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Motawea KR, Varney J, Gamal M, Abbas KS, Monib FA, Albuni MK, Battikh E, Sawaf B, Khairy LT, Bakkour A, Muwaili AHH, Abdelmajid FAA, Ahmed EMS, Muwaili DHH, Ahmed SMA, Swed S. Meta-analysis of the relation between irritable bowel syndrome and antibodies against endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2022; 36:61-65. [PMID: 36578611 PMCID: PMC9762813 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2022.2093588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis assessed the association between gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) antibodies and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We defined a search strategy and implemented it with PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for English language publications. The data were evaluated for acceptability, and randomized controlled studies as well as case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies reporting the prevalence of GnRH antibodies in IBS patients were included. The total number of patients in the included studies was 1095: 270 patients in the IBS group and 825 patients in the control group. By comparing the IBS group and the control group, we found a statistically significant association between IBS and the increased prevalence of GnRH IgM antibodies (risk ratio = 2.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.58 to 3.31, P < 0.0001). We also found a statistically significant association between IBS and increased prevalence of GnRH receptor IgM antibodies compared with controls (risk ratio = 3.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.72 to 8.38, P = 0.001). The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant association between IBS and increased prevalence of GnRH IgM and GnRH receptor IgM antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Varney
- American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Sint Maarten
| | | | | | | | | | - Elias Battikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Bisher Sawaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria
| | | | - Agyad Bakkour
- Faculty of Medicine, Albaath University, Homs, Syria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria,Corresponding author: Sarya Swed, MBBCh, Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Syria (e-mail: )
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2
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Larsson S, Voss U. Neuroprotective effects of vitamin D on high fat diet- and palmitic acid-induced enteric neuronal loss in mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:175. [PMID: 30463517 PMCID: PMC6249721 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of vitamin D in obesity and diabetes is debated. Obese and/or diabetic patients have elevated levels of free fatty acids, increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal symptoms and are suggested to have altered vitamin D balance. The enteric nervous system is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal activity and high fat diet (HFD) has been shown to cause loss of enteric neurons in ileum and colon. This study investigates the effect of vitamin D on HFD- and palmitic acid-induced enteric neuronal loss in vivo and in vitro. Methods Mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD supplemented with varying levels of vitamin D (from 0x to 20x normal vitamin D level) for 19 weeks. Ileum and colon were analyzed for neuronal numbers and remodeling. Primary cultures of myenteric neurons from mouse small intestine were treated with palmitic acid (4x10-4M) and/or 1α,25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (VD, 10-11- 10-7M) with or without modulators of lipid metabolism and VD pathways. Cultures were analyzed by immunocyto- and histochemical methods. Results Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on enteric neuronal survival in the ND group. HFD caused substantial loss of myenteric neurons in ileum and colon. Vitamin D supplementation between 0-2x normal had no effect on HFD-induced neuronal loss. Supplementation with 20x normal, prevented the HFD-induced neuronal loss. In vitro supplementation of VD prevented the palmitic acid-induced neuronal loss. The VD receptor (VDR) was not identified in enteric neurons. Enteric glia expressed the alternative VD receptor, protein disulphide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3), but PDIA3 was not found to mediate the VD response in vitro. Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and immune neutralization of isocitrate lyase prevented the VD mediated neuroprotection to palmitic acid exposure. Conclusions Results show that VD protect enteric neurons against HFD and palmitic acid induced neuronal loss. The mechanism behind is suggested to be through activation of PPARγ leading to improved neuronal peroxisome function and metabolism of neuronal lipid intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Larsson
