light routing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di M Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle L Solomon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gururaj V Naik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aitzol García-Etxarri
- Donostia International Physics Center and Centro de Fsica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Kolle M, Lee S. Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702669. [PMID: 29057519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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38
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Eacock A, Rowland HM, Edmonds N, Saccheri IJ. Colour change of twig-mimicking peppered moth larvae is a continuous reaction norm that increases camouflage against avian predators. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3999. [PMID: 29158965 PMCID: PMC5691783 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Camouflage, and in particular background-matching, is one of the most common anti-predator strategies observed in nature. Animals can improve their match to the colour/pattern of their surroundings through background selection, and/or by plastic colour change. Colour change can occur rapidly (a few seconds), or it may be slow, taking hours to days. Many studies have explored the cues and mechanisms behind rapid colour change, but there is a considerable lack of information about slow colour change in the context of predation: the cues that initiate it, and the range of phenotypes that are produced. Here we show that peppered moth (Biston betularia) larvae respond to colour and luminance of the twigs they rest on, and exhibit a continuous reaction norm of phenotypes. When presented with a heterogeneous environment of mixed twig colours, individual larvae specialise crypsis towards one colour rather than developing an intermediate colour. Flexible colour change in this species has likely evolved in association with wind dispersal and polyphagy, which result in caterpillars settling and feeding in a diverse range of visual environments. This is the first example of visually induced slow colour change in Lepidoptera that has been objectively quantified and measured from the visual perspective of natural predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Eacock
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Rowland
- Predators and Prey Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Edmonds
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ilik J. Saccheri
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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39
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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40
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Piña-Oviedo S, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Ayala AG. Human Colors-The Rainbow Garden of Pathology: What Gives Normal and Pathologic Tissues Their Color? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:445-462. [PMID: 28234573 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0274-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Colors are important to all living organisms because they are crucial for camouflage and protection, metabolism, sexual behavior, and communication. Human organs obviously have color, but the underlying biologic processes that dictate the specific colors of organs and tissues are not completely understood. A literature search on the determinants of color in human organs yielded scant information. OBJECTIVES - To address 2 specific questions: (1) why do human organs have color, and (2) what gives normal and pathologic tissues their distinctive colors? DATA SOURCES - Endogenous colors are the result of complex biochemical reactions that produce biologic pigments: red-brown cytochromes and porphyrins (blood, liver, spleen, kidneys, striated muscle), brown-black melanins (skin, appendages, brain nuclei), dark-brown lipochromes (aging organs), and colors that result from tissue structure (tendons, aponeurosis, muscles). Yellow-orange carotenes that deposit in lipid-rich tissues are only produced by plants and are acquired from the diet. However, there is lack of information about the cause of color in other organs, such as the gray and white matter, neuroendocrine organs, and white tissues (epithelia, soft tissues). Neoplastic tissues usually retain the color of their nonneoplastic counterpart. CONCLUSIONS - Most available information on the function of pigments comes from studies in plants, microorganisms, cephalopods, and vertebrates, not humans. Biologic pigments have antioxidant and cytoprotective properties and should be considered as potential future therapies for disease and cancer. We discuss the bioproducts that may be responsible for organ coloration and invite pathologists and pathology residents to look at a "routine grossing day" with a different perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto G Ayala
- From the Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Dr Piña-Oviedo); the Department of Pathology, Centro Medico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico (Dr Ortiz-Hidalgo); and the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Ayala)
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41
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DiBona CW, Williams TL, Dinneen SR, Jones Labadie SF, Deravi LF. A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27911390 DOI: 10.3791/54803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire; Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire;
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42
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O'Brien CE, Mezrai N, Darmaillacq AS, Dickel L. Behavioral development in embryonic and early juvenile cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:145-160. [PMID: 27714785 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though a mollusc, the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis possesses a sophisticated brain, advanced sensory systems, and a large behavioral repertoire. Cuttlefish provide a unique perspective on animal behavior due to their phylogenic distance from more traditional (vertebrate) models. S. officinalis is well-suited to addressing questions of behavioral ontogeny. As embryos, they can perceive and learn from their environment and experience no direct parental care. A marked progression in learning and behavior is observed during late embryonic and early juvenile development. This improvement is concomitant with expansion and maturation of the vertical lobe, the cephalopod analog of the mammalian hippocampus. This review synthesizes existing knowledge regarding embryonic and juvenile development in this species in an effort to better understand cuttlefish behavior and animal behavior in general. It will serve as a guide to future researchers and encourage greater awareness of the utility of this species to behavioral science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E O'Brien
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc EA 4259), Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Nawel Mezrai
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc EA 4259), Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Darmaillacq
