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Fowler EW, van Venrooy EJ, Witt RL, Jia X. A TGFβR inhibitor represses keratin-7 expression in 3D cultures of human salivary gland progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15008. [PMID: 36056161 PMCID: PMC9440137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tissue engineering offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Key to the success of this approach is the maintenance and expansion of secretory acinar cells in vitro. However, recent studies revealed that in vitro culture of primary salivary gland epithelial cells led to undesirable upregulation of the expression of keratin-7 (K7), a marker of ductal phenotype and frequently associated with cellular stress. We have previously shown that hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, RGDSP-decorated hydrogels support the 3D growth and assembly of primary human salivary gland stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs). Here, we investigate whether the RGDSP culture also promotes K7 expression, and if so, what factors govern the K7 expression. Compared to hS/PCs maintained in blank HA gels, those grown in RGDSP cultures expressed a significantly higher level of K7. In other tissues, various transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members are reported to regulate K7 expression. Similarly, our immunoblot array and ELISA experiments confirmed the increased expression of TGF-β1 and growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in RGDSP cultures. However, 2D model studies show that only TGF-β1 is required to induce K7 expression in hS/PCs. Immunocytochemical analysis of the intracellular effectors of TGF-β signaling, SMAD 2/3, further confirmed the elevated TGF-β signaling in RGDSP cultures. To maximize the regenerative potential of h/SPCs, cultures were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of TGF-β receptor, A83-01. Our results show that A83-01 treatment can repress K7 expression not only in 3D RGDSP cultures but also under 2D conditions with exogenous TGF-β1. Collectively, we provide a link between TGF-β signaling and K7 expression in hS/PC cultures and demonstrate the effectiveness of TGF-β inhibition to repress K7 expression while maintaining the ability of RGDSP-conjugated HA gels to facilitate the rapid development of amylase expressing spheroids. These findings represent an important step towards regenerating salivary function with a tissue-engineered salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Emmett J van Venrooy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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Sakurai H, Yokoyama M, Katsumata-Kato O, Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Suppression of parotid acinar cell dysfunction by the free radical scavenger 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:475-480. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sakurai
- Division of Cellular Physiology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Megumi Yokoyama
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Osamu Katsumata-Kato
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Junko Fujita-Yoshigaki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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Yokoyama M, Narita T, Sakurai H, Katsumata-Kato O, Sugiya H, Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Maintenance of claudin-3 expression and the barrier functions of intercellular junctions in parotid acinar cells via the inhibition of Src signaling. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:141-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enhancement of Src Family Kinase Activity is Essential for p38 MAP Kinase-Mediated Dedifferentiation Signal of Parotid Acinar Cells . ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5466/ijoms.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chan YH, Huang TW, Chou YS, Hsu SH, Su WF, Lou PJ, Young TH. Formation of post-confluence structure in human parotid gland acinar cells on PLGA through regulation of E-cadherin. Biomaterials 2012; 33:464-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chan YH, Huang TW, Young TH, Lou PJ. Human salivary gland acinar cells spontaneously form three-dimensional structures and change the protein expression patterns. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3076-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Analysis of changes in the expression pattern of claudins using salivary acinar cells in primary culture. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 762:245-58. [PMID: 21717361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-185-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary saliva is produced from blood plasma in the acini of salivary glands and is modified by ion adsorption and secretion as the saliva passes through the ducts. In rodents, acinar cells of salivary glands express claudin-3 but not claudin-4, whereas duct cells express both claudins-3 and -4. The distinct claudin expression patterns may reflect differences in the permeability of tight junctions between acinar and duct cells. To analyze the role of claudins in salivary glands, we established a system for the primary culture of parotid acinar cells, where the expression patterns of claudins are remarkably changed. Real-time RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses reveal that the expression levels of claudins-4 and -6 increased, whereas claudins-3 and -10 decreased. We found that the signal to induce those changes is triggered during cell isolation and is mediated by Src and p38 MAP kinase. Here, we introduce the methods used to determine the signal pathway that induces the change in claudin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Fujita-Yoshigaki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Mitsui R, Fujita-Yoshigaki J, Narita T, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Satoh K, Qi B, Guo MY, Katsumata-Kato O, Sugiya H. Maintenance of paracellular barrier function by insulin-like growth factor-I in submandibular gland cells. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:963-9. [PMID: 20732676 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is expressed in salivary glands. We examined the effects of IGF-I on cell number, the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins and the paracellular barrier function in cells derived from rat submandibular glands. When those cells were cultured in medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) or IGF-I, the number of cells was comparable at 10 days. However, in the presence of inhibitor of IGF-I receptors, the number of cells cultured with FBS only was clearly reduced. The tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-3 were similarly detected by Western blotting in cells cultured with IGF-I or FBS. Immunostaining revealed that occludin and another tight junction protein (ZO-1) were similarly localized at intracellular junctions of cells cultured with IGF-I or FBS. The barrier functions were evaluated by transepithelial resistance (TER) and by FITC-dextran permeability. The TER values and FITC-dextran permeability of cells cultured with IGF-I or FBS were comparable. These observations suggest that IGF-I contributes to the maintenance not only of the cell number of salivary gland cells but also of their paracellular barrier function via the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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Plasticity in Differentiation of Salivary Glands: The Signaling Pathway That Induces Dedifferentiation of Parotid Acinar Cells. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fujita-Yoshigaki J, Qi B, Narita T, Sugiya H. Parotid acinar cells transiently change to duct-like cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2009; 56 Suppl:258-9. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.56.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Takanori Narita
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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Michikawa H, Fujita-Yoshigaki J, Sugiya H. Enhancement of barrier function by overexpression of claudin-4 in tight junctions of submandibular gland cells. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 334:255-64. [PMID: 18855016 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In salivary glands, primary saliva is produced by acini and is modified by the reabsorption and secretion of ions in the ducts. Thus, the permeability of intercellular junctions in the ducts is considered to be lower than in the acini. We have examined the relationship between the expressed claudin isotypes and the barrier functions of tight junctions in a submandibular gland epithelial cell line, SMIE. SMIE cells were originally derived from rat submandibular duct cells, but their barrier functions are not as efficient as those of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Large molecules, such as 70-kDa dextran, diffuse across the monolayers, although E-cadherin and occludin, adherens junction and tight junction proteins, respectively, are expressed in SMIE cells. Claudin-3 protein has also been detected, but the expression level of claudin-3 mRNA is much lower than in the original submandibular glands. Other claudins including claudin-4 (originally expressed in the duct cells) have not been detected. Because of the limited expression of claudins, SMIE cells are suitable for studying the role(s) of claudins. To examine the function of claudin-4 in submandibular glands, we have overexpressed green fluorescence protein (GFP)-fused claudin-4 in SMIE cells. Cells that express GFP-fused claudin-4 have a higher transepithelial electrical resistance and a lower permeability of 70-kDa dextran, although the expression levels of occludin and claudin-3 are hardly affected. Therefore, claudin-4 plays a role in the regulation of the barrier function of tight junctions in submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Michikawa
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Sakaecho-nishi 2-870-1, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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Fujita-Yoshigaki J, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Sugiya H. Inhibition of Src and p38 MAP kinases suppresses the change of claudin expression induced on dedifferentiation of primary cultured parotid acinar cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C774-85. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00472.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome and therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancers result in irreversible changes in the parenchyma of salivary glands, loss of acinar cells, prominence of duct cells, and fibrosis. To clarify mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction, we identified a signaling pathway involved in the dedifferentiation of primary cultures of parotid acinar cells. We reported previously that the expression pattern of claudins changes during culture, is related to the three-dimensional organization of the cells, and reflects their ability to function as acinar cells. In this study, we found that this change of claudin expression is a process of dedifferentiation, because expression of other differentiation markers also changes during culture. The expression levels of claudins-4 and -6, cytokeratin 14, and vimentin are increased, and those of claudin-10, aquaporin 5, and amylase are decreased. Inhibitors of Src and p38 MAP kinases suppress these changes and increase the expression of acinar marker proteins. Differences in extracellular matrix components have no effect. Activation of p38 MAP kinase occurs during cell isolation from the parotid glands and is retained up to 6 h after the isolation. In contrast, activation of Src kinases does not increase during the cell isolation. The Src inhibitor PP1 suppresses the activation of p38 MAP kinase. Therefore, cellular stresses induced during cell isolation cause dedifferentiation and transition to duct-like cells through activation of p38 MAP kinase and constitutively active Src kinases.
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