- Unit of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Unit of Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Koslowsky B, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Livovsky DM, Milgrom Y, Goldin E, Bar-Gil Shitrit A. Pregnancy-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Subtle Diagnosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1826-1832. [PMID: 29788306 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are commonly diagnosed during the reproductive years. IBD first manifested during pregnancy (pregnancy-onset IBD [POIBD]) is still an undescribed entity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with POIBD. METHODS Data of all pregnant women with IBD within a single multidisciplinary referral clinic, IBD-MOM, between 2011-2016, were analyzed. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes were compared between the POIBD group and those diagnosed before pregnancy (non-POIBD). RESULTS We identified 237 women, 31 (15%) from the POIBD group and 206 (85%) from the non-POIBD group. Eight (3.5%) patients experienced early spontaneous pregnancy loss, all in the non-POIBD group. The POIBD diagnosis occurred in 16 (52%) patients during the first trimester, 10 (32%) in second trimester, and 5 (16%) during third trimester. Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) was significantly more common in the POIBD group compared with the non-POIBD group (22/31, 71% vs 50/206, 24%, respectively, P < 0.001). More UC than Crohn's disease patients had active disease during pregnancy (69% vs 50%, P = 0.03, respectively). POIBD patients experienced vaginal delivery in 100% of births, compared with 164 (79.6%) in the non-POIBD group (P = 0.017). The mean gestational age at birth and the neonatal weight were similar among the study groups; 38.6 weeks and 3040 g for POIBD patients, compared with 38.7 weeks and 3055 g in the non-POIBD group. CONCLUSIONS POIBD is a unique clinical entity, and the diagnosis is mostly UC. However, the maternal and neonatal outcomes are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
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Cheng X, Svensson M, Yang Y, Deierborg T, Ekblad E, Voss U. Focal, but not global, cerebral ischaemia causes loss of myenteric neurons and upregulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in mouse ileum. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:38-45. [PMID: 29577471 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced blood flow to the brain induces cerebral ischaemia, potentially causing central injury and peripheral complications including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. The pathophysiology behind GI symptoms is suspected to be neuropathy in the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is essential in regulating GI function. This study investigates if enteric neuropathy occurs after cerebral ischaemia, by analysing neuronal survival and relative numbers of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expressing neurons in mouse ileum after three types of cerebral ischaemia. Focal cerebral ischaemia, modelled by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and global cerebral ischaemia, modelled with either transient occlusion of both common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion (GCIR) or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) was performed on C56BL/6 mice. Sham-operated mice for each ischaemia model served as control. Ileum was collected after 1-17 weeks, depending on model, and analysed using morphometry and immunocytochemistry. For each group, intestinal mucosa and muscle layer thicknesses, neuronal numbers and relative proportions of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for nNOS or VIP were estimated. No alterations in mucosa or muscle layer thicknesses were noted in any of the groups. Loss of myenteric neurons and an increased number of VIP-IR submucous neurons were found in mouse ileum 7 days after pMCAO. None of the global ischaemia models showed any alterations in neuronal survival or relative numbers of VIP- and nNOS-IR neurons. We conclude that focal cerebral ischaemia and global cerebral ischaemia influence enteric neuronal survival differently. This is suggested to reflect differences in peripheral neuro-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Cheng
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Svensson
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ohlsson B, Gustafsson RJ, Toth E, Veress B, Thorlacius H. Endoscopic versus Laparoscopic Full-Thickness Biopsy in the Pathological Evaluation of the Enteric Nervous System. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2018. [PMID: 29515343 PMCID: PMC5836257 DOI: 10.1159/000486390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-thickness biopsy of the bowel wall is required to evaluate the enteric nervous system. A patient with aggravating gastrointestinal symptoms underwent a laparoscopic full-thickness biopsy of the ileum and, 1 year later, an endoscopic full-thickness biopsy of the sigmoid colon. Both samples showed enteric neuropathy characterized by vacuolated and enlarged neurons. The length of the myenteric plexus was greater in the endoscopic (23 mm) compared to the laparoscopic (11 mm) biopsy, with fewer tissue artefacts in the laparoscopic approach. Clinical deterioration was paralleled by enteric neuropathy with an increase in the percentage of vacuolated and enlarged enteric neurons from 24 to 35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rita J Gustafsson
- bDepartment of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ervin Toth
- bDepartment of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bèla Veress