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc EA 4259), Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale (GMPc EA 4259), Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
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43
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Ghoshal A, Eck E, Gordon M, Morse DE. Wavelength-specific forward scattering of light by Bragg-reflective iridocytes in giant clams. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160285. [PMID: 27383420 PMCID: PMC4971220 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A surprising recent discovery revealed that the brightly reflective cells ('iridocytes') in the epithelia of giant clams actually send the majority of incident photons 'forward' into the tissue. While the intracellular Bragg reflectors in these cells are responsible for their colourful back reflection, Mie scattering produces the forward scattering, thus illuminating a dense population of endosymbiotic, photosynthetic microalgae. We now present a detailed micro-spectrophotometric characterization of the Bragg stacks in the iridocytes in live tissue to obtain the refractive index of the high-index layers (1.39 to 1.58, average 1.44 ± 0.04), the thicknesses of the high- and low-index layers (50-150 nm), and the numbers of pairs of layers (2-11) that participate in the observed spectral reflection. Based on these measurements, we performed electromagnetic simulations to better understand the optical behaviour of the iridocytes. The results open a deeper understanding of the optical behaviour of these cells, with the counterintuitive discovery that specific combinations of iridocyte diameter and Bragg-lamellar spacing can produce back reflection of the same colour that is also scattered forward, in preference to other wavelengths that are scattered at higher angles. We find for all values of size and wavelength investigated that more than 90% of the incident energy is carried by the photons that are scattered in the forward direction; while this forward scattering from each iridocyte shows very narrow angular dispersion (ca ±6°), the multiplicative scattering from a layer of ca 20 iridocytes broadens this dispersion to a cone of approximately ±90°. This understanding of the complex biophotonic dynamics enhances our comprehension of the physiologically, ecologically and evolutionarily significant light environment inside the giant clam, which is diffuse and nearly white at small tissue depths and downwelling, relatively monochromatic, and can be the same colour as the back-reflected light at greater depths in the tissue. Originally thought to be unique, cells of similar structure and photonic activity are now recognized in other species, where they serve other functions. The behaviour of the iridocytes opens possible new considerations for conservation and management of the valuable giant clam resource and new avenues for biologically inspired photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Ghoshal
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eck
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA
| | - Michael Gordon
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA
| | - Daniel E Morse
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA
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44
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Basil J, Cole A, de Girolamo P, D'Angelo L, Dickel L, Gestal C, Grasso F, Kuba M, Mark F, Melillo D, Osorio D, Perkins K, Ponte G, Shashar N, Smith D, Smith J, Andrews PLR. Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research -A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group. Lab Anim 2016; 49:1-90. [PMID: 26354955 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Animal Model Facility - BIOGEM S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Jennifer Basil
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College - CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison Cole
- Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Frank Grasso
- BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College - CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kuba
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Kerry Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - David Smith
- FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations
| | | | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
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45
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Loudness-dependent behavioral responses and habituation to sound by the longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:489-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Williams TL, DiBona CW, Dinneen SR, Labadie SFJ, Chu F, Deravi LF. Contributions of Phenoxazone-Based Pigments to the Structure and Function of Nanostructured Granules in Squid Chromatophores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3754-3759. [PMID: 27049640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-function relationships of pigment-based nanostructures can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms behind biological signaling, camouflage, or communication experienced in many species. In squid Doryteuthis pealeii, combinations of phenoxazone-based pigments are identified as the source of visible color within the nanostructured granules that populate dermal chromatophore organs. In the absence of the pigments, granules experience a reduction in diameter with the loss of visible color, suggesting important structural and functional features. Energy gaps are estimated from electronic absorption spectra, revealing highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies that are dependent upon the varying carboxylated states of the pigment. These results implicate a hierarchical mechanism for the bulk coloration in cephalopods originating from the molecular components confined within in the nanostructured granules of chromatophore organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Christopher W DiBona
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Sean R Dinneen
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Stephanie F Jones Labadie
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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47
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Wang W, Tang B, Ma W, Zhang J, Ju B, Zhang S. Easy approach to assembling a biomimetic color film with tunable structural colors. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:1109-1117. [PMID: 26367045 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of silica microspheres into a close-packed array is a simple method of fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystal structural color films. However, the color is very dull because of the interferences of scattering and background light. In this study, we added a small quantity of surface-modified carbon black (CB) to the system of colloidal silica in n-propanol. The use of n-propanol as a dispersant is beneficial to the rapid development of photonic crystal films during the process of dip-coating. The doping of CB into silica microspheres can absorb background and scattering light, resulting in vivid structural colors.