- cDepartment of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Unilabs AB, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- dDepartment of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone orchestrate the reproduction cycle and regulate the sex steroid secretion from the gonads. In mammals, GnRH1 is secreted as a hormone from the hypothalamus, whereas both GnRH1 and GnRH2 are present as neurotransmitters/peptides in various tissues, where the peptides exert many different effects. mRNA coding for GnRH1 and GnRH2 have been described in the human gastrointestinal tract, and GnRH has been found in both submucosal and myenteric neurons. mRNA coding for GnRH and the fully expressed peptide have been found in rat enteric neurons by some researchers but not by others. mRNA coding for GnRH receptors, but not the fully expressed receptor, has been found in one rat study. GnRH influences gastrointestinal motility and secretion. GnRH analogs are clinically used in the treatment of sex hormone-dependent diseases, i.e., endometriosis and malignancies, and as pretreatment for in vitro fertilization. Reduced numbers of enteric neurons and IgM antibodies against GnRH and progonadoliberin-2 (precursor of GnRH2) have been observed after such treatment, with the clinical picture of gastrointestinal dysmotility. Similarly, a rat model of enteric neurodegeneration has been developed after administration of the GnRH analog buserelin. Serum IgM antibodies against GnRH1, progonadoliberin-2, and GnRH receptors have been described in patients with signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal dysmotility and/or autonomic dysfunction, such as irritable bowel syndrome, enteric dysmotility, diabetes mellitus, and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Thus, apart from regulation of reproduction and sex hormone secretion, GnRH also constitutes a part of enteric nervous system (ENS) and its functions during physiological and pathological conditions. This review aimed to describe the role of GnRH in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Bodil Ohlsson,
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Million M, Larauche M. Stress, sex, and the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1283-9. [PMID: 27561694 PMCID: PMC5003424 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Made up of millions of enteric neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is in a key position to modulate the secretomotor function and visceral pain of the gastrointestinal tract. The early life developmental period, through which most of the ENS development occurs, is highly susceptible to microenvironmental perturbation. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has shown the impact of stress and early life adversity (ELA) on host gastrointestinal pathophysiology. While most of the focus has been on alterations in brain structure and function, limited experimental work in rodents suggest that the enteric nervous system can also be directly affected, as shown by changes in the number, phenotype, and reactivity of enteric nerves. The work of Medland et al. in the current issue of this journal demonstrates that such alterations also occur in pigs, a larger mammalian species with high translational value to human. This work also highlights a sex-differential susceptibility of the ENS to the effect of ELA, which could contribute to the higher prevalence of GI disorders in women. In this mini-review, we will discuss the development and composition of the ENS and related gastrointestinal sensory motor and secretory functions. We will then focus on the influence of stress on the enteric nervous system, with a particular emphasis on neurodevelopmental changes. Finally, we will discuss the influence of sex on those parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Million
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Jönsson A, Sand E, Ekblad E, Ohlsson B. Long‑term follow‑up of buserelin‑induced enteric neuropathy in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3507-13. [PMID: 26935850 PMCID: PMC4805092 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A few patients have been shown to develop severe abdominal pain and gastrointestinal dysmotility during treatment with gonadotropin‑releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. A rat model of enteric neuropathy has been developed by administration of the GnRH analog buserelin to rats. Loss of enteric neurons and ganglioneuritis throughout the gastrointestinal tract has been described, without other histopathological changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long‑term effects of this rat model on body weight, and on morphology and inflammatory changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Rats were administered subcutaneous injections of buserelin or saline once daily for 5 days and allowed to recover for 3 weeks. This regimen was repeated four times. The rats were weighed weekly and were sacrificed 16 weeks after the fourth treatment. The bowel wall was measured by morphometry, and the presence of enteric neurons, mast cells, eosinophils and T‑lymphocytes was evaluated. Buserelin‑treated rats were shown to have a lower body weight at sacrifice, as compared with the controls (P<0.05). Compared with controls, buserelin treatment caused loss of myenteric neurons in the ileum and colon (P<0.01), a thinner circular muscle layer in ileum (P<0.05) and longitudinal muscle layer in colon (P<0.05), increased number of eosinophils in the submucosa of the ileum (P<0.05), and an increased number of T‑lymphocytes in the submucosa and circular muscle layer of the fundus (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) and circular muscle layer of the colon (P<0.05). Mast cells were equally distributed in the two groups. Thus, long‑term follow‑up of buserelin‑induced enteric neuropathy reveals reduced body weight, loss of myenteric neurons, thinning of muscle layers, and increased numbers of eosinophils and T‑lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elin Sand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neurogastroenterology Unit, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Ohlsson B. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles in Relation to the Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Eur Surg Res 2016; 57:22-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000445717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) are involved in the reproductive cycle and regulate the secretion of sex steroids from the gonads. In mammals, GnRH1 is secreted as a hormone from the hypothalamus, whereas both GnRH1 and GnRH2 are present as neuropeptides in a variety of tissues. This review describes the role of GnRH in the gastrointestinal tract. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> GnRH1, GnRH2, and LH receptors in humans and rats, and GnRH receptors in rats, have been described in the gastrointestinal tract, where they affect motility, gastric and hormone secretion, and cell proliferation. GnRH analogs are clinically used in the treatment of sex hormone-dependent diseases, i.e., endometriosis and malignancies, and as pretreatments for in vitro fertilization. Severe gastrointestinal dysmotility has been shown to develop in some women after such treatment, along with a reduction in the number of enteric neurons and autoantibodies against GnRH. Consequently, a rat model of enteric neurodegeneration has been developed based on the administration of the GnRH analog buserelin. Serum IgM antibodies against GnRH1, the GnRH2 precursor progonadoliberin-2, and the GnRH receptor have also been described in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and dysmotility, as well as in patients with gastrointestinal disorders associated with diabetes mellitus, posterior laryngitis, and primary Sjögren's syndrome, although no treatments using GnRH analogs have been administered. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> GnRH and receptors for GnRH and LH are present in the human and rat gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with GnRH analogs may induce severe dysmotility, and a rat model of enteric neurodegeneration has been developed based on stimulation by the GnRH analog buserelin. Autoantibodies against GnRH and its receptor are found in a subgroup of patients with functional bowel disorders and dysmotility, independent of treatment with GnRH analogs.
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Sand E, Linninge C, Lozinska L, Egecioglu E, Roth B, Molin G, Weström B, Ekblad E, Ohlsson B. Buserelin treatment to rats causes enteric neurodegeneration with moderate effects on CRF-immunoreactive neurons and Enterobacteriaceae in colon, and in acetylcholine-mediated permeability in ileum. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:824. [PMID: 26710832 PMCID: PMC4693429 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog buserelin causes enteric neuronal loss. Acute stress or injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) affects motility, secretion, and barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the study was to characterize the CRF immunoreactivity in enteric neurons after buserelin treatment, and to evaluate possible effects of enteric neuropathy on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and stress response behavior. Results Sixty rats were given buserelin (20 μg) or saline subcutaneously for 5 days, repeated four times with 3 weeks in-between. At the study end, enteric neuronal density, enteric expression of CRF, gut microbial composition, and plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and CRF were analyzed. Intestinal permeability was examined in Ussing chambers and the reaction to stressful events was measured by behavior tests. Buserelin treatment reduced the number of neurons along the entire gastrointestinal tract, with increased relative numbers of CRF-immunoreactive submucosal and myenteric neurons in colon (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The overall microbial diversity and relative abundance did not differ between groups, but Enterobacteriaceae was decreased in colon in buserelin-treated rats (p = 0.020). Basal intestinal permeability did not differ between groups, whereas carbachol stimulation increased ileum permeability in controls (p < 0.05), but not in buserelin-treated rats. Buserelin did not affect stress behavior. Conclusions Although buserelin treatment leads to enteric neuronal loss along the gastrointestinal tract with an increased percentage of CRF-immunoreactive neurons in colon, the physiology is well preserved, with modest effects on colon microbiota and absence of carbachol-induced permeability in ileum as the only observed changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1800-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. .,Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Linninge
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Liudmyla Lozinska
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Emil Egecioglu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Roth
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Göran Molin
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Björn Weström
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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11
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Sand E, Voss U, Ohlsson B, Ekblad E. Luteinizing hormone receptors are expressed in rat myenteric neurons and mediate neuronal loss. Auton Neurosci 2015; 193:104-7. [PMID: 26480825 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations have suggested repeated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exposure to cause intestinal dysfunction and loss of enteric neurons. This has been further studied and confirmed in a rat in vivo model involving iterated GnRH treatments. Mechanisms behind are enigmatic since no GnRH receptors are found to be expressed in enteric neurons neither in man nor rat. Both species, however, harbor substantial subpopulations of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor-immunoreactive myenteric neurons which suggests that intestinal GnRH-induced neuropathy may be mediated by LH release. AIMS To reveal if exposures of GnRH or LH to rat myenteric neurons in vitro cause neuronal loss. METHODS Primary cultured adult rat myenteric neurons were exposed to single or repeated treatments of the GnRH analog buserelin or the LH analog lutrotropin alpha, and neuronal survival was determined by cell counting. Possible presence of GnRH- or LH receptor -immunoreactive neurons was determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Exposure to the LH, but not the GnRH, analog caused significantly reduced neuronal survival. LH, but not GnRH, receptors were found to be expressed on cultured myenteric neurons. CONCLUSION Myenteric neurons express LH receptors in vitro and LH exposure causes reduced neuronal survival. This suggests that GnRH-induced enteric neuropathy in vivo is mediated by way of LH release and activation of enteric neuronal LH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sweden Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 32, SE 21428 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Narayanan KB, Ali M, Barclay BJ, Cheng QS, D'Abronzo L, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Ghosh PM, Gonzalez Guzman MJ, Lee TJ, Leung PS, Li L, Luanpitpong S, Ratovitski E, Rojanasakul Y, Romano MF, Romano S, Sinha RK, Yedjou C, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Ryan EP, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Salem HK, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Kim SY, Bisson WH, Lowe L, Park HH. Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S89-110. [PMID: 26106145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
| | - Manaf Ali
- Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Leandro D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez Guzman
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suidjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advenced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA and
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
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13
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Cordeddu L, Bergvall M, Sand E, Roth B, Papadaki E, Li L, D'Amato M, Ohlsson B. Severe gastrointestinal dysmotility developed after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:291-9. [PMID: 25592315 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.958098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic cases of abdominal pain and dysmotility has been described after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. The aim of the present study was to scrutinize for patients with severe gastrointestinal complaints after treatment with GnRH analogs, to describe the expression of antibodies against progonadoliberin-2, GnRH1, GnRH receptor (GnRHR), luteinizing hormone (LH), and LH receptor in serum in these patients, and to search for possible triggers and genetic factors behind the development of this dysmotility. METHODS Patients suffering from prolonged gastrointestinal complaints after treatment with GnRH analogs at the Department of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, were included. GnRHR and LH receptor (LHCGR) genes were exome-sequenced. Serum was analyzed by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays for the presence of antibodies. Healthy blood donors and women treated with GnRH analogs because of in vitro fertilization (IVF) were used as controls. RESULTS Seven patients with severe gastrointestinal complaints after GnRH treatment were identified, of whom six suffered from endometriosis. Several variants were found within the 11 exons of LHCGR. The minor allele G, at the single nucleotide polymorphism rs6755901, was detected in homozygosity in two patients (28.5%) who had developed chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in 5.5% of the IVF controls. Three patients expressed IgM antibodies against progonadoliberin-2 and three against GnRH1 (42.9%) when cut off was set to a titer >97.5th percentile in blood donors. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of endometriosis, polymorphism in the LHCGR and GnRH1 and progonadoliberin-2 antibodies in serum was found among the patients with severe dysmotility after treatment with GnRH analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cordeddu
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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14