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48
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DeMartini DG, Izumi M, Weaver AT, Pandolfi E, Morse DE. Structures, Organization, and Function of Reflectin Proteins in Dynamically Tunable Reflective Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15238-49. [PMID: 25918159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversible assembly of reflectin proteins drives dynamic iridescence in cephalopods. Squid dynamically tune the intensity and colors of iridescence generated by constructive interference from intracellular Bragg reflectors in specialized skin cells called iridocytes. Analysis of the tissue specificity of reflectin subtypes reveals that tunability is correlated with the presence of one specific reflectin sequence. Differential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the reflectins in response to activation by acetylcholine, as well as differences in their tissue-specific and subcellular spatial distributions, further support the suggestion of different roles for the different reflectin subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G DeMartini
- From the Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9611, the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5100, and
| | - Michi Izumi
- the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5100, and
| | - Aaron T Weaver
- the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9610
| | - Erica Pandolfi
- the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9610
| | - Daniel E Morse
- From the Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9611, the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5100, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9610
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49
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Li L, Kolle S, Weaver JC, Ortiz C, Aizenberg J, Kolle M. A highly conspicuous mineralized composite photonic architecture in the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6322. [PMID: 25716102 PMCID: PMC4351589 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species rely on diverse selections of entirely organic photonic structures for the manipulation of light and the display of striking colours. Here we report the discovery of a mineralized hierarchical photonic architecture embedded within the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet Patella pellucida. The bright colour of the limpet's stripes originates from light interference in a periodically layered zig-zag architecture of crystallographically co-oriented calcite lamellae. Beneath the photonic multilayer, a disordered array of light-absorbing particles provides contrast for the blue colour. This unique mineralized manifestation of a synergy of two distinct optical elements at specific locations within the continuum of the limpet's translucent protective shell ensures the vivid shine of the blue stripes, which can be perceived under water from a wide range of viewing angles. The stripes' reflection band coincides with the spectral range of minimal light absorption in sea water, raising intriguing questions regarding their functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stefan Kolle
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - James C. Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology at Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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50
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Josef N, Berenshtein I, Fiorito G, Sykes AV, Shashar N. Camouflage during movement in the European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3391-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A moving object is considered conspicuous because of the movement itself. Once moving from one background to another, even dynamic camouflage experts such as cephalopods, should sacrifice their extraordinary camouflage. Therefore, minimizing detection at this stage is crucial and highly beneficial. In this study we describe a background-matching mechanism during movement, which aids the cuttlefish to downplay its presence throughout movement. In situ behavioural experiments using video and image analysis, revealed a delayed, sigmoidal, colour-changing mechanism during movement of Sepia officinalis across a uniform black and grey backgrounds, which we describe below. This is a fist and important step in understanding dynamic camouflage during movement, while the new behavioural mechanism may be incorporated and applied to any dynamic camouflaging animal or man-made system on the move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Josef
- Eilat Campus, Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
- H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, P.O.B. 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Igal Berenshtein
- Eilat Campus, Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
- H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, P.O.B. 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - António V. Sykes
- CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Nadav Shashar
- Eilat Campus, Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
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