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Sand E, Roth B, Weström B, Bonn P, Ekblad E, Ohlsson B. Structural and functional consequences of buserelin-induced enteric neuropathy in rat. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:209. [PMID: 25496312 PMCID: PMC4275936 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs may develop enteric neuropathy and dysmotility. Administration of a GnRH analog to rats leads to similar degenerative neuropathy and ganglioneuritis. The aim of this study on rat was to evaluate the early GnRH-induced enteric neuropathy in terms of distribution of neuronal subpopulations and gastrointestinal (GI) function. METHODS Forty rats were given the GnRH analog buserelin (20 μg, 1 mg/ml) or saline subcutaneously, once daily for 5 days, followed by 3 weeks of recovery, representing one treatment session. Two weeks after the fourth treatment session, the animals were tested for GI transit time and galactose absorption, and fecal weight and fat content was analyzed. After sacrifice, enteric neuronal subpopulations were analyzed. Blood samples were analyzed for zonulin and antibodies against GnRH and luteinizing hormone, and their receptors. RESULTS Buserelin treatment transiently increased the body weight after 5 and 9 weeks (p < 0.001). Increased estradiol in plasma and thickened uterine muscle layers indicate high estrogen activity. The numbers of both submucous and myenteric neurons were reduced by 27%-61% in ileum and colon. The relative numbers of neurons containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), serotonin, substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAchT), and their nerve fiber density, were unchanged after buserelin treatment, but the relative number of submucous neurons containing somatostatin tended to be increased (p = 0.062). The feces weight decreased in buserelin-treated rats (p < 0.01), whereas feces fat content increased (p < 0.05), compared to control rats. Total GI transit time, galactose absorption, zonulin levels in plasma, and antibody titers in serum were unaffected by buserelin treatment. CONCLUSIONS A marked enteric neuronal loss with modest effects on GI function is found after buserelin treatment. Increased feces fat content is suggested an early sign of dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neurogastroenterology Unit, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Roth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Björn Weström
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Peter Bonn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neurogastroenterology Unit, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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15
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced loss of cultured rat myenteric neurons - role of AMP-activated protein kinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114044. [PMID: 25462874 PMCID: PMC4252081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal barrier function is vital for homeostasis. Conditions where the mucosal barrier is compromised lead to increased plasma content of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS acts on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and initiates cellular inflammatory responses. TLR4 receptors have been identified on enteric neurons and LPS exposure causes neuronal loss, counteracted by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), by unknown mechanisms. In addition AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulation causes loss of enteric neurons. This study investigated a possible role of AMPK activation in LPS-induced neuronal loss. DESIGN Primary cultures of myenteric neurons isolated from rat small intestine were used. Cultures were treated with LPS (0.2-20 µg/mL) with and without TAK1-inhibitor (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol (10-6 M) or AMPK inhibitor compound C (10-5 M). AMPK-induced neuronal loss was verified treating cultures with three different AMPK activators, AICAR (10-4-3×10-3 M), metformin (0.2-20 µg/mL) and A-769662 (10-5-3×10-4 M) with or without the presence of compound C (10-5 M). Upstream activation of AMPK-induced neuronal loss was tested by treating cultures with AICAR (10-3 M) in the presence of TAK1 inhibitor (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol (10-6 M). Neuronal survival and relative numbers of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for VIP were evaluated using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS LPS caused a concentration dependent loss of neurons. All AMPK activators induced loss of myenteric neurons in a concentration dependent manner. LPS-, AICAR- and metformin-,but not A-769662-, induced neuronal losses were inhibited by presence of compound C. LPS, AICAR or metformin exposure increased the relative number of VIP-IR neurons; co-treatment with (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol or compound C reversed the relative increase in VIP-IR neurons induced by LPS. (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol, compound C or A-769662 did not per se change neuronal survival or relative numbers of VIP-IR neurons. CONCLUSION AMPK activation mimics LPS-induced loss of cultured myenteric neurons and LPS-induced neuronal loss is counteracted by TAK1 and AMPK inhibition. This suggests enteric neuroimmune interactions involving AMPK regulation.
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Roth B, Berntorp K, Ohlsson B. The Expression of Serum Antibodies Against Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH1), Progonadoliberin-2, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Related Receptors in Patients with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction or Diabetes Mellitus. Drug Target Insights 2014; 8:45-50. [PMID: 25452692 PMCID: PMC4227618 DOI: 10.4137/dti.s19352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 1 and 2 and luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors have been described in the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously demonstrated antibodies in serum against GnRH1 in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction and diabetes mellitus, and antibodies against GnRH receptor, LH, and LH receptor in patients with infertility. The aim of this study was to search for the expression of serum antibodies against GnRH1 with an improved enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies against progonadoliberin-2, GnRH2, GnRH receptor, LH, and LH receptor with newly developed ELISAs, in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction or diabetes mellitus. Healthy blood donors served as controls. Medical records were scrutinized. Our conclusion was that IgM antibodies against GnRH1, progonadoliberin-2, and/or GnRH receptors were more prevalent in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and/or diabetes mellitus, whereas IgG antibodies against these peptides, and LH- and LH receptor antibodies, were expressed in the same magnitude as in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Roth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Berntorp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ohlsson B, Sand E, Veress B. Ganglioneuritis is common in rats with enteric neuropathy due to buserelin treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 190-191:43-5. [PMID: 24690459 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Elin Sand
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Neurogastroenterology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Béla Veress
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Voss U, Turesson MF, Robaye B, Boeynaems JM, Olde B, Erlinge D, Ekblad E. The enteric nervous system of P2Y13 receptor null mice is resistant against high-fat-diet- and palmitic-acid-induced neuronal loss. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:455-64. [PMID: 24510452 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms have a major impact on the quality of life and are becoming more prevalent in the western population. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal functions. Purinergic neurotransmission conveys a range of short and long-term cellular effects. This study investigated the role of the ADP-sensitive P2Y13 receptor in lipid-induced enteric neuropathy. Littermate P2Y13 (+/+) and P2Y13 (-/-) mice were fed with either a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months. The intestines were analysed for morphological changes as well as neuronal numbers and relative numbers of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons. Primary cultures of myenteric neurons from the small intestine of P2Y13 (+/+) or P2Y13 (-/-) mice were exposed to palmitic acid (PA), the P2Y13 receptor agonist 2meSADP and the antagonist MRS2211. Neuronal survival and relative number of VIP-containing neurons were analysed. In P2Y13 (+/+), but not in P2Y13 (-/-) mice, HFD caused a significant loss of myenteric neurons in both ileum and colon. In colon, the relative numbers of VIP-containing submucous neurons were significantly lower in the P2Y13 (-/-) mice compared with P2Y13 (+/+) mice. The relative numbers of nNOS-containing submucous colonic neurons increased in P2Y13 (+/+) HFD mice. HFD also caused ileal mucosal thinning in P2Y13 (+/+) and P2Y13 (-/-) mice, compared to ND fed mice. In vitro PA exposure caused loss of myenteric neurons from P2Y13 (+/+) mice while neurons from P2Y13 (-/-) mice were unaffected. Presence of MRS2211 prevented PA-induced neuronal loss in cultures from P2Y13 (+/+) mice. 2meSADP caused no change in survival of cultured neurons. P2Y13 receptor activation is of crucial importance in mediating the HFD- and PA-induced myenteric neuronal loss in mice. In addition, the results indicate a constitutive activation of enteric neuronal apoptosis by way of P2Y13 receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Lund, BMC B11, SE-22184, Sweden,
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19
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Voss U, Sand E, Olde B, Ekblad E. Enteric neuropathy can be induced by high fat diet in vivo and palmitic acid exposure in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81413. [PMID: 24312551 PMCID: PMC3849255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obese and/or diabetic patients have elevated levels of free fatty acids and increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal symptoms. Since the enteric nervous system is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal functions alterations or neuropathy in the enteric neurons are suspected to occur in these conditions. Lipid induced intestinal changes, in particular on enteric neurons, were investigated in vitro and in vivo using primary cell culture and a high fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Design Mice were fed normal or HFD for 6 months. Intestines were analyzed for neuronal numbers, remodeling and lipid accumulation. Co-cultures of myenteric neurons, glia and muscle cells from rat small intestine, were treated with palmitic acid (PA) (0 – 10−3 M) and / or oleic acid (OA) (0 – 10−3 M), with or without modulators of intracellular lipid metabolism. Analyses were by immunocyto- and histochemistry. Results HFD caused substantial loss of myenteric neurons, leaving submucous neurons unaffected, and intramuscular lipid accumulation in ileum and colon. PA exposure in vitro resulted in neuronal shrinkage, chromatin condensation and a significant and concentration-dependent decrease in neuronal survival; OA exposure was neuroprotective. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibition, L-carnitine- or alpha lipoic acid supplementation all counteracted PA-induced neuronal loss. PA or OA alone both caused a significant and concentration-dependent loss of muscle cells in vitro. Simultaneous exposure of PA and OA promoted survival of muscle cells and increased intramuscular lipid droplet accumulation. PA exposure transformed glia from a stellate to a rounded phenotype but had no effect on their survival. Conclusions HFD and PA exposure are detrimental to myenteric neurons. Present results indicate excessive palmitoylcarnitine formation and exhausted L-carnitine stores leading to energy depletion, attenuated acetylcholine synthesis and oxidative stress to be main mechanisms behind PA-induced neuronal loss.High PA exposure is suggested to be a factor in causing diabetic neuropathy and gastrointestinal dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Sand
- Department of Clinical Science Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Clinical Science Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Sand E, Bergvall M, Ekblad E, D'Amato M, Ohlsson B. Expression and distribution of GnRH, LH, and FSH and their receptors in gastrointestinal tract of man and rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 187:24-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Berntorp K, Frid A, Alm R, Fredrikson GN, Sjöberg K, Ohlsson B. Antibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in patients with diabetes mellitus is associated with lower body weight and autonomic neuropathy. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:329. [PMID: 23958111 PMCID: PMC3751565 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal dysmotility and gastroparesis are common secondary complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients with dysmotility express antibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in serum. The aim of the present study was to scrutinize patients with diabetes mellitus with regard to the presence of GnRH antibodies, and to examine associations between antibodies and clinical findings. RESULTS Thirty-nine consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus were included in the study after clinical examination and examination by esophageal manometry and gastric emptying scintigraphy. Serum was analyzed for the presence of antibodies against GnRH using an ELISA, and values are expressed as relative units (RU). Two age- and gender-matched healthy subjects per each patient served as controls. The prevalence of IgM GnRH antibodies in patients was 33% compared to 14% in controls (p = 0.027), with a higher antibody titer; 1.2 (0.6-5.0) and 0.2 (0.1-0.3) RU, respectively (p = 0.000). The expression of IgG antibodies was 15% in patients and none in controls (p = 0.000). Lower body mass index was associated with the presence of IgM antibodies (OR = 0.835, 95% CI = 0.699-0.998), and autonomic neuropathy with the presence IgG antibodies (OR = 9.000, 95% CI = 1.327-61.025). Esophageal dysmotility (69%) or gastroparesis (18%) were not associated with the presence of IgM antibodies (OR = 0.589, 95% CI = 0.143-2.424 and OR = 3.407, 95% CI = 0.633-18.350, respectively). Neither was esophageal dysmotility associated with IgG antibodies (OR = 2.500, 95% CI = 0.259-24.096). CONCLUSIONS Antibodies against GnRH are more common in patients with diabetes mellitus compared with healthy controls. IgM antibodies are associated with lower body mass index and IgG antibodies are associated with autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Berntorp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Bengtsson M, Hammar O, Mandl T, Ohlsson B. Evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms in different patient groups using the visual analogue scale for irritable bowel syndrome (VAS-IBS). BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 13:201. [PMID: 24191889 PMCID: PMC3826525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility disorders have a similar clinical picture, although dysmotility disorders require the attention of a specialist. Patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) have also been described to suffer from IBS-like symptoms. No objective marker is available to distinguish between the patients. A visual analogue scale has been developed for IBS patients (VAS-IBS) to measure treatment response of GI symptoms and well-being in patients with IBS. The aim of the present study was to examine if VAS-IBS could be used to compare the degree of GI complaints in different patient populations, to get an objective marker to differentiate between the patients. METHODS The VAS-IBS consists of 7 VAS scales, namely, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, bloating and flatulence, vomiting and nausea, psychological well-being and the intestinal symptoms' influence on daily life. Consecutive female patients suffering from IBS, dysmotility disorders and pSS were asked to complete the VAS-IBS questionnaire when visiting the out-patient clinics. In addition, a control population consisting of healthy female volunteers was included. RESULTS Healthy volunteers had almost no GI symptoms, whereas all 3 patient groups expressed symptoms. There was no statistical significant difference between IBS and dysmotility in any of the scales besides vomiting and nausea (p = 0.044). Except for constipation, patients with pSS had less severe symptoms than the others. CONCLUSION The VAS-IBS questionnaire could be used to assess the level of GI symptoms. However, VAS scores do not help the clinicians to differentiate between IBS and other dysmotility disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Bengtsson
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Sweden
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